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Explores the relevance of customary rules of international humanitarian law & the mechanisms through which they are created. International humanitarian law adopted in Geneva in 1864 was based on customary rules generated by practices adopted in previous wars. In spite of extensive codification of humanitarian law by numerous treaties, treaty law does not adequately cover today's armed conflicts, especially those that are not international in scope. Customary international law is said to have the potential to fill existing holes in treaty law resulting from a lack of substantive coverage or ratification. Situations in which customary international law could be useful, & the methodology used to institute rules of customary international law, are described. Research on customary rules of international humanitarian law conducted by the International Conference of the Red Cross & Red Crescent identifies 200 basic rules found to be customary in today's noninternational armed conflicts. These rules will be included in a code of customary international law that will be binding upon parties in international & noninternational armed conflicts. J. Lindroth

The international financial architecture literature is concerned with a set of best principles & practices that may lower the risk of financial crises & spillover effects. The financial world has grown enormously more complicated since the end of Bretton Woods. The valuable work of several standard-setting institutions must be judged as minimum requirements for good practice, which are below the perceived needs of the leading financial centers. The paper proposes a "portal" solution, in which the two most important financial centers, the United States & the United Kingdom, set best practices on international financial standards. Since these two centers control access to international markets, & thus, are the conduit of systemic risk, they can establish both the rules for market access & the core regulatory & supervisory framework to deal with international systemic issues. The regulators of the two portals therefore play the fundamental international regulatory role. 37 References. [Copyright 2002 Sage Publications, Inc.]

The international is already constituted through the legitimation of specific forms of inequality. This paper explores four: (1) worldwide patterns of economic inequality; (2) the principle & historical experience of the "great powers" as a guarantee of international "order"; (3) the capacities of specific kinds of political community to participate in the modern system of states; & (4) the constitutive value field in which the international is judged as the negation of the positive values ascribed to statist forms of political community. It does so in relation to claims about freedom, scale, & the necessary practices of modern discrimination. This exploration leads to the conclusion that the primary significance of claims about new inequalities in an international context is that they express the increasing difficulty of thinking about equality/inequality in political terms, let alone of responding adequately to the "violences" & injustices that might be attributed to multiple kinds of inequalities in various settings. Adapted from the source document.

The author outlines China's attitude to international organizations and its reasons for joining them. He discusses evidence of socialization in its participation and practice and assesses whether international organizations have influenced China to accept the requirements of cooperation, respect for international rules, and accountability in today's globalized world. (DSE/DÜI)

Eras in world politics -- The domain of international relations -- Approaches to the study of international relations -- Defining the international -- Mapping the international -- Internationalizing the state system -- Globalizing the international -- Defining the state -- States and empires in the pre-modern world -- Political community and human nature -- The rise of modernity -- The sovereign state and state system -- The modern colonial empires -- Nationalism and the nation-state -- The first conflagration -- The liberal search for peace and security -- From 'peace in our time' to the return of total war -- Realism : telling it how it is -- Neoliberalism, Neorealism and Marxism -- The changing structure of world politics, 1945-1989 -- The end of the Cold War -- Methodology and scientific IR -- From the end of history to a new world order -- The clash of civilizations -- Ethnicity and the deadly politics of identity -- Culture and IR -- Culture and normative theory -- Realist perspectives on security -- The liberal security order -- Alternative approaches to security and insecurity -- The human security paradigm -- Humanitarian intervention -- Terrorism -- The idea of international society -- Global governance and the United Nations -- Global economic governance and the liberal order -- Global civil society and social movements -- Regionalization and world order -- A fragmenting world order? -- The postcolonial order -- The concept of globalization -- A brief history of globalization -- Globalization versus the state -- Culture and globalization -- Globalization, the state and normative theory -- Rethinking political community

This fifth edition of Malcolm Shaw's bestselling textbook on international law provides a clear, authoritative and comprehensive introduction to the subject, fully revised and updated to Spring 2003. Basically preserving the structure which made the previous edition so successful, a new chapter on Inter-state Courts and Tribunals considers the role of the International Court of Justice and the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea, and there is a new chapter on international humanitarian law. Also examined are arbitration tribunals and the role of international institutions such as the WTO in resolving conflicts. The prosecution of individuals for violations of international law is examined. Additional coverage of events in Kosovo and Iraq analyses the questions of humanitarian intervention and the role of the UN. Written in a clear and accessible style, setting the subject firmly in the context of world politics and the economic and cultural influences affecting it, this book remains a highly readable and invaluable resource for students and practitioners alike. The scope of the text makes this essential reading for students of international law, international relations and the political sciences. The book is also valuable to professionals and governmental and international civil servants

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Part I The methods and concepts of international trade -- 1. Different methods of analysis -- 2. Production conditions -- 3. Demand conditions -- 4. Trade and the terms of trade -- Part II Theories of international trade -- 5. The classical theory -- 6. Factor proportion theory -- 7. Increased numbers of production factors -- 8. Economies of scale, firm specialisation and technology -- 9. Demand differences -- 10. Market imperfections -- 11. A multiplicity of theories -- Part III Economic growth, factor movements and cumulative processes -- 12. Economic growth and trade -- 13. International factor movements -- 14. Direct investment -- 15. Cumulative processes -- Index.