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What do libraries and archives do in the digital environment? What is their role, which needs are they expected to meet? Focusing on the Italian and European legislation, this contribution considers their current prerogatives and limitations, the perimeter within which they are able, or are expected to act in the following fields: access and reuse of public sector information; protection, use and enhancement of scientific and cultural heritage; copyright; protection of personal data. Then, referring to the AIB Manifesto and the IFLA/UNESCO Manifesto on digital libraries, which define them as necessary component of libraries and as necessary entities for the protection of fundamental rights, the author argues that a broader juridical statute of these institutions can be identified at international level, which – even if it is not supported by effective protection – cannot be overridden by national and regional legislations, provided that libraries (and librarians) themselves are capable to recognize and defend it. ; Cosa fanno le biblioteche e gli archivi in ambiente digitale? Qual è il loro ruolo istituzionale, quali bisogni soddisfano? A partire dalla destinazione d'uso di biblioteche e archivi, il contributo considera la legislazione italiana ed europea in materia di informazione e di documenti applicabile a questi istituti in ambiente ibrido e digitale. In particolare l'attenzione si sofferma sulle opportunità e sulle limitazioni derivanti dall'evoluzione normativa in tema di: accesso e riutilizzo dei dati in possesso di soggetti pubblici; tutela, fruizione e valorizzazione del patrimonio scientifico e culturale; diritti d'autore; protezione dei dati personali. Infine, si fa riferimento al Manifesto AIB e al Manifesto IFLA/UNESCO sulle biblioteche digitali come strumenti per la salvaguardia dei diritti fondamentali, per provare a rintracciare uno 'statuto' internazionale delle biblioteche digitali in quanto istituzioni munite di un'identità autonoma che può essere presupposta, ma non superata dalle legislazioni correnti, a condizione che le biblioteche stesse la facciano propria.

Grundlagen des Immaterialgüterrechts: Das italienische, europäische und internationale Markenrecht und Markenprozessrecht von Christoph Perathoner -- Introduzione al diritto brevettuale italiano von Niccolò Ferretti und Alessandro Zito -- Introduzione al design in Italia: uno sguardo d'insieme von Niccolò Ferretti und Alessandro Zito -- Die Grundzüge des Designrechts in Deutschland von Philipp Steichele -- Aktuelle Rechtsprechung zum österreichischen und europäischen Urheberrecht von Manfred Büchele -- Die geographischen Angaben im CETA-Abkommen: Keine neuen Schläuche für alten Wein von Georg Miribung -- Schwerpunkt: Schadensersatz wegen Verletzung von Immaterialgüterrechten: Der europäische Deliktsgerichtsstand und die gewerblichen Schutzrechte - Art. 7 Nr. 2 Brüssel Ia-VO im Lichte der aktuellen Rechtsprechung von Peter Kindler -- Das Schutzlandprinzip als Grundlage für die Behandlung von grenzüberschreitenden Schadensersatzansprüchen aus der Verletzung geistigen Eigentums von Simon Laimer -- Schadensersatz und Gewinnherausgabe bei Immaterialgüterrechtsverletzungen nach italienischem Recht von Gregor Christandl -- Weiterführende Fragen und Ausblick: I profili costituzionali della tutela dei diritti sui beni immateriali von Carola Pagliarin -- Immaterialgüter und europäisches Wettbewerbsrecht von Thomas Müller.-Der strafrechtliche Schutz vor industrieller Produktpiraterie im Lichte nationaler, europäischer und internationaler Vorgaben von Lukas Staffler -- Ausblick auf die zukünftige Entwicklung des Internationalen Immaterialgüterrechts in der Europäischen Union von Andreas Schwartze.

"This series started in 1981 with the Erice Seminars when the danger of a nuclear East-West confrontation was menacing the world. The volumes reproduce the crucial steps, from the Nuclear Winter to the Strategic Defense Initiative. After the collapse of the U.S.S.R., new emergencies are now to be faced such as the danger of proliferation of Weapons for Mass Destruction (WMD), the North-South confrontation on ecological problems and the new deal for Science and Technology to help developing countries in their struggle for a better standard of life. The Erice Seminars have attracted the attention of world leaders in Science, Technology and Culture."--Publisher's website

Issued on 1966, the Freedom of information act is certainly the most famous law regarding the right of access to public information. Often mentioned with the Privacy act, this text could be very important also for services to users for public, research or other kind of libraries. Importance connected with the necessity of giving to a user who is looking for a subject all the possible kind of information, traditional or not. So the opportunity to give the access to the documents produced by the United States public administration could be very useful for a library user.After a brief talk about the problem of the sources that can be useful for a panoramic view on the Freedom of Information Act, the law is examined more detailed.Using the FOIA. it's possible to ask government agencies to disclose certain types of records.FOIA defines an agency in that way: the agencies, offices and departments of the Executive branch of the federal government; independent federal regulatory agencies; federal government-controlled corporations. But FOIA does not apply to the federal entities, like the Congress, the Federal Courts or executive office staff such as the White House Chief of Staff, State and local government agencies or private organizations.There are also three exclusions and nine exemptions. If a record falls within any of these, an agency may refuse to disclose it, or denies the existence of the record itself if it falls within the three exclusions.It is important to remember that these exemptions are not mandatory, but discretionary. That means an agency can choose to release records to you even after it has determined the records fall within one or more of the above exemptions. The agency can also choose to give access to a record after the portions which are exempt have been deleted from it. There must be other two circumstances to access the record required. The agency record must already exists, because FOIA does not require an agency to create a record just to satisfy your request. The record must be within both the possession and the control of the federal agency at the time you make your FOIA request.The law establishes also times and costs for the answer of the agency and the eventual administrative appeal.It's a good practice to make a request under both Freedom of information act and privacy Act.The Privacy act, issued in 1974, give the right to U.S. citizens or permanent residents to ask government agencies about records regarding themselves. The Privacy act provides low costs and less exemptions.In 1996 the Freedom of information act was amended to be confirmed to the electronic documents.At last a brief comparison between FOIA. and the Italian situation gives the evidence that the Italian law n. 241 of 1990, Nuove norme in materia di procedimento amministrativo e di diritto di accesso ai documenti amministrativi, is better comparable with the Privacy act that with the Freedom of information act ; Issued on 1966, the Freedom of information act is certainly the most famous law regarding the right of access to public information. Often mentioned with the Privacy act, this text could be very important also for services to users for public, research or other kind of libraries. Importance connected with the necessity of giving to a user who is looking for a subject all the possible kind of information, traditional or not. So the opportunity to give the access to the documents produced by the United States public administration could be very useful for a library user.After a brief talk about the problem of the sources that can be useful for a panoramic view on the Freedom of Information Act, the law is examined more detailed.Using the FOIA. it's possible to ask government agencies to disclose certain types of records.FOIA defines an agency in that way: the agencies, offices and departments of the Executive branch of the federal government; independent federal regulatory agencies; federal government-controlled corporations. But FOIA does not apply to the federal entities, like the Congress, the Federal Courts or executive office staff such as the White House Chief of Staff, State and local government agencies or private organizations.There are also three exclusions and nine exemptions. If a record falls within any of these, an agency may refuse to disclose it, or denies the existence of the record itself if it falls within the three exclusions.It is important to remember that these exemptions are not mandatory, but discretionary. That means an agency can choose to release records to you even after it has determined the records fall within one or more of the above exemptions. The agency can also choose to give access to a record after the portions which are exempt have been deleted from it. There must be other two circumstances to access the record required. The agency record must already exists, because FOIA does not require an agency to create a record just to satisfy your request. The record must be within both the possession and the control of the federal agency at the time you make your FOIA request.The law establishes also times and costs for the answer of the agency and the eventual administrative appeal.It's a good practice to make a request under both Freedom of information act and privacy Act.The Privacy act, issued in 1974, give the right to U.S. citizens or permanent residents to ask government agencies about records regarding themselves. The Privacy act provides low costs and less exemptions.In 1996 the Freedom of information act was amended to be confirmed to the electronic documents.At last a brief comparison between FOIA. and the Italian situation gives the evidence that the Italian law n. 241 of 1990, Nuove norme in materia di procedimento amministrativo e di diritto di accesso ai documenti amministrativi, is better comparable with the Privacy act that with the Freedom of information act

Privacy is a concept that has evolved a lot in the past century: from the original right to seclusion and to one's own self-determination without external invasion of private spaces, the technological changes occurred in society have transformed it into a complex set of rights to provide individuals with some degree of control over the processing and the flow of their own personal data. After a long delay in adopting data protection laws when compared to other countries, Italy put up a steep pace and introduced a novelty in the law currently in force, d.lgs. 196/03: the principle of necessity. This provision, significantly located among the three "top principles" in data protection, imposes on data controllers a limitation on the use of personal data, requiring the processing of anonymous data whenever possible. The principle has been in force since 2003, and the Italian authority for the protection of personal data is firm in its enforcement, invoking it in many decisions. The present work slowly zooms in on the principle of necessity: it starts from a broad history of the concept of privacy up to the current times; then it surveys the various approaches to a privacy law in the international scene, with a major attention to the European context; a timeline of the Italian legislation, with a summary of the current discipline, follows. Finally, the focus is centered on art. 3 of the law, containing the principle of necessity: from a general explanation to theoretical literature on the subject, not forgetting the application performed so far by the Guarantor with a number of examples in several fields. The conclusive analysis tries to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the provision by putting it in the perspective of its natural application field: a society where information, and even more the Internet, have dramatically changed the business models and favored the birth of new, opposing interests.

Lo scambio automatico di informazioni è sostenuto dalla comunità internazionale quale modalità principale in grado di assicurare efficacia alla lotta contro l'evasione fiscale. L'OCSE, su mandato del G20, e a seguito dell'introduzione da parte della disciplina FATCA è stata incaricata di redigere un modello di comunicazione da utilizzare a livello mondiale per l'invio delle informazioni di carattere finanziario. In ambito europeo, la previgente direttiva 77/799 è stata abrogata per rendere obbligatorio lo scambio automatico di informazioni relativamente a determinate categorie reddituali. Tale direttiva è stata progressivamente ampliata nel suo ambito di applicazione fino a ricomprendere oltre allo scambio di dati finanziari anche lo scambio di ruling, delle informazioni delle multinazionali e delle informazioni sulla ricerca del beneficiario effettivo così come rileva nella disciplina antiriciclaggio. Il quadro giuridico si è progressivamente arricchito e modificato di nuovi strumenti normativi per i quali è necessario delimitarne l'ambito di applicazione. Definire lo scambio automatico di informazioni come nuovo standard internazionale non implica unicamente l'utilizzo di un modello di comunicazione comune. Occorre anche predisporre un sistema giuridico in grado di garantire la tutela del contribuente i cui dati fiscali e finanziari vengono scambiati in massa. Se da un lato quindi, le modalità di realizzazione dello standard in ambito comunitario e internazionale sono sempre più convergenti, attualmente il meccanismo di tutela dei contribuenti non risulta essere stato oggetto di valutazioni condivise, rimanendo sostanzialmente rimesso alle disposizioni interne, con conseguente mancanza di uniformità della tutela dei contribuenti. ; International Organizations, such as the OECD or G20 has been supporting the Automatic Exchange of Information in fiscal matters as a key factor in the fight against tax evasion and elusion. The OECD, on behalf of Ministers of Finance and Governors of the Central Banks, following the entry into force of FATCA legislation has implemented a Model of Communication for Financial Information, known as "Common Reporting Standard". At European level, the previous Directive n. 77/799 regarding administrative assistance in tax matters has been repealed in order to enlarge and include the mandatory automatic exchange of information as well as new other methods of cooperation. The new Directive has been amended five times so as to include not only exchange of financial information but also rulings, country by country reports, information on the beneficial owner deriving from the AML sector. The legal framework is so far complex and pronged in two levels: international and European. A legal protection of taxpayers' rights has to be guaranteed at both levels, but it does not seem so far to be standardized or jointly agreed between jurisdictions. It stems from this consideration that the taxpayers' protection is not standard but jeopardized according to domestic provisions.

Le trasformazioni in corso nel mondo del lavoro hanno posto al centro dell'attenzione pubblica il tema dell''occupabilità', ovvero della capacità delle persone – bibliotecari compresi – di saper cercare attivamente, trovare e mantenere un impiego. L'articolo propone, senza pretese di sistematicità e completezza, domande, spunti di analisi, risorse scientifiche e qualche indicazione pratica per esplorare questo fenomeno, con un focus specifico sulle sfide e le opportunità offerte dall'information literacy.Il testo si compone di tre parti: nella prima vengono prese in esame a grandi linee le politiche attive del lavoro messe in campo dalla governance europea e italiana; nella seconda si presenta una rassegna introduttiva alla letteratura professionale biblioteconomica (in lingua inglese) dedicata al rapporto tra information literacy e posti di lavoro; nella terza si riporta l'esito di un corso di formazione per giovani imprenditori – finanziato da un centro per l'impiego italiano tramite fondi europei – tenuto da un gruppo interdisciplinare di professionisti, nel quale è stato integrato un modulo dedicato all'alfabetizzazione informativa. ; The recent reshaping of the world of work has brought into the limelight the issue of employability, i.e. the ability to know how to actively seek, find and keep a job. The article provides a few questions, insights, scientific resources and practical suggestions in order to analyze the issue with a specific focus on information literacy.The text consists of three parts: the first one examines the national and international (i.e. European) active labour market policies; the second part provides a first LIS literature review about the relationship between information literacy and the world of work; the last part describes an Italian pilot project accomplished by a job center thanks to European funds: a training course for young entrepreneurs given by a heterogeneous team of professionals, including a full module of information literacy.