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A lei ambiental internacional é um conjunto de regras e regulamentos do direito internacional que regem as relações entre seguidores e atores do direito internacional, incluindo leis governamentais e não- governamentais para proteger o meio ambiente, e é um campo emergente cujo ponto de virada foi a Conferência de Estocolmo em 1972. Desde então, este campo sofreu muitas mudanças e os advogados dividiram a evolução da estrada em três etapas: a conferência de 1972, a Conferência do Rio em 1992 e a Conferência da Rio + 20; Esses desenvolvimentos são principalmente focados em questões como o desenvolvimento de medidas preventivas, a ampliação das garantias de compromissos ambientais dos governos, o ajuste dos governos e a redução do princípio da soberania nacional. No entanto, o processo tem enfrentado obstáculos e limitações, como falta de recursos financeiros, questões ambientais e preferências e governança nacionais. Instituições internacionais fortes e eficientes, com a competência e capacidade necessárias para avançar objetivos am

According to the nature of the Westphalian system, the independent state is the central actor in international relations. However, the discipline has not developed theoretical approaches regarding the independence process, which is considered more a concern of the international law and the political interests of state actors. Then, in this article, the issue of independence is analyzed as a basic step for political entities to access statehood, becoming a basisfor understanding the role of the independent state in the Westphalian order. It is necessary to observe the variations in the conception of independence, especially regarding self-determination and recognition principle, acknowledging the existence of deep changes in the international system. This principle has had greater relevance since the 1990s due to the disintegration processes of some countries, particularly the case of Kosovo. Taiwan is also a relevant experience. Another key point is the weakening process of the state, with the appearance of variants that question the status and existence of the state actor. At the end of this paper, a brief reference is made to the Latin and Central Americanexperience, which shows particularities since the 19th century. ; El actor central en las relaciones internacionales es el Estado soberano independiente, según la naturaleza del sistema westfaliano; sin embargo, en la disciplina no se han desarrollado enfoques teóricos sobre el proceso de independencia. Se considera más un asunto del derecho internacional y de los intereses políticos de los actores estatales. Por ello, se analiza en este trabajo, la cuestión de la independencia como un paso básico para que las entidades políticas accedan a la categoría de Estado, lo que sirve de fundamento para entender el papel del Estado independiente en el orden westfaliano. Al reconocer que hay cambios profundos en el sistema internacional, es necesario observar las variaciones en la concepción de independencia, sobre todo en relación con el principio de autodeterminación y el reconocimiento.Esto tiene mayor relevancia a partir de la década de 1990, por los procesos de desintegración de algunos países, en particular, el caso de Kosovo; otra experiencia relevante es Taiwán. A lo anterior, se suma el debilitamiento del Estado, con la aparición de variantes que cuestionan la estatidad y la existencia del actor estatal. Al final,se hace una breve referencia a la experiencia latinoamericana y centroamericana, que muestran particularidades desde el siglo XIX.

By combating malaria with mosquito nets or buildingschools and providing basic sanitation, philanthropyis helping transform the developing world. Rich donorsare devoting fortunes?many of them earnedthrough computer software, entertainment, and venture capitalism?to defeating poverty and improving lives, supplementingand in some cases surpassing official aid channels.Frombillionaires Bill and Melinda Gates and WarrenBuffett to Aliko Dangote and George Soros, the titans ofcapitalism are backing good causes with their cash. Whetherfinancing new vaccines, building libraries, or buying upAmazon rai

Esta infografía, entre otros, anota que la corrupción vulnera a la democracia y a los derechos humanos, atenta contra la ley, fomenta la concentración de poder, produce pobreza e inequidad, exacerba el crimen, genera daño ambiental. Transparency International exige la rendición de cuentas, defiende los derechos y las libertades fundamentales para garantizar el buen aprovechamiento de los recursos públicos y la aplicación efectiva de la ley y justicia; asimismo, apoya a los ciudadanos en sus esfuerzos para vencer a la corrupción y promover el bien común.

The world has changed radically since 1989, when the General Assembly declared the period from 1990 to 1999 as the United Nations Decade of International Law. During that time, the international community claimed some major achievements as reflected by the adoption of conventions and treaties. This publication presents a collection of essays from legal advisers of States and international organizations, all of whom are among those committed to promoting respect for international law. Their contribution provides a practical perspective on international law, viewed from the standpoint of those involved in its formation, application and administration.

The evolution of international society invites us to analyze whether the new heterogeneous multipolarity and globalization are complementary or contradictory realities, and whether international law is a law in transition or in transition. It is not surprising that international law has been challenged in its formulation and conditioned in its application, leading to a contradictory process of transformation. The unity of the legal system is also questioned theoretically and practically by political-ideological and cultural-religious differences. The study and teaching of international law should not be presided over by formalistic interpretation, ideological justification or political pragmatism, but by intellectual concern, scientific honesty and moral commitment. ; La evolución de la sociedad internacional invita a analizar si la nueva multipolaridad heterogénea y la globalización son realidades complementario o contradictorias entre sí, y si el Derecho internacional es un derecho de transición o está en transición. No resulta sorprendente que el Derecho Internacional se haya visto cuestionado en su formulación y condicionado en su aplicación provocando un contradictorio proceso de transformación. También la unidad del ordenamiento jurídico queda cuestionada teórica y prácticamente por diferencias político-ideológicas y las culturales-religiosas. El estudio y enseñanza del Derecho Internacional no debería estar presidido por una interpretación formalista, la justificación ideológica o el pragmatismo político, sino por la inquietud intelectual, la honestidad científica y el compromiso moral.

Today, sport is one of the most developed and highly profitable industries. According to various sources, the annual revenue of industry participants is estimated at at least $145 billion. The article analyzes the relevant international anti-corruption legal acts. We would like to emphasize that the adoption of these documents and the ratification of most of them is an important step in the fight against corruption in sport. At the same time, most of these international standards are aimed at combating corruption, that is, they offer active and punitive measures to combat it. Instead, the authors insist on the priority of preventive measures against corruption. The author's classified approach to measures to combat corruption in sport is proposed. It is concluded that the first step should be to combat corruption in international sports organizations. The effectiveness of anti-corruption measures in this area depends mainly on the transparency of their activities. Another area of corruption in sport is determined to be grassroots corruption. The oldest form of corrupt sport is that which arises spontaneously during competitions between two participants or two teams.

Dos años después del inicio de la catastrófica pandemia de covid-19, el Índice de Percepción de la Corrupción (CPI) advierte que el nivel de corrupción se encuentra estancado en todo el mundo. A pesar de sus compromisos sobre el papel, 131 países no han registrado ningún avance significativo en la última década, y este año 27 países se encuentran en el nivel más bajo de su trayectoria. Al mismo tiempo, los derechos humanos y la democracia se ven amenazados en todo el planeta. Con una puntuación media de 43 por tercer año consecutivo, los países de las Américas están paralizados en la lucha contra la corrupción. A pesar de tener un amplio desarrollo legislativo y un compromiso regional para luchar contra este mal, la corrupción en las Américas continúa debilitando la democracia y los derechos humanos. Los resultados del IPC2021 para El Salvador, indican que se mantiene un estancamiento en la lucha contra la corrupción: desde el año 2012 no se superan los 40 puntos. El país se ubica por debajo del promedio global. La atención sanitaria por la COVID-19 ha facilitado un clima de opacidad y afectación al derecho de acceso a la información pública. De igual forma, durante el último año se ha continuado con las medidas de cooptación de las instituciones de control. En general, los resultados para el año 2021, revelan que los niveles de corrupción se han mantenido en los últimos diez años, en medio de un entorno de abusos a los derechos humanos y deterioro de la democracia. Este año, los resultados del Índice de Percepción de la Corrupción indican que los países que protegen adecuadamente las libertades civiles y políticas suelen controlar mejor la corrupción. Las libertades fundamentales de asociación y expresión son esenciales en la lucha por un mundo libre de corrupción.

Based on the analysis of theoretical developments, provisions of current legislation, generalizations of police practice and through the scientific method and philosophical refelexion, the article reveals the essence of the legal regulation of the police at the international level. The experience of democracies developed in the field of legal regulation of police activities has been studied to improve the execution of law enforcement functions by the Ukrainian National Police. To harmonize national legislation in the field of management in police forces and units with international standards, proposals were made to improve the legal regulation of the activities of the Ukrainian National Police. The common characteristics of police structures in the countries of the Roman-Germanic legal family have been revealed. In conclusion, it is based on the desirability of adopting the Polish experience of structuring and legal regulation of the police forces, without giving them paramilitary features. It is argued about the advisability of defining in the Regulations of the National Police the main tasks related to the provision of police services.