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14. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften des Landbaues e.V.

Issued also as thesis (PH. D.) Columbia university. ; Bibliography: p. 187-193. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 17

The material herein has been compiled to assist interested persons in becoming familiar with the nature and scope of studies to be undertaken by the International Joint Commission at the request of the governments of Canada and United States.

It has been rumored that some political strategists would like to channel negotiations between developed countries of the North and developing countries of the South toward a trade-off allowing unrestricted access to Northern technology in exchange for decartelized supplies and prices for Southern raw materials. Each side would give away some of its heritage in exchange for improved access to the primary asset of the other. The negotiation shave faltered. In regard to many crucial issues they have never really begun, and in some respects the two sides have moved further apart over time. The classical economist sees no reason why either side should fear such a trade-off. In theory the free flow of goods and technology will make markets less imperfect, increase innovation, and give Northern and Southern consumers greater choice at lower prices. Governments and private firms, however, are hesitant to act in accord with this thesis. Most nations value export promotion, job protection, and self-sufficiency at least as much as they do free trade and consumer welfare. Most private firms are unwilling to develop or transfer technology without guarantees of sufficient exclusivity to limit competitive risks and ensure an adequate return on their research and development investment. Antitrust, the handmaiden of classical economics, can be used to police restrictive clauses in technology transfer agreements. Such restrictions are frequently restraints of trade in two senses. They limit trading freedom of the licensee and often restrain international trade in the products produced with the transferred technology. The Sherman Antitrust Act prohibits agreements that restrain trade among the states or with foreign nations.

Reuse of record except for individual research requires license from Congressional Information Service, Inc. ; CIS Microfiche Accession Numbers: CIS 75 H381-39 ; Microfiche. ; Mode of access: Internet.

At head of title: The Dimensionality of Nations Project, Department of Political Science, University of Hawaii. ; Thesis--University of Hawaii. ; Bibliography: leaves [127]-134. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Bibliography at end of each chapter. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Den politischen Instanzen in den Industrieländern fällt es immer schwerer, die Freizügigkeit im internationalen Warenaustausch aufrechtzuerhalten. Die seit den siebziger Jahren auftretende allgemeine Wachstumsschwäche und der — verglichen mit früher — ausgeprägtere interne Verteilungskampf haben in vielen Branchen das Verlangen nach Protektion erheblich verstärkt. ) Die Bereitschaft, den Protektionswünschen nachzukommen, steigt in dem Maße, wie es gelingt, die Kosten von Protektionsmaßnahmen zu verschleiern. Hierzu erweisen sich die subtilen Formen des "Neuen Protektionismus' als besonders geeignet. Seine Varianten reichen von offenen und versteckten Einkommenstransfers über "freiwillige" Exportselbstbeschränkungsabkommen und Marktordnungen bis hin zum Grenzausgleich für Agrarerzeugnisse. ) In der Tokio-Runde wurde versucht, die nicht-tarifären Handelshemmnisse einzugrenzen und eine bislang offene Flanke der internationalen Handelspolitik zu sichern. Dabei wurden die internationalen Regeln für den Welthandel revidiert und neue Kodizes über die Vergabe von Staatsaufträgen und Einfuhrlizenzen sowie über die Festsetzung von technischen Standards und Zollwerten vereinbart. ) Die in der Tokio-Runde geschaffenen Kodizes haben jedoch weder bestehende nichttarifäre Handelshemmnisse abgeschafft, noch können sie einem weiteren Umsichgreifen solcher Hemmnisse einen Riegel vorschieben. ) Die Tokio-Runde ist handelspolitisch relevanten Problemen aber auch ausgewichen, — weil das Verhandlungsergebnis die besonders aktuellen Bestrebungen, Märkte durch Regierungsvereinbarungen quasi hoheitlich zu "ordnen", überhaupt nicht erfaßt und die vielfach praktizierten Schutzklauseln ganz ausklammert; — weil der Agrarprotektionismus weitgehend ausgespart worden ist; — weil die neuen Kodizes kaum Spielraum für die erforderliche Sonderbehandlung von Entwicklungsländern lassen. ) Das internationale handelspolitische Klima ist gegenwärtig wohl zu ungünstig, um im Rahmen des GATT eine Liberalisierungsstrategie des "großen Sprunges" einzuleiten. Erfolgversprechender ist es, in einem ersten Schritt durch eine Strategie des Nachbesserns wenigstens jenes Liberalisierungspotential zu sichern, das mit den neuen Kodizes erschlossen werden könnte. Erst in einem zweiten Schritt sollte dann versucht werden, die als besonders heikel angesehenen Schutzklauseln in Angriff zu nehmen.

Almost thirty-five years ago the General Synod of the Reformed Church in America meeting in this midwestern city, Pella, Iowa, adopted a resolution "that the President be authorized to appoint a Committee on International Justice and Goodwill of five persons to cooperate with the Commission on International Justice and Goodwill of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America in carrying forward the Christian program for a Warless World." Included in the resolution was an endorsement of a Credo of "International Ideals of the Churches of Christ." We beli eve that nations no less than individuals are subject to God's immutable moral laws. We believe that nations achieve true welfare, greatness and honor only through just dealing and unselfish service. We believe that nations that regard themselves as Christian have special international obligations. We believe that the spirit of Christian brotherliness can remove every unjust barrier of trade, color, creed, and race. We believe that Christian patriotism demands the practice of goodwill between nations. We believe that international policies should secure equal justice forall races. We believe that all nations should associate themselves permanently for world peace and goodwill. We believe in international law, and in the universal use of international courts of justice and boards of arbitration. We believe in a sweeping reducti on of armaments by all nations. We believe in a warless world, and dedicate ourselves to its achievement.

The thesis of the present paper is that the future of law in this country is dependent upon the solution of the problem of international security and that without this solution we must expect to see a progressive decline in the rule of law and a probably unlimited growth at an increasingly rapid rate of official discretionary power with all the dangers to national liberty which such a development would entail. The problem springs from the effect of total war which itself has derived from the application of technological discoveries to war upon an anarchical world society, i. e., a world society lacking in adequate organs of government. One of four papers delivered at the Legal Institute of the Seattle Bar Association held at the University of Washington Law School on April 7, 1944.

"Quellenverzeichnis" in each volume. ; Each volume in 3 parts. ; "Quellenverzeichnis" in each volume. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; "Verlag der Kommunistischen Internationale." ; Reprint of the original edition published in Hamburg and Berlin by C. Hoynn Nachf. and L. Cahnbley.

"Quellenverzeichnis" in each volume. ; V. 1. 1922-23 -- v. 2. 1923-24 -- v. 3. 1925-26. ; Each volume in 3 parts. ; "Quellenverzeichnis" in each volume. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; "Verlag der Kommunistischen Internationale." ; Reprint of the original edition published in Hamburg and Berlin by C. Hoynn Nachf. and L. Cahnbley.

This thesis deals with the international law position of those entities which may be said to have status in relation to the territory known as Rhodesia (or Southern Rhodesia, if one is to give it its original name). These entities are the State of Rhodesia, the Government of Rhodesia, the People of Rhodesia and the United Kingdom which claims to exercise sovereignty over the territory of Rhodesia. Since the ambit of the thesis concerns the international law position of these entities it follows that other international law problems relating to Rhodesia, which concern third states and international organizations, fall outside its scope. These latter problems relate to obligations of third states and competences of international organizations to take action in the Rhodesian situation and do not relate to the status of Rhodesia itself. This thesis therefore does not deal with such matters as the imposition of sanctions by the United Nations and the obligations o f member states to participate in them. However, where obligations of third states are inextricably connected with the status of the territory itself, it is necessary to treat them. Thus the "duty not to recognize" Rhodesia owed by third states received full treatment in all its various facets for recognition is a concept which is of cardinal importance in considering status. For the purposes of exposition the thesis is divided into two main parts, a historical part and a contemporary part.

Professors Cheatham and Maier raise the question, "What are the sources of the law applied in private international cases?" The authors consider this question under two main headings. The first deals with the "authoritative sources" of private international law applied in United States courts. It considers the question, Where, within the complex governmental structure of the United States, does power over private international matters rest?" Several possible sources are considered: public international law, state law, and federal law, and within federal law, the major components: international agreements, legislation, federal common law and executive law. The second part of the article deals briefly with the "fundamental sources" of private international law. Here, the authors seek to identify those basic policies which guide a law-making body in laying down and developing principles of private international law. In the process, they suggest a number of "threats" to the development of effective private international rules.

Vols. for 1941/45-45/46 issued also as the Department's Conference series; 1946/47-59/60 as International organization and conferences series. ; Issues for 1941/42-44/45 combined in one number. ; Report year ends June 30. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Compiled 1941/45-52/53 in the Division of International Conferences; 195 - by the Office of International Conferences.