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Highlights the problems arising from the phase-out of quotas set by the Multifibre Arrangement (MFA), notably uncertainty among workers and enterprises worldwide. Urges for the elaboration and implementation of integrated strategies from global to local level, involving governments and social partners as well as the ILO as lead agency

The author provides an overview about the field of international political economy (IPE) along metatheoretical lines. The IPE communities in the United States and Western Europe exhibit more differences than commonalities in their ontological, epistemological and methodological assumptions. While the U.S. perspective is solidly based on a materialist ontology, methodological individualism, and neopositivism as its epistemological foundation, the European IPE community is considerably more heterogeneous in its theoretical, epistemological and methodological approaches. The article ends with a view towards the future introducing three possible scenarios for the IPE sub-discipline.

Research in bean economics includes production, marketing and consumption, and policy studies. Production research focuses on 2 mutually reinforcing themes: (1) assessment of the spread of new var. recently released to farmers by national programs; and (2) assessment of farmers' current production systems and problems. Consumption and marketing of beans remain important research topics because most beans in Latin America are produced for the market, thus making consumer acceptability, price, and ease of market entry, critical factors in determining farmer adoption of new bean var. Case studies of policies affecting bean production and markets are undertaken when they have an important impact on the environment for which the new technology is being developed. A great deal of the research on all these issues is conducted in collaboration with national programs. Strengthening their research capacity through training and collaborative projects is an important activity. (AS) ; La investigacion en economia de frijol incluye estudios en produccion, mercadeo, consumo y politicas. La investigacion en produccion se enfoca en 2 esquemas que se refuerzan mutuamente: 1) evaluacion de la diseminacion de las nuevas var. recientemente liberadas a los agricultores por los programas nacionales y 2) evaluacion de los sistemas y problemas de produccion actuales de los agricultores. El consumo y el mercadeo del frijol siguen siendo importantes topicos de investigacion, debido a que la mayor parte del frijol en America Latina se produce para el mercado; por lo tanto, la aceptabilidad del consumidor, el precio y la facilidad de entrar al mercado son factores criticos que determinan la adopcion de la nueva 186 var. de frijol por el agricultor. Se realizan estudios de casos de las politicas que afectan la produccion y el mercadeo del frijol cuando estas tienen un impacto importante en el ambiente en el cual se esta desarrollando la nueva tecnologia. Una gran cantidad de la investigacion sobre todos estos temas se realiza en colaboracion con los programas nacionales. El fortalecimiento de su capacidad de investigacion mediante la capacitacion y los proyectos colaborativos es una actividad importante. (RA-CIAT)

El artículo plantea en primer lugar un acercamiento a la problemática global de las migraciones a nivel mundial y su relevancia en la coyuntura actual, para poder centrarse en la segunda parte al caso de África. Debido a la complejidad de la cuestión, el trabajo se limita solamente al análisis de la migración laboral. El continente africano azotado por la pobreza, la sequía, las hambrunas y los conflictos políticos conoce una ola sin precedente de movimientos migratorios. En nuestro estudio analizamos en primer lugar el factor económico, como la Inversión Extranjera Directa, como un elemento central para detener el flujo migratorio. Sin embargo, la inestabilidad continental, no permite atraer las inversiones necesarias. La tendencia migratoria en África, como también en el caso de América latina, se ha incrementado drásticamente en la última década y podemos prever un incremento aún más fuerte en los próximos decenios. Los fenómenos socio-políticos ponen de manifiesto que el continente Africano presenta muchos cambios en los patrones que se habían estado viviendo por años. Por mencionar algunos, destacan transformaciones que van desde el cambio de destinos clásicos para la migración, hasta la nueva dinámica de inserción al mercado laboral de los países receptores. El VIH también marca nuevos patrones modificando el estilo de vida de la sociedad. Desgraciadamente la mayoría de ellas presenta un panorama negativo, por lo que se pone de realce que el continente tiene una infinidad de retos que afrontar en pro de un desarrollo que permita mejorar las condiciones de vida de sus habitantes. ; The article first proposes to analyse the global theme of world migrations and their relevance within the present world situation in order to focus in the second part on the African case. Due to the complexity of the question, the paper only deals with work migration. The African continent, hit by poverty, draughts, famine and political conflicts, presents an unprecedented migration. In our paper we seek to analyse first the economic factor, such ad Direct Foreign Investment, as a central element in order to stop migration flux. However, continental lack of stability does not make it possible to attract the necessary investments. The African migratory trend, as well as the Latin American case, has drastically increased over the last decade and we can foresee an even grater increase in the coming years. Socio-political phenomena show us that the African continent shows many changes in the patterns which had been commonplace in the previous years. Just to mention a few, there are transformations that range from the typical migration destinations to the new dynamics of labour market insertion in the receiving countries. HIV also shows new patters by modifying social lifestyles. Unfortunately, most of them present a negative pattern, and this is why it is highlighted that the continent faces a number of challenges in order to develop and improve its inhabitants standard of living. ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales

Economics research in the bean program continues to concentrate on production studies, marketing issues, policy analysis, and training. Diagnostic studies of current production systems and problems were conducted in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Peru. Results of preadoption evaluations in Peru and of adoption studies in Guatemala are included. To assess the distribution of benefits of alternative technologies biased towards small or towards large farmers, both among producer groups as well as among consumers of different income strata, a demand and supply model of beans was constructed for Brazil. The model shows that benefits to small farmers are highly sensitive to the degree of technology bias. Most of this research is conducted in collaboration with national programs, and strengthening their research capacity through training and joint projects is a major objective. (CIAT) ; La investigacion sobre aspectos economicos en el programa de frijol sigue concentrandose en estudios de produccion, mercadeo, analisis de politicas y capacitacion. Se llevaron a cabo estudios sobre el diagnostico de los actuales sistemas y problemas de produccion en Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Republica Dominicana, El Salvador, Nicaragua y Peru. Se incluyen los resultados de evaluaciones de preadopcion en Peru y de estudios de adopcion en Guatemala. Para evaluar la distribucion de beneficios de tecnologias alternas orientadas tanto hacia los pequenos agricultores como a los en gran escala, dentro tanto del grupo de productores como del de consumidores de diferentes estratos de ingresos, se construyo para Brasil un modelo de oferta y demanda de frijol. El modelo muestra que los beneficios para los pequenos agricultores son altamente sensibles al grado de predileccion por la tecnologia. La mayoria de esta investigacion se realiza en colaboracion con los programas nacionales, y el objetivo fundamental es fortalecer su capacidad de investigacion a traves de la capacitacion y de proyectos conjuntos. (CIAT)

The purpose of this symposium was to prepare recommendations for the Colombian Government so that they can follow a definite course of action with regard to the planning of cassava cultivation and to ensure that the technology being generated by the research institutions is transferred to the farmer for the economic welare of the country. The conclusions reached by the 2 work groups on production and industrialization are given. (CIAT)

With: Patent and trade-mark laws of the Spanish-American republics, Brazil, and the Republic of Haiti. Washington : G.P.O., 1904. ; At head of title: Oficina Internacional de las Repúblicas Americanas, Wáshington, D.C. ; "Revisado hasta Agosto de 1904." ; Mode of access: Internet.

In the nineteenth century, one of the essential conditions for obtaining recognition of the sovereignty of a state by the international community was the ability to maintain internal order and guarantee the lives and property of foreign nationals. Justice then becomes a major political element and the case of Spanish-Mexican relations is particularly significant. For Mexico, the aim is to preserve national independence, avoid military intervention and integrate into the international system. For Spain, it seeks to assert its status as a major power with the capacity to intervene in defence of its citizens and to obtain the necessary reparations. This work is then structured around three issues: the debt and financial claims of the Spaniards, the punishment of those guilty of the murders of Spaniards and the negotiation of an extradition treaty for offenders and deserters. ; International audience In the nineteenth century one of the key conditions for recognition of sovereignity of a state by the international community was the ability to maintain order and ensure the lives and properties of nationals abroad. Justice, then, becomes a political element of the first order and the case of Spanish-Mexican relations is particularly significant. For Mexico, it is to preserve national independence, to avoid a military intervention and to integrate into the international system. For Spain, it is asserting its status as a great power with the ability to speak in defense of its citizens and to obtain the necessary repairs. This work is structured so on three issues: debt and financial claims of the Spaniards, the punishment of those guilty of the murders of Spaniards and the negotiation of a treaty on extradition of criminals and deserters. ; In the nineteenth century, one of the essential conditions for obtaining recognition of the sovereignty of a state by the international community was the ability to maintain internal order and guarantee the lives and property of foreign nationals. Justice then becomes a major ...

The Industrial Revolution having been well under way by the mid-19th century, epidemics of pestilential diseases, severe and affecting many people (bubonic plague, yellow fever and Asian cholera) were still spreading freely given that many countries either had no preventive laws at all or enforced them chaotically, whilst even the simplest information concerning the health situation was not made known to other neighboring States, thus favoring the epidemic's spread. Therefore, there was an almost anxious desire among most Nations to come up with an acceptable way of putting an end to the confusion and ignorance of all the many different laws governing each country, even each individual port, with regard to the preventive health treatment to be imposed upon ships, passengers and goods, which mean a truly depressing confusion for both commerce and travellers. Following several different failed attempts, the French Government managed to get a plan under way which was generally well-accepted and which served as the basis for the First International Sanitary Conference, which opened on July 23, 1851 in Paris, in which all of the Nations having maritime interests in the Mediterranean had previously been invited to take part. ; Sí