The aim of the research is to analyze the role of the consumer in a detailed way. Firstly I defined the concepts of "consumption" and "consumer", giving relief to the socio-economic theories that have characterized the subject during recent years,and taking in consideration the process of consumption and the behavioral and decisional theories proper of the consumer. Moreover, I have deeply analyzed the consumer under the juridical aspect, from the mere legal recognition to the trial and the efforts sustained by the European Legislator during the last years with the purpose of creating a system of common rules with the final goal of guaranteeing a high-level of protection to the consumer in international contracts and assuring the correct operation of the Single Internal Market founding the discipline on a competitive model. Great relief is given to the "Rome I Regulation" on the choice of the law aplicable to contracts and to the "Bruxelles Convention" on the competent court.
Cover -- Quartino -- Dedica -- Table of contents -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Chapter 1 - International criminal trials after the 1994 genocide -- Chapter 2 - Domestic judicial responses to international crimes -- Chapter 3 - More on redress in and by Rwanda under international law -- Chapter 4 - Redress by other international actors for the 1994 genocide -- Conclusions -- Treaties and other instruments -- Table of cases -- Bibliography (selected) -- Finito di stampare -- Volumi pubblicati.
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Cover -- Quartino -- Dedication -- Table of contents -- List of abbreviations -- Introduction -- Part I - Defining state secrecy -- Chapter 1 - State secrecy in domestic legal systems -- Chapter 2 - State secrecy in the international legal system -- Part II - State secrecy and the international protection of human rights -- Chapter 3 - State secrecy and treaty monitoring bodies'practice -- Chapter 4 - State secrecy beyond treaties: towards a customary norm prohibiting recourse to state secrecy to conceal gross human rights violations? -- Part III - Theoretical and practical issues arising from the horizoantal and vertical interaction among norms and legal orders -- Chapter 5 - From state to international organisation secrecy -- Chapter VI - To disclose or not to disclose state secrets? The dilemmas of interstate cooperation in the field of intelligence, diplomacy, and mutual legal assistence -- General conclusions -- Bibliography -- Printed by.
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In today's world where fewer and fewer barriers and borders limit relationships, interactions between things, people, services, it is no wonder that in a globalized economy like ours, interests, connections, needs of various aspects from people all around the world, happen to coexist and working their way out in certain defined places. There are indeed, some places which more than others, for various reasons ranging from political situation, location, economy rather than taxation, have the ability to attract capital and resources from other countries, giving rise to international financial hubs. One on all in Europe is definitively the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg which with an area of 2,586 km² and a population of only 602,005 people, it is home to more than 130 international banks, Europe's number one investment fund centre, World's top ten largest Private Equity houses, Europe's number one cross-border insurance center, and EU-regulatory framework and EU-wide licensing of financial services. The following chapters, indeed, aim to disclose the main features which bring Luxembourg to be that leading financial center in Europe, the reasons why so many international banks and firms choose the Grand Duchy as their home, the most relevant aspects of the country economy with a focus on the leading sectors. The first two chapters will give a global overview of what the situation is in Luxembourg in order to have a picture of today business and highlighting the strength of the grand duchy economy, bringing on aspects and achievements globally acknowledged. The second chapter however will give more insights on the specific of Luxembourg tax system, detailing the appealing tax regime and even so, the support and protection of the double tax conventions signed with countries worldwide, strengthen the business climate in this country. The analysis will go through the key factors that make Luxembourg so attractive, like favourable tax treaty agreements with 57 countries, a very competitive company taxation at 28.59%, no withholding taxes on dividends, paid to EU or double tax treaty resident, lowest VAT rate in Europe at 15%. Will together be analysed, the most used incentives for the entities, as the investment tax credits (Luxembourg tax law, indeed provides a tax credit available and amounts to 13% of the increase in investments in tangible depreciable assets made during the tax year), or the new regime of the intellectual properties which give the possibility to have on a net income from qualifying IP assets, a benefits of an 80% exemption from income taxes. The essay will continue with the coverage of the core business of Luxembourg financial activity; the third chapter will give a detailed analysis of banking and wealth management, asset management services offered, the corporate finance services required by all the entities which are created and have the registered office in the Grand Duchy, followed by the analysis pf private equity and venture capital investments, real estate investment vehicles, and hedge funds which can be considered the main features of the country financial activity. The last two chapters will analyze and emphasize the international character of the system and the future prospective on how the economy, the activities and the services may evolve, giving more insights on which the priorities will be in the near futures and where the efforts will be made in other achieve some certain standard of sustainability. The fourth chapter indeed will focus on the constantly growing relationship established with the Chinese economic world the Arabic world, which both play a very important role in the today economy and happen to be two of the main actors of Luxembourg financial system. The fifth and last chapter will highlight how Luxembourg has a comprehensive domestic climate finance agenda which since 2015, have seen the government and the financial services industry, working together in a dedicated climate finance task force to implement a coherent and fully integrated climate finance strategy. The Luxembourg government contributes to the technical support facility of the Amundi Planet Emerging Green One, the largest green bond fund in the world. This Luxembourg based investment fund targets green bonds emitted by banks in developing countries and at the same time helps develop green bond policies, training programs, and best practices in such markets through the technical support facility.
'Conventional' models of how the field of international political economy should engage with ethics have proposed or assumed the normative primacy of ethical principles and often sought to add reliable empirical economic analysis so that political perspectives on economic systems, institutions and practices can result. James Brassett and Christopher Holmes (2010) have criticized such approaches for overlooking the potentially violent character of ethics as a constitu- tive discourse like any other. The present article defends the conventional method against Brassett and Holmes's critique. Focusing especially on Thomas Pogge's ethics of world poverty as Brassett and Holmes's main conventionalist target, the article argues that: (i) Brassett and Holme s's understanding of 'ethics' is seriously inadequate; (ii) Pogge's 'negative duty not to harm' principle should be maintained against Brassett and Holmes's troublingly 'political' account and facile relativist critique of Pogge's ethics; (iii) Brassett and Holmes, while conceivably critical of Pogge's global level reformist solution as superficially 'neo liberal', cannot see that their own arguably valuable proposal of radical local forms of 'resistance' can coherently complete Pogge's poverty ethics and thus confirms, rather than undermines, the conventional method. Ultimately, Brassett and Holmes's post structural attempt risks being 'violent' itself for implying a renewed international moral skepticism.
La disabilità: una storia tragica nascosta nell'inconscio collettivo; 2. La palingenesi nei più recenti orientamenti legislativi: una tardiva riparazione? 3. La non omogenea nozione di disabilità nelle fonti internazionali; 4. Ma serve veramente una nozione rigida di disabilità? 5. Posto che tutti, in una certa misura, possiamo essere considerati dei disabili; 6. Ma, quindi, le persone affette da minorazioni esistono in quanto categoria? 7. La problematica distinzione tra discriminazione diretta e discriminazione indiretta; 8. Le cause di giustificazione e le deroghe; 9. Il diverso trattamento riservato ai disabili non costituisce discriminazione positiva ma è espressione del principio di uguaglianza; 10. Rimane da capire quando si possa ritenere che le cause di giustificazione siano ragionevoli; 11. Interpretazioni ed omissioni del legislatore italiano; 12. Ma le azioni volte a garantire l'uguaglianza dei lavoratori disabili non si limitano alla disciplina antidiscriminatoria.
In this article I provide an appraisal of the neo-Gramscian approach to the study of international relations by focusing on three of its major exponents: Robert Cox, Stephen Gill and Adam Morton. I argue that neo-Gramscians have yet to adequately address some important challenges and criticisms of their method around its overly "top-down" mode of analysis, its neglect of forms of resistance and its excessively global and cosmopolitan account of neoliberal hegemony and especially resistance. I maintain that a return to the letter of Gramsci's writings on hegemony and its national-popular and democratic character would not only allow neo-Gramscians to address more effectively these weaknesses, but also strengthen their approach and align it more effectively with trends in contemporary politics.Keywords: Gramsci; International Relations; Hegemony; National-Popular.
