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Background: Perivascular spaces (PVS) have an important role in the elimination of metabolic waste from the brain. It has been hypothesized that the enlargement of PVS (ePVS) could be affected by pathophysiological mechanisms involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as abnormal levels of CSF biomarkers. However, the relationship between ePVS and these pathophysiological mechanisms remains unknown. Objective: We aimed to investigate the association between ePVS and CSF biomarkers of several pathophysiological mechanisms for AD. We hypothesized that ePVS will be associated to CSF biomarkers early in the AD continuum (i.e., amyloid positive cognitively unimpaired individuals). Besides, we explored associations between ePVS and demographic and cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: The study included 322 middle-aged cognitively unimpaired participants from the ALFA + study, many within the Alzheimer's continuum. NeuroToolKit and Elecsys® immunoassays were used to measure CSF Aβ42, Aβ40, p-tau and t-tau, NfL, neurogranin, TREM2, YKL40, GFAP, IL6, S100, and α-synuclein. PVS in the basal ganglia (BG) and centrum semiovale (CS) were assessed based on a validated 4-point visual rating scale. Odds ratios were calculated for associations of cardiovascular and AD risk factors with ePVS using logistic and multinomial models adjusted for relevant confounders. Models were stratified by Aβ status (positivity defined as Aβ42/40 < 0.071). Results: The degree of PVS significantly increased with age in both, BG and CS regions independently of cardiovascular risk factors. Higher levels of p-tau, t-tau, and neurogranin were significantly associated with ePVS in the CS of Aβ positive individuals, after accounting for relevant confounders. No associations were detected in the BG neither in Aβ negative participants. Conclusions: Our results support that ePVS in the CS are specifically associated with tau pathophysiology, neurodegeneration, and synaptic dysfunction in asymptomatic stages of the Alzheimer's continuum. ; The project leading to these results has received funding from "la Caixa" Foundation (ID 100010434), under agreement LCF/PR/GN17/50300004 and the Alzheimer's Association and an international anonymous charity foundation through the TriBEKa Imaging Platform project (TriBEKa-17–519007). Additional support has been received from the Health Department of the Catalan Government (Health Research and Innovation Strategic Plan (PERIS) 2016–2020 grant# SLT002/16/00201) and the Universities and Research Secretariat, Ministry of Business and Knowledge of the Catalan Government under the grant no. 2017-SGR-892. All CRG authors acknowledge the support of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities to the EMBL partnership, the Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa, and the CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya. NV-T is funded by a post-doctoral grant, Juan de la Cierva Programme (FJC2018-038085-I), Ministry of Science and Innovation– Spanish State Research Agency. MS-C received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie action grant agreement No 752310, and currently receives funding from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI19/00155) and from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Juan de la Cierva Programme grant IJC2018-037478-I). EMAU is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities—Spanish State Research Agency (RYC2018-026053-I). OGR is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (FJCI-2017–33437). JDG is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RYC-2013–13054). KB is supported by the Swedish Research Council (#2017–00915), the Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF), USA (#RDAPB-201809–2016615), the Swedish Alzheimer Foundation (#AF-742881), Hjärnfonden, Sweden (#FO2017-0243), the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the County Councils, the ALF-agreement (#ALFGBG-715986), and European Union Joint Program for Neurodegenerative Disorders (JPND2019-466–236). HZ is a Wallenberg Scholar supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council (#2018–02532), the European Research Council (#681712), the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the County Councils, the ALF-agreement (#ALFGBG-720931), the ADDF, USA (#201809–2016862), and the UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL.

The phylogenetic relationships between hominins of the Early Pleistocene epoch in Eurasia, such as Homo antecessor, and hominins that appear later in the fossil record during the Middle Pleistocene epoch, such as Homo sapiens, are highly debated1-5. For the oldest remains, the molecular study of these relationships is hindered by the degradation of ancient DNA. However, recent research has demonstrated that the analysis of ancient proteins can address this challenge6-8. Here we present the dental enamel proteomes of H. antecessor from Atapuerca (Spain)9,10 and Homo erectus from Dmanisi (Georgia)1, two key fossil assemblages that have a central role in models of Pleistocene hominin morphology, dispersal and divergence. We provide evidence that H. antecessor is a close sister lineage to subsequent Middle and Late Pleistocene hominins, including modern humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans. This placement implies that the modern-like face of H. antecessor-that is, similar to that of modern humans-may have a considerably deep ancestry in the genus Homo, and that the cranial morphology of Neanderthals represents a derived form. By recovering AMELY-specific peptide sequences, we also conclude that the H. antecessor molar fragment from Atapuerca that we analysed belonged to a male individual. Finally, these H. antecessor and H. erectus fossils preserve evidence of enamel proteome phosphorylation and proteolytic digestion that occurred in vivo during tooth formation. Our results provide important insights into the evolutionary relationships between H. antecessor and other hominin groups, and pave the way for future studies using enamel proteomes to investigate hominin biology across the existence of the genus Homo. ; F.W. is supported by a Marie Skłodowska Curie Individual Fellowship (no. 795569). E. Cappellini was supported by VILLUM FONDEN (no. 17649). E.W. is supported by the Lundbeck Foundation, the Danish National Research Foundation, the Novo Nordisk Foundation, the Carlsberg Foundation, KU2016 and the Wellcome Trust. Without the effort of the members of the Atapuerca research team during fieldwork, this work would have not been possible; we make a special mention of J. Rosell, who supervises the excavation of the TD6 level. The research of the Atapuerca project has been supported by the Dirección General de Investigación of the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (grant numbers PGC2018-093925-B-C31, C32, and C33); field seasons are supported by the Consejería de Cultura y Turismo of the Junta de Castilla y León and the Fundación Atapuerca. We acknowledge The Leakey Foundation through the personal support of G. Getty (2013) and D. Crook (2014–2016, 2018, and 2019) to M.M.-T., as well as F.W. (2017). Restoration and conservation work on the material have been carried out by P. Fernández-Colón and E. Lacasa from the Conservation and Restoration Area of CENIEH-ICTS and L. López-Polín from IPHES. The picture of the specimen ATD6-92 was made by M. Modesto-Mata. E. Cappellini, J.C., J.V.O. and P. Gutenbrunner are supported by the Marie Skłodowska-Curie European Training Network (ETN) TEMPERA, a project funded by the European Union's Framework Program for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 (grant agreement no. 722606). Amino acid analyses were undertaken thanks to the Leverhulme Trust (PLP-2012-116) and NERC (NE/K500987/1). T.M.-B. is supported by BFU2017-86471-P (MINECO/FEDER, UE), U01 MH106874 grant, Howard Hughes International Early Career, Obra Social 'La Caixa' and Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca and CERCA Programme del Departament d'Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (GRC 2017 SGR 880). C.L.-F. is supported by a FEDER-MINECO grant (PGC2018-095931-B-100). M.K. was supported by the Postdoctoral Junior Leader Fellowship Programme from 'la Caixa' Banking Foundation (LCF/BQ/PR19/11700002). M.M. is supported by the Danish National Research Foundation award PROTEIOS (DNRF128). Work at the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research is funded in part by a donation from the Novo Nordisk Foundation (grant number NNF14CC0001).

The contributors and readers of Arctic will join in wishing Mr. Paul F. Bruggemann every enjoyment of the leisure that has become his on his retirement from the editorship. He kept the standard high, and there are few contributors who do not feel a sense of debt for the careful attention paid to their work. Readers have been grateful for the wide range of interests to which he catered. He took the job on at an age when most scholars have been compulsively retired, and he has done work of a quality which gives the lie direct to the popular assumption that a man's usefulness ends when he reaches sixty-five. Mr. Bruggemann was born on 28 February 1890 at Gut Mindenerwald, Gemeinde Hille, Westphalia, Germany. He received his formal education in Germany, including a degree in engineering and in this field was captivated by the new world of airplanes and flight. By the time he was ten years old he was very much aware of the world around him and his desire to know it better led him along many paths in natural history. . In the autumn of 1926 Mr. Bruggemann came to Canada and settled at Lloydminster, Alberta, where he established a small business repairing farm machinery. In his spare time he studied the natural history and ecology of the area around him and made a collection of Lepidoptera. Always an excellent field observer and an intelligent and selective collector, he gathered during the Forties several thousand beautifully prepared specimens of great scientific interest. Several specimens he recognized as being extremely rare. His identifications of Dodia albertae Dyar, Lycea rachelae Hlst., and Boloria frigga saga (Staudinger) were confirmed by authorities in the Department of Agriculture at Ottawa, and the extensive correspondence which followed resulted in the offer of a field position on the newly established Northern Insect Survey to collect insects in the Yukon during the summer of 1949. The result of his work was a large collection of perfectly prepared and much needed series of insects, and the offer of a full time position with the Department. The following year the Survey was continued at Repulse Bay. This time Mr. Bruggemann collected plants as well as insects and contributed new records and distributional data for Melville Peninsula. In 1951, he went to northern Ellesmere Island thus realizing one of his earliest ambitions. Here it was my good fortune to have spent that season and several others with him in the high arctic. He was always the best of companions and this association is the most cherished of my arctic experiences. At Alert, carrying everything for survival with us, we travelled extensively on foot covering much of the area traversed by Fielden. Wherever we went he collected and added several extensions of range for both plants and insects. In 1952, Survey work was continued at Mould Bay, Prince Patrick Island, and in 1953 and 1954 at Eureka, Ellesmere Island, where he undertook as well a two year survey of musk ox for the Canadian wildlife Service. Among the most notable of his plant discoveries was Geum rossii found at Eureka, the second record for the Canadian arctic. Previously it had been known only from eastern Melville Island. Puccinellia bruggemanni, a grass endemic to the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, was named in recognition of its collector. Space does not permit description of the extent of his collections, or of his detailed and meticulously prepared field notes and records on insects, plants, birds and mammals of the arctic regions he studied. On returning to Ottawa, Mr. Bruggemann spent some time photographing type specimens of Lepidoptera for the International Union of Biological Sciences. It was in October, 1956, that he retired from government work to accept the post of Editor of Arctic. He moved to the Montreal Office of the Institute on 1 May, 1958, where he remained until his retirement on 1 July, 1964. .

Book Reviews in This Article:W. E. Lunt. Studies in Anglo‐Papal Relations during the Middle Ages, II. Financial Relations of the Papacy with England, 1327‐1534.W. G. Hoskins. Provincial England. Essays in Social and Economic History.Thomas W. Parker. The Knights Templars in England.G. Parsloe (Ed.). The Wardens' Accounts of the Worshipful Company of Founders of the City of London. 1497–1681.Mary Dewar. Sir Thomas Smith. A Tudor Intellectual in Office.T. A. Penfold (ed.). Acts of the Privy Council of England, 1630 June–1631 June.J. G. Jenkins (ed.). Victoria County History, the County of Stafford.William Letwin. The Origins of Scientific Economics. English Economic Thought, 1660–1776.D. C. Coleman. Sir John Banks, Baronet & Businessman.L. A. Burgess. The Origins of Southampton.Virgínia Rau and Jorge de Macedo. O Açúcar da Madeira nos Fins do Séulo XV. Problemas de Produção e Comércio.H. van der Wee, The Growth of the Antwerp Market and the European Economy (fourteenth to sixteenth centuries).Zs. P. Pach. Die Ungarische Agrarentwicklung im 16–17. Jahrhundert: Abbiegung vom westeuropäischen Entwicklungsgang.Jean‐François Bergier. Genève et l'economie européenne de la Renaissance.Hubert Pinsseau. Un aspect du développement économique de la France: histoire de la construction, de l'administration et de l'exploitation du canal d'Orléans de 1676 à 1954.Pierre Léon. Marchands et spéculateurs dauphinois dans le monde antillais du XVIIIe siècle: les Dolle et les Raby.Ferdinand Lot. Recherches sur les effectifs des armées françaises des Guerres d'Italie aux Guerres de Religion, 1492–1562.Pierre Dardel. Navires et merchandises dans les ports de Rouen et du Havre au XVIIIe siècle.Renée Doehaerd. Études Anversoises. Documents sur le commerce international à Anvers, 1488‐1514.Boris Porschnev. Les soulèvements populaires en France de 1623 à 1648.Herbert Luthy. La Banque Protestante en France de la Révocation de l'Édit de Nantes à la Révolution. II: De la Banque aux Finances (1730–1794).Adeline Daumard. La bourgeoisie parisienne de 1815 à 1848.J. C. Toutain. La population de la France de 1700 à 1959.Félix Rivet. La navigation à vapeur sur la Sa&#x006f;&#x030c;ne et le Rh&#x006f;&#x030c;ne (1783–1863).Pierre Bauchet. Economic Planning. The French Experience. Translated by Daphne Woodward. (London: Heinemann. 1964. Pp. xvi + 299. 35s.)Ludwig Beutin. Gesammelte Schriften zur Wirtschafts‐ und Sozialgeschichte.Richard Gaettens. Die Wirtschaftsgebiete und der Wirtschaftsgebietspfennig der Hohen‐staufenzeit.Manfred Unger. Stadtgemeinde und Bergwesen Freibergs im Mittelalter. (Abhandlungen zur Handels‐ und Sozialgeschichte. Ed. im Auftrag des Hansischen Geschichtsvereins. Vol. V.Rudolf Kleiminger. Das Heiligengeisthospital von Wismar in sieben Jahrhunderten. Ein Beitrag zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte der Stadt, ihrer Höfe und Dörfer. (Abhandlungen zur Handels‐ und Sozialgeschichte, Commissioned by of the Hanse History Association. Vol. IV.Hildegard Weiss. Die Zisterzienserabtei Ebrach. Eine Untersuchung zur Grundherrschaft, Gerichtsherrschqft und Dorfgemeinde im fränkischen Raum. (Quellen und Forschungen zur Agrargeschichte, Vol. VIII.Kurt Hinze. Die Arbeiterfrage zu Beginn des modernen Kapitalismus in Brandenburg‐Preussen 1685‐1806. Mit einer Einführung von O. Büsch. (Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission zu Berlin beim Friedrich‐Meinecke‐Institut der Freien Universität Berlin, Vol. 9.Wilhelm Treue. Wirtschaftsgeschichte der Neuzeit im Zeitalter der Industriellen Revolution 1700 bis 1960.Joachim Lampe. Aristokratie, Hofadel und Staatspatriziat in Kurhannover. Die Lebenskreise der höheren Beamten an den kurhannoverschen Zentral‐ und Hofbehörden, 1714‐1760. Vol. 1: Darstellung. Vol. 2: Beamtenlisten und Ahnentafeln.Herbert Milz. Das Kölner Grossgewerbe von 1750 bis 1835. (Schriften zur rhein.‐west‐fälischen Wirtschaftsgeschichte.Willy Freitag. Die Entwicklung der Kaiserslauterer Textilindustrie seit dem 18. Jahrhundert. (Veröffentlichungen des InstitutS für Landeskunde des Saarlandes. Vol. 8.Werner Hofmann. Ideengeschichte der sozialen Bewegung des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts. (Sammlung Göschen, Vol. 1205/1205a.Alois Brusatti, Wilhelm Haas und Walter Pollock (Eds.). Geschichte der Sozialpolitik mit Dokumenten.Hansjörg Gruber. Die Entwicklung der pfälzischen Wirtschaft 1816‐1834. (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Landeskunde des Saarlandes, Vol. 6.Jürgen Kuczynski. Die Geschichte der Lage der Arbeiter unter dem Kapitalismus. Teil I. Die Geschichte der Lage der Arbeiter in Deutschland von 1789 bis zur Gegenwart. Vol. 3: Darstellung der Lage der Arbeiter in Deutschland von 1871 bis 1900.Hans Mommsen. Die Sozialdemokratie und die Nationalitätenfrage im habsburgischen Vielvölkerstaat. Part I: Das Ringen um die supranationale Integration der zisleithanischen Arbeiterbewegung, 1867‐1907. (Veröffentlichungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung in österreich. Vol. I.Karl‐Bernhard Netzband und Hans Peter Widmaier. Währungs‐ und Finanzpolitik der ära Luther 1923‐1925. (Veröffentlichungen der List‐Gesellschaft e.V. Vol. 32, Reihe B.Horst Hans Hergel. Industrialisierungspolitik in Spanien seit Ende des Bürgerkrieges. (Die industrielle Entwicklung, Abteilung A: Untersuchungen zur Volkswirtschaftspolitik, Vol. 7.Fritz Federau. Der zweite Weltkrieg–Seine Finanzierung in Deutschland.Wilhelm Weber. Österreichs Finanzpolitik 1945‐1961.Karl G. Thalheim. Grundzüge des sowjetischen Wirischaftssystems. (Abhandlungen des Bundesinstituts zur Erforschung des Marxismus‐Leninismus, Vol. I. Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 1963, Part II.

Foreign aid has become a traditional part of the foreign policy of the United States, but in the eleven years since the enactment of the Marshall Plan there has been a steady increase of opposition to foreign aid programs. The votes in the Senate in favor of the Marshall Plan were 4.06 times the negative votes. Ten years later, in 1958, the "yea" votes in the Senate on the Mutual Security Administration bill were 3.00 times as many as the "nay" votes. The votes in the House for these same two years show an even greater manifestation of a growing opposition to foreign aid. In 1948 the affirmative votes were 4.48 greater than the negative, while in 1958 the figure drops to 1.93. While only two out of the eight Kansans in Congress voted against the Marshall Plan in 1948, three voted against the Mutual Security Act in 1958, and Senator Schoeppel, who did not vote, was known to be against the bill. This indicates that the Kansas Senator s and Representatives in Washington have roughly followed the national trend of a mounting opposition to foreign aid bills (3.00 more "yea" votes as "nay" votes in 1948 as compared to 2.00 more "yea" votes than "nay" votes in 1958). Throughout this study the writer has attempted to show why this opposition has increased as far as the Kansans were concerned. Speeches, both in and out of Congress as well as the public statements of the Kansas Senators and Representatives for the period 1948 to 1959 were checked in an attempt to as certain why these men voted as they did. A study was also made of the Congressional Record, the Topeka Daily Capital, the Hutchinson News-Herald, the Garden City Daily Telegram, the Emporia Gazette, and the Kansas City Star. Letters of inquiry were also submitted t o these men. It is the considered opinion of the author that the main reason for the Kansans voting in favor of foreign aid was basically due to the agricultural interest of their State. If any of the Senators and Representatives from Kansas have attempted to solve the problem of surpluses in agricultural commodities by foreign aid legislation. The majority of these men who voted in favor of foreign aid hoped that these plans would permit the flow of agricultural commodities to the rest of the world. This would, as they believed, solve the problem of hunger in the world while solving the problem of surpluses in the United States. That feeding hungry people is a humanitarian purpose cannot be disputed, but to feed the hungry of the world and collect a return for the food is a degree beyond a humanitarian purpose. The Kansans wanted the United States t o be the chief source of food for the world, yet they wanted the United States to be justly compensated for their food in the form of foreign currencies, strategic materials or military defense in Europe. Not all the Kansans believed foreign aid would solve the agricultural surplus problem in the United States. Those men who voted "nay" on foreign aid measures argued that a better and a cheaper plan could be legislated to solve the surplus problem. They believed that foreign aid measures were not t he best defensive maneuver t he United States could utilize for security in the world. They believed the money collected from taxpayers of t he United States could be used to gain the real advantages of security for the nation. The key to this security for the United States was a financially sound nation, one that built its military defenses upon its own shores, not the far-off shores of foreign countries. Although t he form of foreign aid has changed considerably, such as in the form of the Point Four Program (assistance to underdeveloped countries), Mutual Security Administration, or the International loan Fund; the debate in Congress concerning foreign aid has not actually changed. Those arguments that were used in 1948 were used in 1959.

The needs of the Milk Producers' Organization are achieved by strengthening the scattered and poorly organized Indian milk producers, who lack access to resources and services. In fact, the Milk Producers' Organization has emerged as an interface between the business environment and individual milk producers through forward and backward linkages, while facilitating the strength of collective action, bargaining power and economies of scale. It has thus responded appropriately to the economic and socio-cultural needs of producer members and surrounding entities. The National Accounts Statistics (2020) of India estimates that the contribution of livestock in total agriculture and allied sectors Gross Value Added (at Constant Prices) has reached to 28.63 per cent (2018-19) which again shows the importance of the Milk Producers' Organization in a populous country such as India. The Organization extends its assistance in the form of financial support, technical inputs, milk productivity, quality produce, managing value chains, access to market actors and handling environmental and business regulation. This review paper outlines the key viewpoints and aims to explore how the Milk Producers' Organization has built capabilities and optimized capacities in the existing scope and challenges of the Indian dairy sector. The livestock sector supports the livelihood of approximately 20.5 million people in India. India's milk production is at 4.8% CAGR as opposed to 1.8% CAGR of global milk production. However, the Organization faces conflicting areas of interest, such as social concern and business demands and this ambivalence necessitates enabling policy and professionalism to steer organizational growth and sustainability. In view of the globalized business environment, the Milk Producers' Organization has taken on the responsibility to compete both on the domestic and global markets. In view of emerging international trade practices, further study is required to establish mechanisms to deal with Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures. A co-operative business model can be further explored with additional utilization of bovine manure and unproductive bovines to re-establish a more cost efficient model to deal with global price levels of milk and dairy products. ; Potreba za osnivanjem Organizacije proizvođača mlijeka temeljena je na nužnosti za ojačanjem raštrkanih i neorganiziranih, siromašnih indijskih proizvođača mlijeka koji nemaju pristup resursima i uslugama. Organizacija proizvođača mlijeka nastala je na sučeljavanju poslovnog okruženja i pojedinačnih proizvođača mlijeka kroz veze unaprijed i unatrag (forward i backward linkages), istovremeno omogućujući osnaživanje kolektivnog djelovanja, pregovaračke moći i ekonomskih razmjera. Time je prikladno odgovoreno na ekonomske i socijalno-kulturalne potrebe članova proizvođača i subjekata koji ih okružuju. Prema procjeni Statistike nacionalnih računa (2020.) Indije, doprinos stočarstva ukupnoj bruto dodanoj vrijednosti (pri stalnim cijenama) poljoprivrede i srodnog sektora dosegnuo je 28,63 % (2018.- 2019.) što ukazuje na važnost Organizacije proizvođača mlijeka u mnogoljudnoj zemlji poput Indije. Organizacija proizvođača mlijeka pruža svoju pomoć s aranžmanima financijskog kredita, tehničkim ulaznim informacijama, produktivnošću mlijeka, kvalitetnim proizvodima, upravljanjem vrijednosnim lancima, pristupom dionicima na tržištu i bavljenjem ekološkim i poslovnim regulativama. U ovom preglednom članku opisana su ključna gledišta i pokušalo se istražiti kako je Organizacija proizvođača mlijeka izgradila sposobnost i optimizirala kapacitet u postojećem opsegu i izazovima indijskog mljekarskog sektora. Stočarski sektor pomaže izdržavati oko 20,5 milijuna stanovnika Indije. Složena godišnja stopa rasta (CAGR) proizvodnje mlijeka u Indiji iznosi 4,8 % u odnosu na 1,8 % CAGR globalne proizvodnje mlijeka. Međutim, Organizacija proizvođača mlijeka suočava se sa sukobljenim područjima interesa: poput socijalnih pitanja, kao i poslovnih zahtjeva i ta ambivalentnost iziskuje poticajne politike i profesionalizam za upravljanje rastom i održivošću Organizacije. S obzirom na globalizirano poslovno okruženje, Organizacija proizvođača mlijeka preuzela je odgovornost natjecanja na domaćem i globalnom tržištu. S obzirom na nove prakse međunarodnog trgovanja, potrebna je dodatna studija za uspostavljanje mehanizma koji će se baviti sanitarnim i fitosanitarnim (SPS) mjerama. Suradnički se poslovni model može dalje istražiti dodatnom uporabom gnojiva goveda i neproduktivnih goveda za ponovnu uspostavu ekonomičnijeg modela kako bi se moglo nositi s globalnim razinama cijene mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda.

The 2006 United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN CRPD) is the first human rights treaty to explicitly acknowledge the right to education for persons with disabilities. In order to realize this right, the convention's Article 24 mandates state parties to ensure inclusive education systems that overcome outright exclusion as well as segregation in special education settings. Despite this major global policy change to tackle the discriminations persons with disabilities face in education, this has yet to take effect in most school systems worldwide.

Focusing on the factors undermining the realization of disability rights in education, Julia Biermann probes current meanings of inclusive education in two contrasting yet equally challenged state parties to the UN CRPD: Nigeria, whose school system overtly excludes disabled children, and Germany, where this group primarily learns in special schools. In both countries, policy actors aim to realize the right to inclusive education by segregating students with disabilities into special education settings. In Nigeria, this demand arises from the glaring lack of such a system. In Germany, conversely, from its extraordinary long-term institutionalization. This act of diverting from the principles embodied in Article 24 is based on the steadfast and shared belief that school systems, which place students into special education, have an innate advantage in realizing the right to education for persons with disabilities. Accordingly, inclusion emerges to be an evolutionary and linear process of educational expansion that depends on institutionalized special education, not a right of persons with disabilities to be realized in local schools on an equal basis with others. This book proposes a refined human rights model of disability in education that shifts the analytical focus toward the global politics of formal mass schooling as a space where discrimination is sustained.

An in-depth look at the many ways immigration has redefined modern AmericaThe impact of immigrants over the past half century has become so much a part of everyday life in the United States that we sometimes fail to see it. This deeply researched book by one of America's leading immigration scholars tells the story of how immigrants are fundamentally changing this country.An astonishing number of immigrants and their children-nearly eighty-six million people-now live in the United States. Together, they have transformed the American experience in profound and far-reaching ways that go to the heart of the country's identity and institutions.Unprecedented in scope, One Quarter of the Nation traces how immigration has reconfigured America's racial order-and, importantly, how Americans perceive race-and played a pivotal role in reshaping electoral politics and party alignments. It discusses how immigrants have rejuvenated our urban centers as well as some far-flung rural communities, and examines how they have strengthened the economy, fueling the growth of old industries and spurring the formation of new ones. This wide-ranging book demonstrates how immigration has touched virtually every facet of American culture, from the music we dance to and the food we eat to the films we watch and books we read.One Quarter of the Nation opens a new chapter in our understanding of immigration. While many books look at how America changed immigrants, this one examines how they changed America. It reminds us that immigration has long been a part of American society, and shows how immigrants and their families continue to redefine who we are as a nation

This book applies strategic culture concepts to violent non-state actors (VNSAs) in a comparative analysis. In recent years, Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) has become notorious for kidnapping Western hostages in north-western Africa and for its role in the short-lived Islamist takeover of Mali. The group, formerly known as the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat, rebranded itself as an Al-Qaida franchise in 2007, leading to speculation of a change from its Algeria-centric agenda to an anti-Western one. This study compares and contrasts the ideas and behaviour of these two groups, using a strategic-cultural approach, and finds that, despite some commonalities, AQIM has a distinct strategic culture from Al-Qaida central, thereby debunking the notion of Al-Qaida as a monolithic movement. This is the first comparative analysis of violent non-state actors to employ a strategic-cultural approach and the first such study on AQIM. While strategic culture has traditionally been applied to states, this work adds to the emerging literature applying such approaches to non-state armed groups, and employs a novel conception of strategic culture consisting of narratives and practices.

This open access book offers a unique and practically oriented study of organisational and national conditions for implementing Responsible Research Innovation (RRI) policies and practices. It gives the reader a thorough understanding of the different aspects of RRI, and of barriers and drivers of implementation of RRI related policies. It shows how different organisational and national contexts provide unique challenges and opportunities for bringing RRI into practice. The book provides concrete examples and offers the reader both a theory-based understanding of the topic, as well as guidance for action. The target audience encompasses, in addition to RRI students and scholars in particular, all students and scholars in the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS). The book is also of interest to students and scholars in the fields of research ethics, philosophy of science, organisational governance in the research system and organisational theory more generally. Finally, the book is of use to practitioners in research conducting and funding organisations working to implement RRI.

This open access book presents case studies of twelve organisations which the public have come to view as institutions. From the BBC to Doctors Without Borders, from the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra to CERN, this volume examines how some organisations rise to prominence and remain in high public esteem through changing and challenging times. It builds upon the scholarly tradition of institutional scholarship pioneered by Philip Selznick, and highlights common themes in the stories of these highly diverse organizations; demonstrating how leadership, learning, and luck all play a role in becoming and remaining an institution. This case study format makes this volume ideal for classroom use and practitioners alike. In an era where public institutions are increasingly under threat, this volume offers concrete lessons for contemporary organisation leaders.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Introduction -- Part I: Instruments of Influence -- 1. Common Agency and Coordination: General Theory and Application to Government Policy Making -- 2. Electoral Competition and Special Interest Politics -- 3. Competing for Endorsements -- Part II: Trade Policy -- 4. Protection for Sale -- 5. Trade Wars and Trade Talks -- 6. Politics and Trade Policy -- 7. The Politics of Free Trade Agreements -- 8. Foreign Investment with Endogenous Protection -- Index

"Itineraries of Expertise contends that experts and expertise played fundamental roles in the Latin American Cold War. While traditional Cold War histories of the region have examined diplomatic, intelligence, and military operations and more recent studies have probed the cultural dimensions of the conflict, the experts who constitute the focus of this volume escaped these categories. Although they often portrayed themselves as removed from politics, their work contributed to the key geopolitical agendas of the day. The paths traveled by the experts in this volume not only traversed Latin America and connected Latin America to the Global North, they also stretch traditional chronologies of the Latin American Cold War to show how local experts in the early twentieth century laid the foundation for post-World War II development projects, and how Cold War knowledge of science, technology, and the environment continues to impact our world today. These essays unite environmental history and the history of science and technology to argue for the importance of expertise in the Latin American Cold War"--

Introduction: the origins of the Routledge Handbook of Language in Conflict / Lesley Jeffries and Jim O'Driscoll -- Section 1: Text in conflict: 1. Introduction: textual choice and communication in conflict / Lesley Jeffries -- 2. Discursive (re)construction of the prelude to the 2003 Iraq War in op/ed pieces: dialectics of argument and rhetoric / Ahmed Sahlane -- 3. Stark choices and brutal simplicity: the blunt instrument of constructed opposition in news editorials / Matt Davies -- 4. Projecting your 'opponent''s views: linguistic negation and the potential for conflict / Lisa Nahajec -- 5. Ideological positioning in conflict: the United States and Egypt's domestic political trajectory / Gibreel Sadeq Alaghbary -- 6. Homosexuality in Latvian and Polish parliamentary debates 1994-2013: a historical approach to conflict in political discourse / Joanna Chojnicka -- 7. Conflict and categorisation: a corpus and discourse study of naming participants in forced migration / Charlotte Taylor -- 8. Hate speech: conceptualisations, interpretations and reactions / Sharon Millar -- Section 2: Interaction in conflict: 9. Introduction / Jim O'Driscoll -- 10. Conflict, disagreement and (im)politeness / Maria Sifianou -- 11. Offence and conflict talk / Michael Haugh and Valeria Sinkeviciute -- 12. Conflict interaction: insights from Conversation Analysis Phillip Glenn -- 13. Conflict in political discourse: conflict as congenital to political discourse / Petter Bull and Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen -- 14. Discourse features of disputing in small claims hearings / Karen Tracy and Danielle M. Hodge -- 15. Leadership in conflict: disagreement and consensus negotiation in a start-up team / Christian J. Schmitt and Rosina Marquez-Reiter -- 16. Interaction and conflict in digital communication / Sage L. Graham -- Section 3: Languages in conflict: 17. Introduction: conflict with the stuff of language / Jim O'Driscoll -- 18. Ethnicity, conflict and language choice: the case of northern Ghana / Paul Kerswill and Edward Salifu Mahama -- 19. Language and conflict in the Mapuche context / Robbie Felix Penman -- 20. Linguistic Landscape as an arena of conflict: language removal, exclusion and ethnic identity construction in Lithuania / Irina Moore -- 21. 'You are shamed for speaking it or for not speaking it good enough': the paradoxical status of Spanish in the US Latino community / Pilar G. Blitvich -- 22. Hate crimes: language, vulnerability and conflict / Kamran Khan -- 23. Language ideologies in conflict at the workplace / Julia de Bres and Anne Franziskus -- Section 4: Linguistics in conflict: 24. Introduction: the potential for Linguistics to change conflict in the 'real' world / Lesley Jeffries -- 25. The value of linguistics in assessing potential threats in an airport setting / Dawn Archer, Cliff Lansley and Aaron Garner -- 26. Threatening contexts: an examination of threatening language from linguistic, legal and law enforcement perspectives / Tammy Gales -- 27. Talk in mediation: metaphors in acrimonious talk / Madeline M. Maxwell and Scott V. Anderson -- 28. Conflicts of policy and self-representation in the UK asylum process / Rachel Hanna -- 29. On agency, witnessing and surviving: interpreters in situations of violent conflict / Rebecca Tipton -- 30. The Irish language in Belfast: the role of a language in post-conflict resolution / Marcus Mac Coinnigh, Linda Ervine and Pol Deeds -- Afterword / Oliver Ramsbotham and Tom Woodhouse -- Index.