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Ensuring internal security is one of the core objectives of European integration in the context of the establishment of an area of freedom, security and justice of the European Union (E.U.). The aim of the internal security policy of the E.U. is to support Member States with regard to the maintenance of law and order and the safeguarding of internal security. In the last 20 years in the area of internal security of the E.U. many important initiatives, political agendas and legal instruments at the E.U. level have arisen. This article aims to show the development of the internal security policy of the E.U., its most important guidelines and the challenges in the coming years.

Ensuring internal security is one of the core objectives of European integration in thecontext of the establishment of an area of freedom, security and justice of the EuropeanUnion (E.U.). The aim of the internal security policy of the E.U. is to support MemberStates with regard to the maintenance of law and order and the safeguarding of internalsecurity. In the last 20 years in the area of internal security of the E.U. many importantinitiatives, political agendas and legal instruments at the E.U. level have arisen. Thisarticle aims to show the development of the internal security policy of the E.U., its mostimportant guidelines and the challenges in the coming years. ; Zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego jest jednym z podstawowych celów integracjieuropejskiej w kontekście tworzenia na terytorium Unii Europejskiej przestrzeni wolności, bezpieczeństwa i sprawiedliwości. Celem polityki bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznegoUE jest wspieranie państw członkowskich w zakresie utrzymania porządku publicznegoi ochrony bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego. W ostatnich 20 latach w obszarze bezpieczeństwawewnętrznego UE odnotowano duże zmiany, zrodziło się wiele inicjatyw, programówpolitycznych oraz instrumentów prawnych na szczeblu Unii. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie rozwoju polityki bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego UE, jej najważniejszych założeńi wyzwań na nadchodzące lata.

The article concerns Internal Security Acts in India, Portugal and France. These states had adopted such kind of laws due to various reasons and motives. In the paper a set of factors is identified which have influenced internal security rules in the above-mentioned states. The key assumption is that the crucial issue is the definition of internal security which is necessary if a state would like to build an internal security system. The definition might be included in an Internal Security Act. The basic question is how internal security is understood in India, Portugal and France. The article concludes with final conclusions. First, the Internal Security Acts adopted by various states are influenced by a set of factors occurring in these states. Secondly, usually the concept of internal security has been defined by an Internal Security Act (Portugal and France cases). Last but not least, the internal security is understood in a narrow way i.e. it is restricted to the issues of public order and public security (India and France cases).

The first part of the article is dedicated to the classic approach to security in three areas: the security of the individual, the state and on the international stage. Then the author conducts an analysis of the interdisciplinary approach to security. He characterised the behavioural as well as sociological and economic theories. The author analyses the government policies pertaining to internal security in the last fifteen years. He explained the legal and constitutional rules of the government administration in Poland and then characterised the system of institutions responsible for security within the country involving a critical analysis of internal security policy, i.a. its effectiveness and efficiency. The author formulates the thesis which holds that within the last fifteen years the governments have failed to design an effective policy of internal security, so far. The postulated concepts and governmental proposals have been designed as temporary measures and under political pressure without much consideration for systemic solutions. The policy of internal security lacks the systemic approach deriving from the theory of organisation.

Artykuł dotyczy rozwiązań prawnych w zakresie zapewniania bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego w Indiach, Francji i Portugalii. Państwa te przyjmowały, w różnym okresie i z różnych powodów, ustawy o bezpieczeństwie wewnętrznym. Zwrócono uwagę na czynniki, które wpłynęły na ostateczny kształt uregulowań prawnych w danym państwie. Założono, że punktem wyjścia do budowania efektywnego systemu bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego jest zdefiniowanie bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego, a definicja taka może znaleźć się w ustawie o bezpieczeństwie wewnętrznym. Pytania badawcze dotyczą tego w jaki sposób pojmuje się bezpieczeństwo wewnętrzne na gruncie ustawodawstwa w tym zakresie w Indiach, Portugalii oraz we Francji. Artykuł kończy zestawienie wyciągniętych wniosków: po pierwsze, rozwiązania na gruncie prawnym w zakresie ochrony bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego, przyjmowane przez różne państwa sąpokłosiem szeregu czynników, występujących w tych państwach. Po drugie, w ustawach o bezpieczeństwie wewnętrznym zazwyczaj zdefiniowano termin "bezpieczeństwo wewnętrzne" (w przypadkach Portugalii i Francji). Po trzecie, w omawianych państwach bezpieczeństwo wewnętrzne rozumie się zazwyczaj raczej wąsko tj. utożsamia się je z zakresem pojęciowym bezpieczeństwa publicznego i porządku publicznego (w przypadkach Indii i Francji). ; The article concerns Internal Security Acts in India, Portugal and France. These states had adopted such kind of laws due to various reasons and motives. In the paper a set of factors is identified which have influenced internal security rules in the above-mentioned states. The key assumption is that the crucial issue is the definition of internal security which is necessary if a state would like to build an internal security system. The definition might be included in an In¬ternal Security Act. The basic question is how internal security is understood in India, Portugal and France. The article concludes with final conclusions. First, the Internal Security Acts adopted by various states are influenced by a set of factors occurring in these states. Secondly, usually the concept of internal security has been defined by an Internal Security Act (Portugal and France cases). Last but not least, the internal security is understood in a narrow way i.e. it is restricted to the issues of public order and public security (India and France cases).

The first part of the article is dedicated to the classic approach to security in three areas: the security of the individual, the state and on the international stage. Then the author conducts an analysis of the interdisciplinary approach to security. He characterised the behavioural as well as sociological and economic theories. The author analyses the government policies pertaining to internal security in the last fifteen years. He explained the legal and constitutional rules of the government administration in Poland and then characterised the system of institutions responsible for security within the country involving a critical analysis of internal security policy, i.a. its effectiveness and efficiency. The author formulates the thesis which holds that within the last fifteen years the governments have failed to design an effective policy of internal security, so far. The postulated concepts and governmental proposals have been designed as temporary measures and under political pressure without much consideration for systemic solutions. The policy of internal security lacks the systemic approach deriving from the theory of organisation. Keywords: state, politics, security, internal security, police, special forces. ; W pierwszej części artykułu przedstawiono trzy płaszczyzny klasycznego ujęcia bezpieczeństwa, mianowicie: bezpieczeństwo jednostki, bezpieczeństwo narodowe i bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe. Następnie autor poddał analizie interdyscyplinarne podejście do bezpieczeństwa. Scharakteryzował teorie behawioralne, socjologiczne i ekonomiczne. Przeanalizował także programy rządów w obszarze bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego w ostatnim piętnastoleciu oraz przedstawił prawnoustrojowe zasady funkcjonowania administracji rządowej w Polsce. Następnie scharakteryzował system instytucji odpowiedzialnych za bezpieczeństwo w państwie, w tym przeprowadził krytyczną analizę polityki bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego, m.in. jej efektywności i skuteczności. Autor postawił tezę, że w ciągu ostatnich 15 latach kolejnym rządom nie udało się stworzyć w Polsce skutecznego systemu bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego państwa. Przedstawiane koncepcje i propozycje rządów miały charakter doraźnych działań, uwarunkowanych względami politycznymi, a nie merytorycznymi.

Rated both positively and negatively, Shinzō Abe has achieved a lot as prime minister. He contributed to a new perception of Japan in the international arena. During the eight years of his rule in power, his administration carried out reforms aimed at better coordination of security policy, strengthened the position of the prime minister in this field, and increased the involvement of the SDF in ensuring security. They resulted primarily from changes taking place in its security environment: the development of North Korea's missile and nuclear program, the assertive attitude of the People's Republic of China, and an increase in arms spending and the intensification of Chinese military activity in the region (around the disputed Senkaku/Diaoyu islands and in the South China Sea). The article aims to analyze the changes in the security policy introduced during the rule of Shinzō Abe in the internal aspect.

The Amsterdam Treaty has established the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ). Since then, it is an example of a policy-making area creating its way quickly and comprehensively. However, in this paper the main dilemma is to what extent the Schengen development has modified the framework of AFSJ and how it adapts in this policy while being an example of enhanced cooperation and differentiated integration model. Developments in this area are part of a realisation that European states need to act together to better face new challenges to peace and internal security, while ensuring respect for democracy and human rights. It is important to add, that cooperation in the Area of Freedom Security and Justice has been driven by forces different from that seen in other policy areas.

The aim of the article is an in-depth analysis of the events related to the flood that affected the south-western part of Poland in 1997. It is worth noting that the entire undertaking was a phenomenon of special importance. The presented natural disaster showed a wide impact, especially on the social and institutional level. Although the discussed issue concerns an event that took place more than 20 years ago, the Millennium Flood significantly contributed to the process of shaping the internal security of the country. The material base is rich literature and numerous accounts of witnesses of those events. ; Celem artykułu jest pogłębiona analiza wydarzeń związanych z powodzią, która w 1997 roku dotknęła południowo-zachodnią część Polski. Warto zaznaczyć, że całość zdarzenia była zjawiskiem o szczególnym znaczeniu. Przedstawiona klęska naturalna wykazywała szerokie oddziaływania, szczególnie na płaszczyźnie społecznej oraz instytucjonalnej. Choć omawiane zagadnienie dotyczy wydarzenia, które miało miejsce ponad 20 lat temu, to jednak Powódź Tysiąclecia w znaczący sposób przyczyniła się do procesu kształtowania bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego kraju. Bazę materiałową stanowi bogata literatura oraz liczne przekazy świadków tamtych zdarzeń.