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Hundreds of intergov'al org's have been formed since 1815, & since 1945 non-gov'al internat org's have multiplied. Most of these have exercised or are exercising a marked influence upon politics. The United Nations itself fosters the development & the strengthening of pressure groups by maintaining connections with non-gov'al org's thru the Econ & Soc Council & by receiving petitions from various groups from dependent territories through the Council on Protectorates. UNESCO presupposes the formation of nat commissions representing educ, sci & cultural activities. Finally, a pressure group may be an individual who is playing a part in internat politics. The exact effects of pressure groups are difficult to analyze without a precise definition of such groups & some technique for measuring their influence. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.

The sci'fic study of international relations (IR's) is a recent development & the determination of the exact object of study still lacks preciseness. IR's corresponds to a sector of soc reality, to a 'complex of international relations' (J. J. Chevallier). It is a moot point whether this complex can serve as an object of study for an autonomous discipline. Most frequently it appears to be a branch of one of the traditional disciplines. Thus, in the US the study of IR's is included in the framework of pol'al sci in general. There is a tendency also for the assimilation of theories of IR's with international sociol, as in the case of Schwarzenberger & Duroselle. The latter considers the dual study of foreign policy & IR's a necessity. Finally, there is a tendency to identify the study of IR's with the history of international politics. The method of investigation used in the study of ER's is dominated by empiricism to an extent that rationalism is completely excluded. Res, as established by Duroselle, consists of monographs, `area studies', & general theories of IR's. The sci'fic study of IR's calls for an essentially synthetic outlook. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.

More & more individual interests are playing a part internat life. The study of pressure groups (PG) which defend these interests, encounters many difficulties. Among the various PG some possess an internat character while others are nat. The internat ones operate on the internat org's or upon the nations. Their methods of operation differ from those of internal pressure groups. If the group is not a profit making org, it can have an official, recognized function within the internat org. On the other hand, the private interests may be represented in the same way as nations, or these private groups may be consulted by the internat org. Despite everything, pressure groups have less influence at the internat level than they do at the nat level. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.

The letters exchanged in May of 1958 between the President of Brazil & the President of the US have clearly indicated the key problem present in Hispano-Amer relations. In Latin America, the US has not attempted to do away with the opposition of underdevelopment & anti-communism. In fact, the attitude the US has adopted toward the South American states since WWII has led these states to the edge of a second revolution. Cuba has given the signal. The only way that this menace can be avoided is by putting into action a vast plan of development that would include the entire Latin American Continent. Under Brazilian urging, & with help from Washington, the Union of American States is charged with carrying out 'Operation Panamerican' for the development of South American states. For this purpose a Committee of 21 was formed in Sep, 1958. Other steps were taken in 2 treaties: the Treaty of the Latin American Ass'n for Free Trade & the Treaty of Central American Free Trade. It will be necessary for the Latin American gov's to learn to carry out the econ & soc changes which are now so obviously necessary. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.