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In spite of the growing academic interest in Cuba's international relations in the revolutionary period. Cuba's policy toward the Middle East has been a neglected field of study. Although the Middle East has not been a high priority item on Fidel Castro's agenda, various factors have combined to propel the regime into taking a more active stance in the region, not least of which is the importance of the Middle East to the Soviet Union. Some of these factors have been ideological, such as the nature of Castroism itself. Other factors have been more pragmatic: the need to increase Cuba's leverage with the Soviet Union; the desire to establish spheres of interest of its own in the Third World; the attempt to use external politics to soothe internal problems and the wish to maximize the prestige of the Cuban revolution, and, by extension, that of its lider maximo. Since 1959, Havana's Middle Eastern policy has experienced four stages: (1) 1959-1973: Autonomous foreign policy, marked by a dual relationship with both Israel and the Arab states. (2) 1973-1977: Accommodation to the Soviet line; anti-Israeli policy combined with an expansion of relations with progressive states, signalled by the establishment of Cuban military missions. (3) 1977-1980: Activist policy in the region, expanded role and development of diplomatic relationships. (4) 1981 to the present (1985): Cautious involvement; restrained activism, emphasizing socio-economic cooperation. Cuba's incursion into the Arab world illuminates how Cuban foreign policy works, especially in relation to autonomy, convergence, and subordination; dependence, pragmatism, and ideology. The island's entrance into Middle East politics has introduced new risks into the island's foreign policy in return for the benefits which have been derived. A theory to explain Cuba's foreign policy in its interaction with the Soviet Union in the Third World must include heretofore neglected variables: time; regime type; and factionalism (bureaucratic politics), in addition to external events. The study of Cuba's initiatives in the Middle East will serve to test this theory.

Intersections of law and culture at the International Criminal Court : introduction / Julie Fraser and Brianne McGonigle Leyh -- Now you see it, now you don't : culture at the International Criminal Court / Leigh Swigart -- How to solve a problem like Al Madhi : proposal for a new crime of 'attacks against cultural heritage' / Peta-Louise Bagott -- Cultural heritage destruction and the ICC : lessons from connecting cultural heritage and human rights through a library lens / Vicky Breemen and Kelly Breemen -- Keeping the 'delicate mosaic' together : can the ICC deal with intangible cultural heritage? / Martyna Fałkowska-Clarys and Lily Martinet -- the emergence of gender justice at the ICC / Alison Dundes Renteln -- 'Solemnly declare to tell the truth' : internationalising the solemn undertaking before the International Criminal Court / Joshua Isaac Bishay -- Spellbound at the International Criminal Court : the intersection of spirituality and international criminal law / Adina-Loredana Nistor, Andrew Merrylees and Barbora Holá -- 'Questioned by the Court' : the role of judges and sociocultural aspects of testimonial evidence in Katanga / Suzanne Schot -- The power of culture and judicial decision-making at the International Criminal Court / Gregor Maučec -- Doing 'justice' at the Office of the Prosecutor : portrayals of a cultural value / Cale Davis -- In defence of culture : should defences based on culture apply at the ICC? /Noelle Higgins --Introducing aspects of transformative justice to the International Criminal Court through plea negotiation /Phoebe Oyugi and Owiso Owiso --'Culture' and sentencing at the International Criminal Court /Michelle Coleman --A delicate mosaic : the ICC, culture and victims /Fiona McKay --The quest for cultural legitimacy at the ICC : a third-way approach as an appropriate response to African cultural paradigms /Ingrid Roestenburg-Morgan --'We will let it die on its own' : culture, ideology and power at play between the United States and the International Criminal Court /Brianne McGonigle Leyh --Asia's reluctance to join the ICC : who is jilted by whom? /Nikhil Narayan --Exploring legal compatibilities and pursuing cultural legitimacy : Islamic law and the ICC /Julie Fraser --Afterword : culture, genuine and juridical /Mark Goodale.

"Immediately after its founding by Hồ Chí Minh in September 1945, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) faced challenges from rival Vietnamese political organizations and from a France determined to rebuild her empire after the humiliations of WWII. Hồ, with strategic genius, courageous maneuver, and good fortune, was able to delay full-scale war with France for sixteen months in the northern half of the country. This was enough time for his Communist Party, under the cover of its Vietminh front organization, to neutralize domestic rivals and install the rough framework of an independent state.

That fledgling state became a weapon of war when the DRV and France finally came to blows in Hanoi during December of 1946, marking the official beginning of the First Indochina War. With few economic resources at their disposal, Hồ and his comrades needed to mobilize an enormous and free contribution in manpower and rice from DRV-controlled regions. Extracting that contribution during the war's early days was primarily a matter of patriotic exhortation. By the early 1950s, however, the infusion of weapons from the United States, the Soviet Union, and China had turned the Indochina conflict into a #34total war.#34 Hunger, exhaustion, and violence, along with the conflict's growing political complexity, challenged the DRV leaders' mobilization efforts, forcing patriotic appeals to be supplemented with coercion and terror.

This trend reached its revolutionary climax in late 1952 when Hồ, under strong pressure from Stalin and Mao, agreed to carry out radical land reform in DRV-controlled areas of northern Vietnam. The regime's 1954 victory over the French at Điện Biên Phủ, the return of peace, and the division of the country into North and South did not slow this process of socialist transformation. Over the next six years (1954–1960), the DRV's Communist leaders raced through land reform and agricultural collectivization with a relentless sense of urgency. Mass Mobilization in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 1945–1960 explores the way the exigencies of war, the dreams of Marxist-Leninist ideology, and the pressures of the Cold War environment combined with pride and patriotism to drive totalitarian state formation in northern Vietnam."

North Korea and the United States have been officially at war for over 70 years, one of the longest lasting and most unbalanced conflicts in world history, in which a small East Asian state has held its own against a Western superpower for over three generations. With the Western world increasingly pivoting its attention towards Northeast Asia, and the region likely to play a more central role in the global economy, North Korea's importance as a strategically located country, potential economic powerhouse and major opponent of Western regional hegemony will only grow over the coming decades. This work is the first fully comprehensive study of the ongoing war between the two parties, and covers the history of the conflict from the first American clashes with Korea's nationalist movement in 1945 and imposition of its military rule over southern Korea to North Korea's nuclear deterrence program and ongoing tensions with the U.S. today. The nature of the antagonism between the two states, one profoundly influenced by both decolonisation and wartime memory, and the other uncompromising in its attempts to globally impose its leadership and ideology, is covered in detail. Northern Korea is one of very few inhabited parts of the world never to have been placed under Western rule, and its fiercely nationalist identity as a deeply Confucian civilization state has made it considerably more difficult to tackle than almost any other American adversary. This work elucidates the conflicting ideologies and the discordant designs for the Korean nation which have fueled the war, and explores emerging fields of conflict which have become increasingly central in recent years such as economic and information warfare. Prevailing trends in the conflict and its global implications, including the multiple wars that have been waged by proxy, are also examined in detail. An in-depth assessment of the past provides context key to understanding the future trajectories this relationship could take, and how a continuing shift in global order away from Western unipolarity is likely to influence its future.

1. The right of ownership: the first elections in the Colonies (1584-1655) -- 2. Establishing American theocracy: disenfranchisement begins in the Colonies with Catholics (1640s-1840s) -- 3. Outliers: early suffrage for persons of color and women (1640s-1790s) -- 4. America is not a direct democracy: the Electoral College and the popular vote (1788-1840s) -- 5. Owning the vote: origins of the voting debate (1700s-1800s) -- 6. Engendering citizenship: prefeminism feminists (1590s-1870s) -- 7. A hierarchy of race: ending slavery (1750s-1850s) -- 8. Voting rights for people of color: the Fifteenth Amendment (1869-1900) -- 9. Serpents of Massachusetts: Gerrymandering explained (1800s-present) -- 10. Women's work: voting from Suffragettes to Hillary Clinton (1840s-2016) -- 11. Indigenous rights: the Native American vote (1800s-present) -- 12. The statistics race: political polling and the vote (1820s-present) -- 13. Paying to vote: introduction of the Poll Tax (1600s-present) -- 14. Civil rights and voting rights: Voting Rights Act (1965-present) -- 15. Age of citizenship: Voting Rights Act Amendment (1970) -- 16. Reading the fine print: literacy testing (1865-1965) -- 17. The fight for access: the elderly and the physically handicapped (1700s-present) -- 18. Voting at home: residency requirements (1970s-2000s) -- 19. Losing the right to vote: voting and the incarcerated (1729-2015) -- 20. The voting state of mind: voting and mental competency (1700s-present) -- 21. A citizen's right: resident aliens and the right to vote (1700s-present) -- 22. The unpopular vote: the ongoing debate about the Electoral College (2000s-present) -- 23. Identity and the right to vote: the battle over voter ID laws (1950s-present) -- 24. The right to change: felon disenfranchisement and race (1960s-present) -- 25. Interference and ideology: foreign influence in the American electoral process (1700-present) -- 26. The specter of fraud: public opinion about voter fraud (1888-present) -- 27. Modernizing the vote: voting in the digital age (2010s-present) -- 28. Getting out the vote: voter participation, past and future (1700s-present) -- 29. Conclusion: the importance of the vote.

" What challenges face jurisdictions that attempt to conduct law in two or more languages? How does choosing a legal language affect the way in which justice is delivered? Answers to these questions are vital for the 75 officially bilingual and multilingual states of the world, as well as for other states contemplating a move towards multilingualism. Arguably such questions have implications for all countries in a world characterized by the pressures of globalization, economic integration, population mobility, decolonization, and linguistic re-colonization. For lawyers, addressing such challenges is made essential by the increased frequency and scale of transnational legal dealings and proceedings, as well as by the lengthening reach of international law. But it is not only policy makers, legislators, and other legal practitioners who must think about such questions. The relationship between societal multilingualism and law also raises questions for the burgeoning field of language and law, which posits--among other tenets--the centrality of language in legal processes. In this book, Janny H.C. Leung examines key aspects of legal multilingualism. Drawing extensively on case studies, she describes the implications of the legal, practical, and ideological dilemmas encountered in a given country when it becomes bilingual or multilingual, discussing such issues as: how legal certainty and the linguistic ideology of authenticity may be challenged in a multilingual jurisdiction; how courts balance the language preferences of different courtroom participants; and what historical, socio-political and economic factors may influence the decision to cement a given language as a jurisdiction's official language. Throughout, Leung elaborates a theory of "symbolic jurisprudence" to explore common dilemmas found across countries, despite their varied political and cultural settings, and argues that linguistic equality as proclaimed and practiced today is a shallow kind of equality. Although officially multilingual jurisdictions appear to be more inclusive than their monolingual counterparts, they run the risk of disguising substantive inequalities and displacing real efforts for more progressive social change. This is the first book to offer overarching discussion of how such issues relate to each other, and the first systematic study of legal multilingualism as a global phenomenon. "--

Almost every story of maternal infanticide starts with "the baby wouldn't stop crying". But the story is more than just bad or mentally ill mothers who lethally assault their baby. The story is about how hard it is to be a good mother in a society where women are expected to raise their children in their spare time and with their spare change. This expectation is grounded in a modern mothering ideology of unclear, overwhelming gender socialized expectations of what good mothers are supposed to be and do and assumes mothers have access to the economic and support resources necessary for this monumental job. The struggle of being a "good mother" is common to all mothers and requires much more time and resources than most mothers have available to them. In today's society, almost all mothers must have a paying job just to make ends meet. Their job takes up most of their day and leaves little time for the demands of parenting. Gender segregated jobs and economic inequality of women leave mothers with pay checks that are insufficient for homecare, childcare, and healthcare and leaves them eking out basic goods such as food, diapers, and medicine. And they are powerless to change their situation. For some mothers, like the ones discussed in this book, the struggle overwhelms them and they commit a terrible, heavily-regretted act that costs them their child's life, their family, their freedom, and their piece of mind for the rest of their lives.This book examines the social, economic and cultural conditions and stressors under which mothers commit infanticide, and shows how these conditions affect the ability to meet societal and self-perceived expectations of "good" mothering. As mothers perceive that they are failing to meet these expectations, the likelihood of violence toward the infant increases. This failure is the result of cultural and economic inequalities that are situated in the context of increasingly anomic, unrealistic expectations of mothering and decreasing social support and economic resources necessary for fulfilling the role identity of mother.

Front Matter --Copyright page --Illustrations --Foreword /Gerhard L. Weinberg --Introduction /Jürgen Matthäus and Thomas Pegelow Kaplan --Ordinary Men, Ordinary Women: Perpetrator Research Reconsidered --Ordinary Men and the Women in Their Shadows: Gender Issues in the Holocaust Scholarship of Christopher R. Browning /Doris L. Bergen --"Ordinary Drinkers" and Ordinary "Males"? Alcohol, Masculinity, and Atrocity in the Holocaust /Edward B. Westermann --"Ordinary Christians" in Nazi Germany /Robert P. Ericksen --The Perpetrators of the November 1938 Pogrom through German-Jewish Eyes /Alan E. Steinweis --Contexts of Agency and the Holocaust --Exploitation and Extermination: Jewish Slave Labour on the Baltic Coast, 1941-19431 /T. Fielder Valone --"Palästina-Austausch": Jewish Emigration from Europe to Palestine during the Final Solution /Francis R. Nicosia --More than Helpers: Women's Roles in "Communities of Rescue" in the Bohemian Lands, 1938-1939 /Laura E. Brade --Lutétia: A Luxury Hotel in Paris Meets the Holocaust /Michael R. Marrus --Interpreting Ideology and Social Practice --Nazi Plans for Addressing the Jewish Problem: From "Fringe Irritant" (1929) to the "Machtergreifung" (1933) /Karl A. Schleunes --The Nazi Glorification of Death and Denigration of Suffering /Michael Meng --What Remains of "the Banality of Evil"? /Peter Hayes --The Historian and the Public --The Universalisation of the Holocaust as a Moral Standard /Thomas Pegelow Kaplan --History of Society and Holocaust Research: Thoughts on a Tenuous Relationship /Konrad H. Jarausch --The Three-Legged Antisemitic Stool of Holocaust Denial: Illogic, Wilful Distortions, and Camouflaged Discourse1 /Deborah E. Lipstadt --Police, History, Responsibility: The Impact of Ordinary Men on the Perpetration Debate at German Memorial Sites and in Current Police Training /Thomas Köhler and Christoph Spieker --Sources and Their Readings --The "Euthanasia" Murders Archive: Confronting the New Findings /Dagmar Herzog --Depicting "Ordinary Men": Browning, Goldhagen, and the Historiographic Use of Perpetrator Photographs /Jürgen Matthäus --Unravelling Janowska: Excavating an Understudied Camp through Spatial Testimonies /Waitman Wade Beorn --Particularist and Universalist Interpretations of the Holocaust: A Complex Relationship /Dan Michman --Ordinary Men and Beyond: Reflections on an Historiographical Journey /Christopher R. Browning --Back Matter --List of Publications by Christopher R. Browning --About the Contributors --Index.

Introduction: was Keynes trying to save capitalism or create "liberal socialism"? -- From the economic consequences of the peace to the general theory -- The economic consequences of the peace: 1919 -- Making sense of chaos: 1919-23 -- Public investment and state planning in 1924: the real keynesian revolution begins -- The return to gold 1925: deflation, social justice and class struggle -- Three important "essays in persuasion" on the proper economic role of the state: 1925-1926 -- Destructive competition, corporatism, industrial policy and the new economic role of the state : 1927-28 -- Britain's industrial future and the board of national investment : a detailed analysis of the institutions to be used by the state to regulate capital accumulation in pursuit of full employment under liberal socialism -- On the edge of the great depression : Keynes continues his efforts to gain political support for the radical policies in Britain's industrial future -- Keynes on "insane" financial markets and the emergence of stagnation in the US in the early 1930s -- National self-sufficiency : 1933 -- The general theory: the ultimate defense in theory of Keynes's radical policy agenda -- Methodology and ideology : Keynes versus the classicists -- The priority of high-unemployment long-run equilibrium or "secular stagnation" in the general theory -- Upon further reflection : Keynes on secular stagnation in 1937 -- Keynes versus the classicists on the effects of wage and price deflation -- Keynes versus the classicists on disequilibrium processes in the bond market -- Chapter 12 of the general theory : the "insane" stock market, capital investment and instability -- The theory of the business cycle in chapter 22 : integrating the profit rate and the bond and stock markets in a theory of financial and economic instability -- Are the "models" Keynes created in the general theory compatible with the is/lm interpretation of the book : a digression -- Keynes's radical policy views in the general theory -- State planning, public investment and liberal socialism after the general theory -- From the general theory until britain entered WWII : 1936-1939 -- Keynes and government post-war economic planning for "liberal socialism" during the war : 1939-1945 -- Thoughts on the relevance of Keynes's work to solving today's economic problems : the society-economy nexis, methodology, theory, and policy -- References -- Index.

European studies of the Bell Beaker phenomenon have concentrated on burial and artefacts that constitute its the most visible aspects. This volume concentrates on the domestic sphere assemblage composition, domestic structures (how they differ, if at all, from previous types, legacies), and provides the first pan-European synthesis of its kind. It is a Europe-wide survey and analysis of Bell Beaker settlement structures; this is particularly important as we cannot understand the Bell Beaker phenomenon by analysing graves alone. Neither should we view Bell Beakers in isolation but must consider the effect that they had on already existing Late Neolithic cultures in the areas in which they appear. This volume is therefore intended to view the settlement aspect of Bell Beakers in context throughout Europe. It is the text book for Chalcolithic settlements and society. Contributors to the 19 papers belong to Europe-wide affiliation of experts specialising in Bell Beakers and the Chalcolithic (Archeologie et Gobelets) which addresses common pan-European issues surrounding the appearance and spread of Bell Beakers. This book summarises that data from the UK and many of the continental European countries; an increasingly important element of Beaker studies following recent isotopic and DNA evidence showing that the phenomenon was a result of human migration and not that of cultural ideas, trade and ideology. Each chapter deals with a defined region or country and is fully illustrated, including a corpus of Beaker houses and comparing then with Late Neolithic domestic structures where they are known to exist. The following themes will be addressed: 1. Regional syntheses in the UK and in Europe; 2.What native cultures existed before the arrival of Bell Beakers?; 3. What domestic ceramics were being used before the arrival of Bell Beakers?; 4. What stone and flint types were in use?; 5. What did pre-Bell Beaker houses look like? What size were they?; 6. What (if any) changes to 4 above resulted after the appearance of Bell Beakers?

Introduction : how American Middle East policy is made / William B. Quandt -- The US enters the Middle East -- Americans and the Muslim world : first encounters / Robert J. Allison -- The ironic legacy of the King-Crane Commission / James Gelvin -- US foreign policy toward Iran during the Mussadiq era / Mark Gasiorowski -- National security concerns in US policy toward Egypt, 1949-1956 / Peter Hahn -- Cold War rivalries -- The 1957 American-Syrian crisis : globalist policy in a regional reality / David W. Lesch -- The United States and Nasserist pan-Arabism / Malik Mufti -- The Soviet perception of the US threat / Georgiy Mirsky -- The superpowers and the Cold War in the Middle East / Rashid Khalidi -- Arab-Israeli war and peace -- The 1967 Arab-Israeli war : US actions and Arab perceptions / Fawaz A. Gerges -- The Golan negotiations : US-Syrian relations and the failure to achieve a comprehensive peace / Andrew Bowen -- From Madrid and Oslo to Camp David : the United States and the Arab-Israeli conflict, 1991-2001 / Jeremy Pressman -- George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and the Arab-Israeli conflict / Robert Freedman -- Part four. The Persian Gulf in US policy -- The United States in the Persian Gulf : from twin pillars to dual containment / Gary Sick -- The Iraq War of 2003 : why did the United states decide to invade? / Steve A. Yetiv -- What went wrong in Iraq? / Ali R. Abootalebi -- The United States and Saudi Arabia / Thomas Lippman -- US-Middle Eastern relations after 9/11 -- Islamist perceptions of US policy in the Middle East / Yvonne Yasbeck-Haddad -- Ideology and America's nuclear crisis with Iran / Mark L. Haas -- The U.S.'s post-9/11 fight against Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State : a losing effort -- In search of a change / Daveed Gartenstein-Ross -- The push and pull of strategic cooperation : the US relationship with Turkey in the Middle East / Henri J. Barkey -- The Arab uprisings from the US perspective / Mark L. Haas -- Epilogue: the early years of the Trump administration's Middle East policy / David W. Lesch and Mark L. Haas.

Introduction : walking : more than pedestrian / C. Michael Hall, Yael Ram & Noam Shoval -- Walking in the capitalist city : on the socio-economic origins of walkable urbanism / Anja Hälg Bieri -- Radical twenty-first century walkers and the romantic qualities of leisure walking / Phil Smith -- Long-distance walking in films : promises of healing and redemption on the trail / Warwick Frost & Jennifer Laing -- Walking as pedagogy / Karein K. Goertz -- Walking in Germany : between recreation and ideology / Dirk Reiser & Vanessa Jansen-Meinen -- Walking and art : perambulating pleasures / Ray Boland & Bryan Wheeler -- Dog walking as a leisure activity / Yoshitaka Iwasaki -- Walking in Switzerland : urban and not so leisurely / Derek P.T.H. Christie, Emmanuel Ravalet & Vincent Kaufmann -- Purposeful leisure mobilities : reframing the walk to school / Debbie Hopkins & Sandra Mandic -- Spiking : the quest for challenge and meaning among hikers / Ron McCarville & Chantel Pilon -- On the beaten track : how do narratives from organised hiking differ from "real" hiking narratives? / Outi Rantala & Seija Tuulentie -- Comparisons between hikers and non-hikers in Iceland : attitudes, behaviours and perceptions / Anna Dóra Saeþórsdóttir, C. Michael Hall & Þorkell Stefánsson -- Passeggiata nuova : social travel in the era of the smartphone / Andrew Mondschein -- Walking online : a netnography of China's emerging hiking communities / Alexandra Witte & Kevin Hannam -- Hiking trails and pilgrimage routes -- Hut-to-hut-hiking trails : a comparative analysis of popular hiking destinations / Sven Gross & Kim Werner -- Taking you home : the Masar Ibrahim al-Khalil in Palestine / Rami Isaac -- The Wales Coast Path : the world's first national coastal footpath / Stephen Miles -- Improving the experience quality of hiking trails : a setting-experience-relationship approach / Diana Müller, Heinz-Dieter Quack, Kathrin Schumacher, Franziska Thiele -- Hikers preferences and dmo strategies : contrasting perspectives and conflicting views? / Ingeborg M. Nordbø -- Re-signifying smuggling : cross-border walking trails as a tourist experience in the Spanish-Portuguese border / Heriberto Cairo & María Lois -- The solo-hike : a journey of distance and closeness / Hannelene Schilar -- Walking to care : pilgrimage as slow tourism development Kumano-kodo pilgrimage, Wakayama, Japan / Kumi Kato -- Hindu pilgrimage in India and walkability : theory and praxis / Subhajit Das & Manirul Islam --

It has become a staple among critics of American foreign policy to refer to the United States's approach as "liberal imperialism." By this they mean that America's globalist agenda and its willingness to use force in theaters across the globe derives from its desire to evangelize the gospel of liberalism and thereby extend the reach of a US-dominated democratic capitalist order. These critics point to the presidency of Woodrow Wilson and trace how this agenda evolved over the next century. The dominance of liberal ideology, they argue, is so all-encompassing that virtually all of the main variants within the modern US foreign policy tradition, from anti-communism to neoliberalism to neoconservatism, fit under liberalism's umbrella. In Republic in Peril, the eminent foreign policy scholar David C. Hendrickson turns this thesis on its head. A trenchant critic of America's quest for global dominance, Hendrickson argues not only that liberalism is not the culprit, but is in fact where we should turn because it offers a powerful critique of both militarized interventionism and the US quest for full-spectrum global dominance. Covering all of the major episodes of the past century, he shows how the US has fully abandoned a tradition of republican liberalism that dates back to the Founders. The republican liberal tradition, which dominated US foreign policy for over a century, mandated non-intervention and the promotion of peace. This "golden rule" policy toward other nations served America well, he contends, and many of the pathologies that plague US foreign policy now - particularly its disastrous approach to the Middle East - can be traced to the desertion of the republican liberal tradition. He therefore advocates returning to the more collegial form of internationalism ("iso-internationalism") that preceded Wilsonianism. Combining both a rich historical overview of modern American foreign policy with a forceful indictment of the illiberal straitjacket in which US has bound itself, Republic in Peril provides a genuinely original defense of liberalism in the service of peaceful non-intervention - a position that contemporary critics of aggressive liberalism are sure to find surprising.

"Deng supports and revises Maoâ#x80;#x99;s foreign policy" -- "The advent of the â#x80;#x9C;independent foreign policy of peace and developmentâ#x80;#x9D;" -- "Deng and the legacy of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence" -- "Notes" -- "Chapter 3: Sino-American normalization without closure" -- "Vice-Premier Deng goes to Washington!" -- "Handling differences through the stages of normalization" -- "The lead-up to 1972 normalization" -- "Chinaâ#x80;#x99;s UN victory vs. â#x80;#x9C;power politicsâ#x80;#x9D;" -- "The Taiwan Question, deferred, in favour of aspiring geopolitical understanding?" -- "Normalization, pragmatism and drafting the 1972 Shanghai Communique" -- "Deng Xiaopingâ#x80;#x99;s approach to Sino-US relations" -- "Managing the contradictions of normalization" -- "Normalization stalled in Post-Tiananmen Square sanctions" -- "China abstains from the UN vote on Kuwait" -- "Conclusions" -- "Notes" -- "Chapter 4: Ideology and the Five Principles in Sino-Soviet and Sino-Russian normalizations" -- "The chronology of pathological Sino-Soviet animosity" -- "The political fortunes of Deng Xiaoping and Chinaâ#x80;#x99;s foreign policy" -- "â#x80;#x9C;When the melon ripens, it falls off its stem: where water flows, a channel is formedâ#x80;#x9D;" -- "Conclusion: Deng and the progress of Sino-Soviet-Russian normalizations" -- "Notes" -- "Chapter 5: Dengâ#x80;#x99;s â#x80;#x9C;independent foreign policyâ#x80;#x9D; and â#x80;#x9C;independent globalizationâ#x80;#x9D;" -- "The changing dimensions of Chinaâ#x80;#x99;s â#x80;#x9C;self-relianceâ#x80;#x9D;" -- "â#x80;#x9C;Self-relianceâ#x80;#x9D; and the â#x80;#x9C;open doorâ#x80;#x9D;" -- "The politics of the special economic zones" -- "â#x80;#x9C;Self-reliance and the open doorâ#x80;#x9D; to establish a â#x80;#x9C;moderately prosperous societyâ#x80;#x9D;" -- "â#x80;#x9C;Self-relianceâ#x80;#x9D; and General Secretary Jiangâ#x80;#x99;s policies under Dengâ#x80;#x99;s helmsmanship" -- "Conclusion: the changing relevance of â#x80;#x9C;self-relianceâ#x80;#x9D; and the â#x80;#x9C;open doorâ#x80;#x9D;" -- "Notes" -- "Chapter 6: Deng and Chinaâ#x80;#x99;s contemporary foreign policy".

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1. Approaching contemporary African social and political philosophy -- Introduction -- 1.1 The idea of contemporary African social and political philosophy -- 1.2 Contemporary African social and political philosophy and ontology -- 1.3 Is contemporary African social and political philosophy an ideology? -- 1.4 Conclusion -- Notes -- 2. Sources of contemporary African social and political philosophy -- Introduction -- 2.1 African social and political philosophy and literature -- 2.2 African political behaviour and precolonial traditions -- 2.3 African cities and urbanization policies -- 2.4 Religion -- 2.5 African art and music -- 2.6 Conclusion -- Notes -- 3. Exploring the antecedents and precursors of contemporary African social and political philosophy -- Introduction -- 3.1 The legacy of African precolonial communities -- 3.2 Modern precursors of contemporary African social and political philosophy -- 3.3 Conclusion -- Notes -- 4. Reviewing the African identity discourses: Ethnophilosophy and negritude -- Introduction -- 4.1 The idea of ethnophilosophy -- 4.2 Negritude, African identity and politics -- 4.3 Conclusion -- Notes -- 5. The pan-African movement: From race-based solidarity to political unity and beyond -- Introduction -- 5.1 The idea of pan-Africanism -- 5.2 The theories of founding fathers -- 5.3 The era of the African heirs of pan-Africanism -- 5.4 Some African heirs of pan-Africanism -- 5.5 Beyond pan-Africanism -- 5.6 Conclusion -- Notes -- 6. African democratic turn -- Introduction -- 6.1 The origin of the concept of democracy -- 6.2 African trajectories toward democracy -- 6.3 The return to a multiparty system -- 6.4 Conclusion -- Notes -- 7. Approaching African civil society: Paradigms and philosophical backgrounds -- Introduction -- 7.1 Addressing the concept of African civil society -- 7.2 Theoretical background -- 7.3 Typologies of African civil society -- 7.4 African civil society in the colonial era -- 7.5 Towards the future -- 7.6 Conclusion -- Notes -- 8. African cultures and globalization -- Introduction -- 8.1 Globalization and homogenization of African cultures -- 8.2 Globalization and African cultural differentialism -- 8.3 Globalization and heterogeneity of African cultures -- 8.4 Conclusion -- Notes -- Conclusion -- Epilogue: A struggle for the right to live Mandela, in defence of pluralism and democracy -- 1 The social and political context of Mandela's struggle -- 2 Mandela's earlier political commitments -- 3 Mandela's political action and thought -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index