Search results

The main object of the research is to identify the features of the formative stage of the external vector of Australian environmental policy, which dates back to the 1970s. Methodology of the research is based on an analysis of documents of the Australian Parliament, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Ministry of Water, Agriculture and Environment. It is found that by the early 1970s, Australia had adopted the first international agreements that formed the basis for the further development of its multilateral environmental cooperation. During this period, various mechanisms and models of multilateral cooperation were developed. The role of United Nations Conference on the Environment held in Stockholm in 1972 in the development of a new level of international environmental cooperation is revealed. It is proven that a number of environmental problems has been has exacerbated in Australia. This led to the country's need for a broad exchange of information with other countries of the world in order to overcome them and to join forces more closely to combat them. By this time in Australia, at both the federal and state levels, government agencies responsible for implementing environmental policies were established. This facilitated the coordination of the internal and external vector of environmental activities. It is concluded that after this conference, in the 1970s, the period of formation of the international vector of Australian environmental policy began. This is justified by the fact that it was based on new principles and background and included new directions. Its peculiarity is demonstrated. It is emphasized on the important role played by the Australian Parliament in the implementation of international agreements.

Problem setting. The modern world continues to consider military power as one o f the most important tools for solving foreign policy problems. However, it is not an extraordinary option or a last resort in the range o f possible shares. Military power has become a widely used tool along with political and diplomatic actions. The decision to use military power is made by world actors based on their own understanding o f their national interests and the appropriateness o f its use, even without a UN resolution. Thus, the issue o f the study o f military power as a tool in international relations becomes relevant. Recent research and publications analysis. Consideration o f certain issues o f military strength aspects is reflected in the works o f R. Aron, O. Bodruk, A. Gramsci, R. Keohein, Н. Morgenthau, J. Nye, V. Smolyanyuk, Р. Taylor, A. Toffler, M. Trebin, K. Waltz, I. Wallerstein, S. Huntington and others. However, in modern conditions, the issue o f the use o f military power in international relations requires a new rethinking, especially in the context o f systemic changes in world society. Paper objective. The purpose o f this article is to analyze some aspects o f the use o f military power in international relations. Paper main body. The article reveals some aspects o f the use o f military power in international relations. The essence o f the military power o f the state, the forms and tasks o f its use are revealed.The article examines some aspects o f the use o f military power in international relations. The essence o f the military power o f the state, forms and tasks o f its application are revealed. It is highlighted that the simplest scenario o f the state's transition to military actions and in the international arena is the threat o f the use offorce demonstrated by it (explicit - hidden, real - conditional); A more complex type o f use o f military power remains armed violence - direct physical influence on the opposite side by means ofarmed struggle for the purpose o f its destruction or ...

The article considers the role of tourism in the world economy, analyzes the current state of international tourist flows in Ukraine, identifies the main problems of this industry and determines the further prospects of tourism development. At present, a market of tourist services, which are in great demand, is being formed. Analysis and forecast of aggregate demand in the world tourist market has shown that the number of tourists every year increases, and trends in increasing the tourist flow in the near future will maintain. The situation with tourism in Ukraine is unstable: since 2000, tourist flows to our country grew each year until 2014, when the number of tourists dropped sharply due to the global financial crisis, political, economic and social tension in Ukraine, the annexation of Crimea. However, in 2016, compared with 2015, tourist flows to Ukraine grew by 6.77% (from 12.4 million people in 2015 to 13.3 in 2016). Ukraine has continued to import tourist services in recent years. This is because our tourists go on vacation to foreign countries and there finance their tourism activities, paying for the relevant services. The advantage of importing tourism over exports negatively affects the general state of the economy of our country. Nevertheless, the study of inbound and outbound tourist flows of Ukraine allows us to conclude that their unconstrained increase during 2000-2016, which results, among other factors, in increasing the tourist activity of Ukrainian citizens, saturation of consumer demand with a national tourist product, on the one hand, and increase the interest of foreign citizens in the national tourist market.

The purpose of this article is to clarify the system and a thorough analysis of the sources of international legal regulation of working time. Dur- ing the study a number of methods have been used, namely: the formal-logical method has been used for the classification of sources of interna- tional legal regulation of working time and relevant international agreements; the system-structural method and the synthesis method – for the analysis of the provisions of the EU Directive 2003/88/EC on certain aspects of the organization of working time, as well as the formal-dogmatic and modeling method – for providing recommendations on the harmonization of national legislation with to the relevant Directive.

This study analyzes the system of international legal regulation of working time, which is a complex orderly set of international treaties, EU leg- islation and ECHR practices that underpin fundamental principles and international labour standards in the field of working time. The scientific work presents the classification of sources of international legal regulation of working time for: 1) international agreements; 2) EU legislation; 3) ECHR practice. Since most of the sources of international legal regulation of working time are international treaties, it is proposed to classify them accord- ing to the entities within which the following treaties are concluded: 1) treaties within the UN; 2) treaties within the Council of Europe; 3) treaties within the ILO; 4) treaties within the EU. ILO treaties are proven to be crucial in the area of international legal regulation of working time, as the ILO is an international organization, a specialized UN agency, established to support international cooperation in peacekeeping around the world and to reduce social injustice at the expense of improving workingconditions.

First of all, for the qualitative perception of the provisions relating to international legal regulation of working time, it is necessary to define the con- cept of "international labour standards", which is applied in the framework of the ILO activities. International labour standards are legal instruments developed by the ILO (taking into account the principle of tripartite representation – governments, workers and employers) that set out the fundamental principles and rights in the field of labour. The main forms of consolidation of such standards are ILO conventions and recommendations.

The provisions of sources of international legal regulation of working time are studied, attention is paid to their peculiarities and specificity. A number of recommendations have been made to further implement the provisions of Directive 2003/88/EC on certain aspects of the organization of working time in national labour law. In particular, it is established that this Directive establishes minimum safety and health requirements for the organization of working time and applies to: minimum periods of daily rest, weekly rest and annual leave, as well as breaks and maximum weekly working hours; some aspects of night work, shift work and workarrangements.

This article is devoted to the main problems in the institute of the death penalty. Nowadays, our society concentrates on the humanization of the rule-making framework, and especially on the loyal application of the punishment to the defendants. The State by establishing the death penalty takes away human life and it denies the honor, dignity and social value of human beings as the main goal of the states and social existence. The main idea of this article to analyze the institute of the death penalty, to explore and make statistics of states where it still exists and to determine reasons for its application. Therefore, the author considered the main aspects of the institution of the death penalty and the right to life, their legislative consolidation and concluded that the problem of the death penalty is one of the biggest problems in international law. In today's society, a lot of issues concerning the rightness and legality of the use of the death penalty exist. In this regard, the article focuses on the main regulations in which the prohibition of the death penalty is enshrined, these include the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Protocol No. 13 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms on the Abolition of the Death Penalty and the like. The concept of the death penalty, history and current state of its development in the world are also revealed. Also, the author analyzed the doctrine of scholars on this issue and consented that the death penalty is contrary to the principle right to life, which is the major one in international law. The author noted that many countries refuse to recognize international standards in this sphere and refuse to ratify the Protocols to international treaties abolishing the death penalty. Analyzing the issue of the death penalty, the author outlined numerous problems raised during conducting the study and noted that the international community has the task of solving the problems mentioned ...

This article is devoted to the conflict of law rules of the international contract of sale, analysis and identification of problems of the conflict method of legal regulation. The main sources of legal regulation of international purchase and sale of goods, both at the international and national levels, are studied. Attention is drawn to the peculiarities of the application of the norms of the Vienna Convention of 1980 to relations under the contract of international sale, as well as its interaction with domestic regulations. Attention is paid to the problems of harmonization of Ukrainian legislation with European and international law in the field of legal regulation of the contract of sale.The general concept and characteristics of this agreement, as well as the features of its conclusion. Withit also the practical problems which should be considered in the course of contractual work, first of all definition of the moment of the conclusion of contracts and the beginning of action of the international agreement of purchase and sale of the goods in modern conditions of development of the state are analyzed. Based on the analysis of the essential terms of the international sale agreement, the scope of this agreement, its stages of conclusion developed measures on the feasibility of regulation at the level of the Civil Code of Ukraine provisions related to establishing requirements for the principle of close communication, determining the time of the agreement, "Law of the place of the act", issues related to the conclusion of the so-called. "Agreement between the absent" (conclusion of the contract by teletype, fax, telephone, etc.), the form and content of the international contract of sale. The current state, patterns of development of conflict of law regulation in order to identify the most optimal ways to resolve conflict issues in the relevant field. It is also noted that each state in its own way carries out the legal regulation of relations, so there are conflicts between the substantive law of different ...