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This article is based on the analysis of citizenship competencies to respond to the demand for integral human development in the humanities. This paper explores the relationship between citizenship training in education and human development necessary for the formation of democratic citizens. The text also presents different controversies that gravitate around the concept of citizenship in the light of various theoretical conceptions and assumes a position that favors its application in educational proposals in an international context. Furthermore, unveiling the sources that generate the conception of the formation of citizens throughout history presupposes analyzing the synergies that characterize the models of citizenship and the educational projection of each educational stage. The importance of reflecting on the rationality of pedagogical decisions comprises an exercise to recognize the challenge implied by the new challenges of our time, from the processes of formation for the exercise of global citizenship. The problem discussed is the confrontation of knowledge, within the framework of integral education, highlighting the limitations of representative democracy. The objective is to raise the importance of the formation of citizenship competencies with a critical look at education for global citizenship, which implies connecting the local and global scale in an integral way, in order to highlight the relevance of an education for world citizenship. ; Este artículo se basa en el análisis de las competencias ciudadanas para dar respuesta a la demanda de un desarrollo humano integral en las humanidades. El presente trabajo explora las relaciones existentes entre la formación ciudadana en la educación y el desarrollo humano necesarios para la formación de ciudadanos democráticos. En el texto también se presentan diferentes controversias que gravitan alrededor del concepto de ciudadanía a la luz de varias concepciones teóricas, y se asume una postura que favorece su aplicación en propuestas educativas en un contexto internacional. Incluso, develar las fuentes que generan la concepción de la formación de los ciudadanos a lo largo de la historia presupone analizar en las sinergias que caracterizan los modelos de ciudadanía y la proyección educativa que cada etapa educacional. La importancia de reflexionar sobre la racionalidad de las decisiones pedagógicas comprende un ejercicio para reconocer el desafío que implica los nuevos retos de nuestro tiempo, desde los procesos de formación para el ejercicio de la ciudadanía global. El problema que se discute es la confrontación de saberes, en el marco de la educación integral destacando las limitaciones de la democracia representativa. Objetivo es plantear la importancia de la formación de competencias ciudadanas con una mirada crítica a la educación para la ciudadanía global, que implica conectar la escala local como global de forma integral, con el fin de destacar la relevancia de una educación para la ciudadanía mundial. ; Este artículo se basa en el análisis de las competencias ciudadanas para dar respuesta a la demanda de un desarrollo humano integral en las humanidades. El presente trabajo explora las relaciones existentes entre la formación ciudadana en la educación y el desarrollo humano necesarios para la formación de ciudadanos democráticos. En el texto también se presentan diferentes controversias que gravitan alrededor del concepto de ciudadanía a la luz de varias concepciones teóricas, y se asume una postura que favorece su aplicación en propuestas educativas en un contexto internacional. Incluso, develar las fuentes que generan la concepción de la formación de los ciudadanos a lo largo de la historia presupone analizar en las sinergias que caracterizan los modelos de ciudadanía y la proyección educativa que cada etapa educacional. La importancia de reflexionar sobre la racionalidad de las decisiones pedagógicas comprende un ejercicio para reconocer el desafío que implica los nuevos retos de nuestro tiempo, desde los procesos de formación para el ejercicio de la ciudadanía global. El problema que se discute es la confrontación de saberes, en el marco de la educación integral destacando las limitaciones de la democracia representativa. Objetivo es plantear la importancia de la formación de competencias ciudadanas con una mirada crítica a la educación para la ciudadanía global, que implica conectar la escala local como global de forma integral, con el fin de destacar la relevancia de una educación para la ciudadanía mundial.

Introduction: The physical-military conditioning is one of the fundamental skills of the military professional, the planning and control of their directions must go through the new technologies use, allowing the conditioning optimization. The diagnosis plays a preponderant role, serving as a theoretical and methodological basis that justifies prospective actions in the future problems solution. Objective: To determine the knowledge, applicability and need level for a software for the planning and control of physical-military conditioning in the Ecuadorian army. Methods: Exploratory, descriptive-explanatory research, studying the criteria of 13 specialists in physical-military training. Results: The average score of the Knowledge level about applications or national software oriented to physical-military preparation of the Ecuadorian army (NCS) was 1.77 points (from very low to low), and about international software (NCI) of 4.08 points (high), the applicability level of software aimed at military physical conditioning in the Ecuadorian Army (NAS) obtained an average score of 4.62 points (between high and very high), the integration level of military physical conditioning software with components of sports preparation (NIAC) obtained a score of 4.23 points (high), and the need to create specialized software in the physical conditioning of the Ecuadorian armed forces (NCSE) obtained the highest score (4.77 points; very high). The concordance index between the consulted specialists was very acceptable (w=0.786). Conclusions: The importance, applicability and necessity of a software for the planning and control of the physical-military conditioning of the Ecuadorian army are evident. ; Introducción: El acondicionamiento físico militar es una de las competencias fundamentales del profesional militar, la planificación y control de sus direcciones debe transitar por el uso de nuevas tecnologías, permitiendo la optimización del acondicionamiento. El diagnóstico juega un papel preponderante, sirviendo de base teórica y metodológica que justifique acciones prospectivas para solucionar futuros problemas. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de conocimientos, aplicabilidad y necesidad de un software para la planificación y control del acondicionamiento físico militar en el ejército ecuatoriano. Métodos: Investigación exploratoria, de orden descriptiva-explicativa, estudiando los criterios de 13 especialistas en preparación físico militar. Resultados: El puntaje promedio del nivel de Conocimientos sobre aplicativos o software nacionales orientados a la preparación físico-militar del ejército ecuatoriano (NCS) fue de 1,77 puntos (de muy bajo a bajo), y sobre software internacionales (NCI) de 4,08 puntos (alta), el nivel de aplicabilidad de software orientados al acondicionamiento físico militar en el ejército ecuatoriano (NAS) obtuvo una calificación promedio de 4,62 puntos (entre alta a muy alta), el nivel de integración de los software de acondicionamiento físico militar con componentes de la preparación deportiva (NIAC) obtuvo una calificación de 4,23 puntos (alta), y la necesidad de creación de software especializados en el acondicionamiento físico de las fuerzas armas ecuatorianas (NCSE) obtuvo la más alta calificación (4,77 puntos; muy alta). El índice de concordancia entre los especialistas consultados fue muy aceptable (w=0,786). Conclusiones: Se evidencia la importancia, aplicabilidad y necesidad que reviste el software para planificación y control del acondicionamiento físico militar del ejército ecuatoriano. ; Introdução: O condicionamento físico militar é uma das habilidades fundamentais do profissional militar, o planejamento e controle de seus direcionamentos deve passar pelo uso de novas tecnologias, permitindo a otimização do condicionamento. O diagnóstico desempenha um papel preponderante, servindo como base teórica e metodológica que justifica ações prospectivas na solução de problemas futuros. Objetivo: Determinar o nível de conhecimento, aplicabilidade e necessidade de software para o planejamento e controle do condicionamento físico militar no exército equatoriano. Métodos: Pesquisa exploratória, descritivo-explicativa, estudando os critérios de 13 especialistas em preparação física militar. Resultados: A pontuação média do nível de Conhecimento em aplicativos nacionais ou software orientados para a preparação físico-militar do exército equatoriano (NCS) foi de 1,77 pontos (de muito baixo a baixo), e em software internacional (NCI) 4,08 pontos (alto), o nível de aplicabilidade do software voltado ao condicionamento físico militar no Exército Equatoriano (NAS) obteve uma pontuação média de 4,62 pontos (entre alto e muito alto), o nível de integração do software de condicionamento físico militar com componentes de preparação esportiva (NIAC) obteve uma classificação de 4,23 pontos (alta), e a necessidade de criação de software especializado em condicionamento físico das forças armadas equatorianas (NCSE) obteve a classificação mais alta (4,77 pontos; muito alta). O índice de concordância entre os especialistas consultados foi bastante aceitável (w=0,786). Conclusões: Fica evidente a importância, aplicabilidade e necessidade do software para o planejamento e controle do condicionamento físico-militar do exército equatoriano.

Panenko V.V., Polishchuk O.T. ASSOCIATION OF MUNICIPAL NON-PROFIT ENTERPRISES AS AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF THE CLUSTER APPROACH IN THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIESPurpose. The aim of the article is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological basis for the formation of cluster associations in the healthcare system of territorial communities, against the background of various forms of organization and set of relations that arise within the cluster association in the context of decentralization of powers.Methodology of research. The methodological basis of the study is the systemic and institutional approaches, according to which all processes of management of the health care system of the local community comply with current legislation. The following methods were used: structural and functional research – to analyse the main trends of the social and economic situation of development; statistical comparisons – to assess the impact of the medical industry on regional development. The generalization of methodological approaches of developed countries to the formation of a cluster management system has shown that the regional healthcare system is able to function effectively considering management decisions and the results obtained from their implementation, which is reflected in assessing its condition at the appropriate stages of development.Findings. It is substantiated that the effectiveness of healthcare regulation in modern conditions largely depends on ensuring access of all participants in social and economic relations in the field of healthcare to the necessary resources. Regulation needs to focus on realizing the potential of the health sector through the most efficient use of its resources.It is found that one of the most optimal tools for integrating the interests of government, business and the population in this area is the so-called "cluster approach" given its universal mechanisms, high efficiency, and simplicity of organization. Territorial clusters are an active force in economic development and a powerful tool for networking between participants in regional innovation systems in different countries of the world.It is proved that the cluster provides important synergetic effects, without which modern life is impossible, it is a way to mobilize stakeholders (state, business, scientific community) and a tool for science, technology, and innovation policy to achieve the goal of innovative development and technological modernization of the economy in medicine, pharmaceuticals and related industries.It is revealed that the corporation of communal non-profit enterprises of the health care system acts as an active communicator and integrator for the participants of the future medical cluster and health care organizations. In the future, such an association will become an international center of communication and exchange of competencies, and the launch of a portal on medical technology and innovation in healthcare – will broadcast this positive experience to the masses, talk about advances in medicine.The features of business associations (corporations) are systematized. It is established that this is a complex organization, which is created based on a combination of material interests of the participating enterprises, operates on the basis of the memorandum or articles of association as a legal entity.The advantages of merging enterprises in the field of healthcare are formed, namely: merging of communal non-profit enterprises. The main ones are the effective use of human resources, material and technical base, improvement of medical services for patients.Originality. It is proposed to create a corporation of public non-profit enterprises in the healthcare system of the local community, which, unlike the existing one, will allow optimal and efficient use of available resources, generate innovative solutions, and create preconditions for interaction of all medical sector participants.For the first time, after the implementation of the project to create a corporation that will unite non-profit medical enterprises into a horizontally integrated structure, it is proposed to create a full-fledged medical cluster of the territorial community on its platform. The corporation is being transformed into a management company of the regional medical cluster, the main functions of which will be reduced to the general coordination of the cluster's work and project management.Practical value. Specific recommendations have been developed for the establishment of a corporation – the association of communal non-profit enterprises, with a clear strategy, comprehensive methodology and a formed road map, as part of a full-fledged medical cluster of the territorial community.Key words: healthcare; cluster; territorial community; corporation; municipal enterprise; non-profitenterprise.

This study explores Muslim masculinities in Bangladesh and their positioning towards women's economic empowerment (WEE), with a particular focus on employment in low-income communities. The research is framed by a specific context of increasing women's labour participation – a shared objective of the current Government of Bangladesh and the local and international development community. The study introduces a masculinity continuum containing three masculinity markers – Antagonists, Allies and Advocates – to facilitate the exploration and understanding of differences in men's views, attitudes and practices with respect to WEE. Mixed methods, including focus groups, peer-to-peer survey, life-history narrations, gender analysis, interviews, Delphi method and observation, were used to analyse the linkages between WEE and masculinities in the selected context. The study found that WEE was a multidimensional phenomenon in low-income communities. However, Antagonist and Ally men overlooked psychological and social benefits of economic inclusion for women. In addition, the indigenous perceptions of WEE, particularly by men, mainly focused on the fulfilment of practical needs and overlooked structural inequalities that perpetuate women's inequalities. Low-income women largely desired progressive masculinities embodied by Advocate men that could facilitate WEE. While resisting changes undermining men's patriarchal control over women, Antagonist and Ally men supported women's access to decent employment under certain conditions. In addition, although Ally men, who appeared to represent the majority of men, were reluctant to give up their patriarchal privilege in the privacy of their household, they supported women's increased roles in public domains. Advocate men demonstrated some residual patriarchal attitudes and practices, but these were marginal in their masculinities. Moreover, working on women's equality with men was a source of optimism and joy for Advocates. Lack of women's safety was amongst the main obstacles highlighted to restrict women's mobility and access to employment outside their communities, although in the discourse by Antagonist and Ally men, women's increased mobility and new opportunities were strongly correlated with their fear of a working independent woman. This fueled the attempts to retraditionalise women, who had accessed new roles in society. Antagonist and, to some extent, Ally men demonstrated a high prevalence of gender stereotypes about women's and men's roles based on biological essentialism and conservative cultural/Islamic norms. This included primary breadwinner as a persistent mainstream masculinity norm. On the other hand, Advocates, and to some extent Ally men, were engaged in more emotionally rewarding relationships with their wives and children, than men with Antagonist masculinities. Husbands and fathers with Advocate masculinities demonstrated a higher involvement in household and care work, rewarded by their spouses. The Islamic faith was not found to be a conclusive factor in driving or resisting patriarchal masculinities, although less religious men appeared more progressive with respect to WEE. Disability was linked with heightened emasculation caused by the erosion of the male primary breadwinner role, but this appeared to be the case only when other salient factors were at play. An emasculated disabled husband was a factor in a higher risk of violence against low-income women working outside their communities. Whereas Antagonists appeared to constitute a substantial part of society, the dominance of Ally masculinities creates a unique opportunity to engage with men on transformative WEE. The research contributes to the formulation of a men's empowerment framework, which can assist development actors in increasing men's support to women's equal economic rights in Bangladesh and potentially elsewhere. The current Government policies, which are largely supportive of women's economic inclusion, contribute to an enabling environment for such efforts. Two specific approaches can support mobilisation of Antagonist and Ally men: marital togetherness and the concept of peaceful household (hooks, 1984, 1998; Ahmed, 2008, 2014) and the egalitarian gender relations within Islam (Kabasacal Arat and Hasan, 2017; Musawah, 2018; Nazneen, 2018), supported by partnerships with those religious authorities that share common interests with development actors, such as fighting violence against women and girls. Ultimately, the study challenges the narrative of oppressive Muslim men, who resist normalisation of Bangladeshi women in the economy. It validates the existence of diversity of masculinities and their embodiments in studied practice, while including men in women's struggle for equality and social progress. The study concludes that non-static and nuanced understanding of masculinities can encourage useful empowerment strategies in development practice that can result in the improvement of lives of many women and men.

Educators have reacted differently to moving university teaching online; some have struggled with digital literacy and getting technology to work, while others have enjoyed the possibilities digital technologies offer for teaching (Piotrowski and King 2020). While the pandemic has been hard for most, the disruption of teaching-as-usual can serve as an occasion to re-think what education is all about. After the dust has settled, such a situation can make us (re)ask fundamental questions of education; what is it we are trying to do? What are we doing it for? Put differently: what are the aims and purposes of our teaching? Tanggaard et al. (2014) argues that such questions should precede questions of methods and means though this split is not clear-cut in praxis. Asking fundamental questions on ends/means in education is pertinent in times of 'learnification' (Biesta 2010) and an abundance of available teaching methods – both analogue and digital – where many of these promise to 'enhance student learning', 'maximise interaction and engagement' or 'provide efficient learning' (see e.g. Avery et al. 2020). Drawing on Biesta, a dominant focus on methods and learning, risks omitting questions of purpose; what we are educating for. Also, Dewey's inquiry-based philosophy (1916) can offer some help here, as he was arguing for aims and methods to be intelligent meaning they were based on observation and judgment in concrete teaching situations and developed in collaboration between teacher and students. In this paper, I offer conceptual explorations – through Biesta and Dewey - on the aims and purposes of education that might help and provoke us as educators to reflect pedagogically on means/ends in education. The disruption of teaching is an occasion to stop and think, but the question is what it makes us think – about technology? About methods? Pedagogy? How has the unsettling of teaching-as-usual made you think? Literature: Dewey, J. (1916). Democracy and Education (2012th ed.). Createspace. Biesta, G. (2010). Good education in an age of measurement: Ethics, politics, democracy (2016th ed.). Routledge. Tanggaard, L., Rømer, T. A., & Brinkmann, S. (2014). Indledning: uren pædagogik til debat. In L. Tanggaard, T. A. Rømer, & S. Brinkmann (Eds.), Uren pædagogik 2. Klim. Avery, T., Makos, A., Sarguroh, W., Raman, P., & Brett, C. (2020). This is why we do it: Using a Design Based Approach to Optimize Student Learning in anOnline Discussion Based Course. International Journal of E-Learning & Distance Education, 35(1), 1–35. Piotrowski, C., & King, C. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic : Challenges and Implications for Higher Education. Education, 141(2), 61–66. ; Educators have reacted differently to moving university teaching online; some have struggled with digital literacy and getting technology to work, while others have enjoyed the possibilities digital technologies offer for teaching (Piotrowski and King 2020). While the pandemic has been hard for most, the disruption of teaching-as-usual can serve as an occasion to re-think what education is all about. After the dust has settled, such a situation can make us (re)ask fundamental questions of education; what is it we are trying to do? What are we doing it for? Put differently: what are the aims and purposes of our teaching? Tanggaard et al. (2014) argues that such questions should precede questions of methods and means though this split is not clear-cut in praxis. Asking fundamental questions on ends/means in education is pertinent in times of 'learnification' (Biesta 2010) and an abundance of available teaching methods – both analogue and digital – where many of these promise to 'enhance student learning', 'maximise interaction and engagement' or 'provide efficient learning' (see e.g. Avery et al. 2020). Drawing on Biesta, a dominant focus on methods and learning, risks omitting questions of purpose; what we are educating for. Also, Dewey's inquiry-based philosophy (1916) can offer some help here, as he was arguing for aims and methods to be intelligent meaning they were based on observation and judgment in concrete teaching situations and developed in collaboration between teacher and students. In this paper, I offer conceptual explorations – through Biesta and Dewey - on the aims and purposes of education that might help and provoke us as educators to reflect pedagogically on means/ends in education. The disruption of teaching is an occasion to stop and think, but the question is what it makes us think – about technology? About methods? Pedagogy? How has the unsettling of teaching-as-usual made you think?

In the context of contemporary urban policy linked to the problem of land ownership for impoverished families, which is active and divergent in Latin America, the recent implementation of National Law No. 27,453 / 2018 of Dominical Regularization sanctioned in Argentina is framed within the discussion. Using public expropriation of private land as the main instrument, domain regularization is argued as an inclusion policy that enables the incorporation of full owners, among other issues, following the interference of the neoliberal economist De Soto. Based on a qualitative-quantitative approach methodology, and the use of secondary sources -documents, regulations, publications, among others, issued nationally and internationally related to the proposed theme, this research aims to address the theoretical arguments that legitimize to the recent law, addressing these strategies in relation to other regulations and programs that, although previously instrumentalized in Latin America and Argentina, share the theoretical interference of the discursive framework coming from the neoliberal theoretical line in defense of secure tenure from, at least , mid-1970s. ; En el contexto de la política urbana contemporánea, vinculada a la problemática de la propiedad del suelo para familias empobrecidas, que se muestra activo y divergente en Latinoamérica, la reciente implementación de la Ley Nacional N° 27.453/2018 de Regularización Dominial sancionada en Argentina se enmarca en el seno de la discusión. Utilizando como principal instrumento la expropiación pública de terrenos privados, la regularización dominial es argumentada como una política de inclusión que posibilita la incorporación de propietarios plenos, entre otras cuestiones, siguiendo la injerencia del economista neoliberal De Soto. A partir de una metodología de abordaje cuali-cuantitativa, y de la utilización de fuentes secundarias —documentos, normativas, publicaciones, entre otras— emitidas en el ámbito nacional e internacional y vinculadas a la temática propuesta, esta investigación se propone abordar los argumentos teóricos que legitiman la reciente ley, abordando estas estrategias en relación con otras normativas y programas que, aunque instrumentalizados previamente en Latinoamérica y en la Argentina, comparten la injerencia teórica del entramado discursivo proveniente de la línea teórica neoliberal, en defensa de la tenencia segura desde, al menos, mediados de la década de 1970. ; Dans le cadre de la politique urbaine contemporaine liée au problème de la propriété foncière pour les familles pauvres, qui est active et divergente en Amérique latine, la récente mise en œuvre de la loi nationale n ° 27 453/2018 de régularisation dominicale sanctionnée en Argentine est encadrée dans la discussion. En utilisant l'expropriation publique des terres privées comme instrument principal, la régularisation du domaine est argumentée comme une politique d'inclusion qui permet l'incorporation des propriétaires complets, entre autres, à la suite de l'ingérence de l'économiste néolibéral De Soto. Basée sur une méthodologie d'approche qualitative-quantitative, et l'utilisation de sources secondaires - documents, réglementations, publications, entre autres, publiés au niveau national et international en lien avec le thème proposé, cette recherche vise à aborder les arguments théoriques qui légitiment à la loi récente, abordant ces stratégies par rapport à d'autres réglementations et programmes qui, bien qu'instrumentalisés auparavant en Amérique latine et en Argentine, partagent l'interférence théorique du cadre discursif provenant de la ligne théorique néolibérale pour défendre la sécurité d'occupation, du moins, milieu des années 1970. ; No contexto da política urbana contemporânea, ligada ao problema da propriedade da terra para famílias pobres, ativa e divergente na América Latina, enquadra-se a recente implementação da Lei Nacional nº 27.453 / 2018 de Regularização Dominical sancionada na Argentina. dentro da discussão. Usando a expropriação pública de terras privadas como principal instrumento, a regularização de domínios é discutida como uma política de inclusão que permite a incorporação de proprietários plenos, entre outras questões, após a interferência do economista neoliberal De Soto. Com base em uma metodologia de abordagem qualitativa-quantitativa e no uso de fontes secundárias - documentos, regulamentos, publicações, entre outros, emitidos nacional e internacionalmente relacionados ao tema proposto, esta pesquisa visa abordar os argumentos teóricos que legitimam à lei recente, abordando essas estratégias em relação a outros regulamentos e programas que, embora instrumentalizados anteriormente na América Latina e na Argentina, compartilham a interferência teórica do arcabouço discursivo oriundo da linha teórica neoliberal em defesa da posse segura de, pelo menos , meados da década de 1970.

Objective: The New Left was an international cultural-political phenomenon configured since the mid-1950s and developed in the following two decades. In Colombia, studies on this phenomenon have prioritized its political organizational side, making less evident the intellectual dynamics and reception processes that, although political, responded to their own logics. Methodology: Through a bibliographical review that crosses studies of the left and studies of the intellectual life of the period, we establish an analytical framework to observe the magazines of intellectual and political debate as a materialization of the New Left. This allows us to expand it to the intellectual sphere and embed it in the Latin American context. Originality: Some of these magazines have been mentioned in previous studies, but they have not been analyzed nor reconstructed in the field where they are embedded. This text contributes to filling this gap. Although concentrated in the 1960s, the descriptions cover the following decade. Conclusions: It concludes that modernizing magazines such as Mito (1955-1962) operated as a condition of possibility for the emergence of magazines of the New Left, the pioneering action of Tierra Firme (1958-1959) and the founding role of the magazine Estrategia (1962-1964). Furthermore, it proposes to build a map with these and other magazines, so they can be analyzed in an articulated way. ; Objetivo: la Nueva Izquierda fue un fenómeno político cultural de carácter internacional configurado desde mediados de la década de 1950 y desarrollado en las dos décadas siguientes. En el caso colombiano los estudios sobre este fenómeno han priorizado su costado político organizativo, haciendo menos evidentes las dinámicas intelectuales y los procesos de recepción que, si bien estaban asociados a lo político, respondían a lógicas propias. Metodología: mediante una revisión bibliográfica en la que se cruzan los estudios de las izquierdas y los estudios de la vida intelectual del periodo, se establece un marco analítico para observar las revistas de debate intelectual y político como una materialización de la Nueva Izquierda, lo que habilita expandirla hacia lo intelectual e inscribirla en el contexto latinoamericano. Originalidad: algunas de esas revistas han sido indicadas en estudios previos, pero falta avanzar en su análisis y en la reconstrucción del campo revisteril en el que se inscriben. Este texto contribuye a subsanar dicho vacío y, aunque se concentra en la década de 1960, se avanzan descripciones hasta la década siguiente. Conclusiones: se concluye que revistas modernizadoras como Mito (1955-1962) operaron como condición de posibilidad para la emergencia de revistas de la Nueva Izquierda, se muestra la acción pionera de Tierra Firme (1958-1959) y el papel fundante de la revista Estrategia (1962-1964). Asimismo, se proponen coordenadas para construir un mapa con el cual estas y otras revistas se puedan analizar de forma articulada. ; Objetivo: A Nova Esquerda foi um fenômeno político cultural de caráter internacional configurado desde meados da década de 1950 e desenvolvido nas duas décadas seguintes. No caso colombiano, estudos sobre este fenômeno priorizaram seu lado político organizacional, tornando menos evidentes as dinâmicas intelectuais e os processos de recepção que, embora associados ao político, responderam a suas próprias lógicas. Metodologia: através de uma revisão bibliográfica que cruza os estudos da esquerda e estudos da vida intelectual do período, aqui estabelecemos uma estrutura analítica para observar as revistas de debate intelectual e político como uma materialização da Nova Esquerda, o que nos permite expandi-la ao intelectual e inscrevê-la no contexto latino-americano. Originalidade: algumas dessas revistas foram mencionadas em estudos anteriores, mas há uma falta de progresso em suas análises e na reconstrução do campo de revistas em que estão inscritas. Este texto contribui para preencher esta lacuna e, embora se concentre na década de 1960, as descrições são avançadas para a década seguinte. Conclusões: conclui-se que a modernização de revistas como a Mito (1955-1962) funcionou como condição de possibilidade para o surgimento de revistas da Nova Esquerda, a ação pioneira da Tierra Firme (1958-1959) e o papel fundador da revista Estrategia (1962-1964). Também são propostas coordenadas para construir um mapa com o qual estas e outras revistas mencionadas, possam ser analisadas de forma articulada.

This article describes the political, economic and social trajectory of colony Brazil up to the 21st century. There is no intention here to go into the details, just to highlight the historical and economic facts important for the reader to understand, within the context of the time, the actions taken by the political and social agents that led to the current socioeconomic situation. Presenting its economic cycles and the geopolitics adopted by the Portuguese during almost four centuries of domination, it will provide adequate resources for understanding the real conditions and the context of the time for the current portrait of Brazil. Understanding this dynamic and the role of its actors will lead the reader to understand why Brazil is still a developing nation with serious social problems. The public deficit, reaching 90% of GDP, will lead Brazil to deal with rising interest rates and inflation in the medium term. These issues, plus the anticipation of the 2022 elections, have led the country to consume its international reserves to maintain the exchange rate and to take restrictive measures to its development. There will be no way out, without an adjustment in public accounts, with cuts of up to 20% in current spending and a decrease in the size of the Brazilian state, and this requires approval by the National Congress. This same Congress represented by an eaten elite, whose objectives are individual and not republican. The Brazilian nation has not yet met the 21st century. ; Este artículo describe la trayectoria política, económica y social de la colonia Brasil hasta el siglo XXI. Aquí no hay intención de entrar en detalles, sólo para destacar los hechos históricos y económicos importantes para que el lector entienda en el contexto de la época, las acciones tomadas por los agentes políticos y sociales que condujeron a la situación socioeconómica de la actualidad. La presentación de sus ciclos económicos y la geopolítica adoptada por los portugueses, durante casi cuatro siglos de dominio, pondrán los recursos adecuados para la comprensión de las condiciones reales y el contexto de la época para el retrato actual de Brasil. El hecho de que, incluso en el siglo XXI, Brasil no haya encontrado su camino hacia el desarrollo sostenible, tiene una relación intrínsa con su pasado y el comportamiento de sus élites. El déficit público que alcanza el 90% del PIB llevará a Brasil a tener que lidiar con el aumento de las tasas de interés y la inflación en el mediano plazo. Estas cuestiones, más la anticipación del debate electoral de 2022, han llevado al país a consumir sus reservas internacionales para mantener el tipo de cambio y a tomar medidas restrictivas para su desarrollo. No habrá salida, sin un ajuste en las cuentas públicas, con recortes de hasta el 20% del gasto corriente y la disminución del tamaño del Estado brasileño y esto, es la aprobación del Congreso Nacional. ; Este artigo descreve a trajetória política, econômica e social do Brasil colônia até o século XXI. Não existe aqui a pretensão de entrar nos detalhes, apenas ressaltar os fatos históricos e econômicos importantes para o leitor compreender dentro do contexto da época, as ações tomadas pelos agentes políticos e sociais que levaram ao quadro socioeconômico dos dias atuais. Apresentando seus ciclos econômicos e a geopolítica adotada pelos portugueses, durante quase quatro séculos de domínio, colocará recursos adequados para a compreensão das reais condições e o contexto da época para o retrato atual do Brasil. O fato de, ainda no século XXI, o Brasil não ter encontrado seu caminho ao desenvolvimento sustentável, tem relação intrínseca com seu passado e o comportamento de suas elites. O déficit público chegando a 90% do PIB, levará o Brasil a ter que lidar com taxas de juros em alta e inflação a médio prazo. Estas questões, mais a antecipação do debate das eleições de 2022, tem levado o país a consumir suas reservas internacionais para manter o câmbio e a tomar medidas restritivas ao seu desenvolvimento. Não haverá saída, sem um ajuste nas contas públicas, com cortes de até 20% dos gastos correntes e a diminuição do tamanho do Estado brasileiro e isto, passa pela aprovação do Congresso Nacional. Este mesmo Congresso representado por uma elite carcomida, cujo objetivos são individuais e não republicanos. A nação brasileira ainda não se encontrou com o século XXI.

La protección de los derechos humanos ha venido fortaleciéndose en el ámbito internacional como también en Colombia dando lugar a discusiones cada vez más frecuentes sobre temas puntuales como lo es el instrumento de la reparación como elemento efectivo en el proceso de reconstrucción de la vida de personas que se han visto afectadas por el conflicto armado. En Colombia, en particular, debido al proceso de paz iniciado en el gobierno Santos (2010-2018) que pretendía acabar con un conflicto armado de más de seis décadas de duración y que dio como resultado el Acuerdo Final de Paz suscrito por el Gobierno Colombiano y las FARC (Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz, 2016) el tema de la reparación ha adquirido gran relevancia y viene siendo motivo de debates y discusiones constantes tanto de parte de adeptos como de contradictores. Cuando se trata de los derechos humanos el concepto de reparación integral considerado por la teoría clásica se queda corto pues los conflictos de la victimización no son solamente pecuniarios sino, además, de tipo social. Como lo menciona Henao (1998) la teoría clásica de la reparación en la responsabilidad civil se centra en que "se debe indemnizar el daño, sólo el daño y nada más que el daño" (p. 45), de modo que la indemnización no enriquezca ni empobrezca indebidamente, es decir que no peque por omisión ni por exceso. En contraposición a este principio se encuentra una visión que aborda la reparación desde una perspectiva mucho más amplia y que toma como eje central a la persona y no al daño, reconsiderando de este modo la responsabilidad en materia del conflicto, y la afectación que se produce a la persona como ser integral y como entidad holística. En línea con este último postulado el presente trabajo de investigación busca ahondar en el tema de la reparación integral como principio en caso de vulneración de derechos humanos y, a partir de su entendimiento, considerar la reparación transformadora como una opción que se ajusta de mejor manera a los casos de violaciones graves de derechos humanos, yendo más allá de lo planteado en la teoría clásica que trata de un simple resarcimiento, pues en estos casos la victimización también es social. ; The protection of human rights has been strengthening in the international arena as well as in Colombia, giving rise to increasingly frequent discussions on specific issues such as the instrument of reparation as an effective element in the process of rebuilding the lives of people who they have been affected by the armed conflict. In Colombia, in particular, due to the peace process initiated by the Santos government (2010-2018) that sought to end an armed conflict that lasted more than six decades and which resulted in the Final Peace Agreement signed by the Colombian Government. and the FARC (Special Jurisdiction for Peace, 2016), the issue of reparation has acquired great relevance and has been the subject of constant debates and discussions on the part of supporters and opponents alike. When it comes to human rights, the concept of comprehensive reparation considered by classical theory falls short, since the conflicts of victimization are not only pecuniary but also of a social nature. As Henao (1998) mentions, the classic theory of reparation in civil liability focuses on the fact that "the damage must be compensated, only the damage and nothing but the damage" (p. 45), so that compensation does not enrich or impoverish unduly, that is, do not sin by omission or excess. In contrast to this principle, there is a vision that addresses reparation from a much broader perspective and that takes the person as its central axis and not the damage, thus reconsidering the responsibility in terms of the conflict, and the affectation that occurs. to the person as an integral being and as a holistic entity. In line with this last postulate, this research work seeks to delve into the issue of comprehensive reparation as a principle in case of human rights violations and, based on its understanding, consider transformative reparation as an option that is better adjusted to cases of serious human rights violations, going beyond what is proposed in the classical theory that deals with a simple compensation, since in these cases the victimization is also social

Here the consumer is described as the main actor within western capitalist society, he has not had enough prominence within contemporary constitutional law. Their rights have barely been recognized in stages over the past two decades by lower-ranking norms in most Latin American countries. In order to know how consumer rights were born, it is necessary to make a recount started by a brief history of the emergence of individual rights and their guarantees, and soon with the antecedents of the industrial era, the constitutional and democratic state of right and with it the social and collective rights that passed to solidarity rights (third generation rights). For the second half of the 20th century, technological development increases companies, large-scale, mass-produced and standardized production, and with it a new consumer society and a main actor in the "consumer" relationship. But this is treated in a depersonalized way by the conditions of commerce, by advertising, fashion, monopolies and other less respectful practices, creating conditions of concern and inequality. Then the international human rights treaties that deal with consumer protection are reviewed. The constitutions of Argentina and Colombia are compared on the subject, examining their normative development in search of the norms that contain consumer protection and which of the countries offers more guarantees. The Colombian constitutional jurisprudence is analyzed in a particular way, to conclude that there are regulatory flaws that protect the consumer in the Colombian State. ; El presente escrito describe al consumidor como el actor principal dentro de la sociedad capitalista occidental, éste no ha tenido el suficiente protagonismo dentro del derecho constitucional contemporáneo. Sus derechos apenas se reconocen de manera escalonada en las últimas dos décadas por normas de inferior jerarquía en la mayoría de los países latinoamericanos. Para conocer como nacieron los derechos del consumidor, se requiere hacer un recuento iniciando por una breve historia del surgimiento de los derechos individuales y sus garantías, y pronto con los antecedentes de la era industrial floreció a comienzos del siglo XX el Estado constitucional y democrático de derecho y con ello los derechos sociales y colectivos que dieron paso a los derechos de solidaridad (derechos de tercera generación). Para la segunda mitad del siglo XX el desarrollo tecnológico acrecienta las empresas, la producción a gran escala, masificada y estandarizada y con ello una nueva sociedad de consumo y un actor principal en la relación "el consumidor". Pero éste es tratado de una manera despersonalizada por las condiciones del comercio, por la publicidad, la moda, los monopolios y otras prácticas menos respetuosas, creando condiciones de vulnerabilidad y desigualdad. Luego, se revisan los tratados internacionales sobre derechos humanos que versan sobre la protección al consumidor. Se comparan las constituciones de Argentina y Colombia sobre el tema examinando su desarrollo en busca de las normas que contienen la protección al consumidor y cuál de los países ofrece más garantías. Se analiza de manera particular la jurisprudencia constitucional colombiana, para concluir que existen falencias normativas que protejan al consumidor en el Estado Colombiano. ; Este texto descreve o consumidor como o principal ator dentro da sociedade capitalista ocidental, mas não teve destaque suficiente no direito constitucional contemporâneo. Seus direitos dificilmente são reconhecidos de forma escalonada nas últimas duas décadas por normas hierárquicas inferiores na maioria dos países latino-americanos. Para saber como nasceram os direitos do consumidor, é necessário fazer uma recontagem a partir de uma breve história da emergência dos direitos individuais e de suas garantias, e logo com os antecedentes da era industrial, do Estado constitucional e democrático de direito e com ela os direitos sociais e coletivos que deram lugar aos direitos de solidariedade (direitos de terceira geração). Para a segunda metade do século XX, o desenvolvimento tecnológico aumenta as empresas, a produção em larga escala, em massa e padronizada e com ela uma nova sociedade de consumo e um ator principal na relação "o consumidor". Mas é tratada de forma despersonalizada pelas condições do comércio, pela publicidade, pela moda, pelos monopólios e outras práticas menos respeitosas, criando condições de vulnerabilidade e desigualdade. Em seguida, são revisados ??os tratados internacionais de direitos humanos que tratam da proteção ao consumidor. Comparam-se as constituições da Argentina e da Colômbia sobre o tema, examinando seu desenvolvimento em busca das normas que contenham a proteção ao consumidor e quais dos países oferecem mais garantias. A jurisprudência constitucional colombiana é analisada de forma particular, para concluir que existem lacunas regulatórias que protegem o consumidor no Estado colombiano.

Поступила в редакцию: 27.04.2021. Принята к печати: 09.11.2021. ; Submitted: 27.04.2021. Accepted: 09.11.2021. ; Исследование посвящено анализу причин смертности в Мексике в ходе гражданской войны за независимость. В качестве источника использованы записи о регистрации смертей в шести муниципалитетах штата Веракрус, находившихся под контролем правительства, что обеспечило аккуратность ведения регистрации. Всего было проанализировано 2 876 записей, датированных 1918 г., большая часть которых содержала информацию о причинах смерти. Основными задачами исследования было определение основных причин смерти, выявление территориальных и половозрастных различий, установление времени и степени распространения эпидемии «испанского гриппа» и общего уровня смертности в 1918 г. Для кодирования причин смерти в качестве основы была использована международная классификация, разработанная Всемирной организацией здравоохранения, — IDC-10. В соответствии с поставленными задачами все варианты записей, в которых были указаны или не указаны причины заболеваний, приведших к смерти, для удобства анализа были распределены по восьми основным классам: инфекционные; респираторные; связанные с беременностью или родами; вызванные осложнениями в перинатальный период развития плода; внешние насильственные причины; не поддающиеся классификации, связанные с младенческим и детским возрастом; не поддающиеся классификации; без указания причин. Проведенный анализ выявил проблемы регистрации, особенно в аграрных областях, вызванные слабым развитием медицинской инфраструктуры, усугубленные условиями гражданской войны. На основе анализа индивидуальных данных о причинах смерти, авторы выявили 161 вариант диагнозов, встречающихся в источниках; определили основные десять причин по каждому из шести городов Веракруса, выявив территориальные особенности; определили уровень и аккуратность регистрации, а также возрастные особенности распространения отдельных классов смертельных заболеваний. Наиболее частой причиной смерти жителей Веракруса являлись инфекционные заболевания, в особенности от них страдали дети в возрасте от года до пяти лет. Высок был также уровень респираторных заболеваний, доля смертей от которых резко возросла в последней четверти 1918 г., что было вызвано распространением испанского гриппа. Проведенный анализ номинативных данных позволил опровергнуть официальное утверждение правительства Мексики об остановке гриппа в конце 1918 г. Высокий уровень смертности от различных респираторных заболеваний в декабре 1918 г. именно в среде молодых мужчин позволяет предположить, что за различными наименованиями скрывался именно грипп. ; This article is devoted to a detailed analysis of death causes in Mexico during the Revolution and Civil War period. Our study is based on the death registration records in six government-controlled municipalities in Veracruz State which promoted registration accuracy. A total of 2 876 records from 1918 were analyzed, most of which contained information about the causes of death. The main objectives of the study were to determine the main causes of death, to identify territorial, age and gender differences, to establish the time and extent of the spread of the Spanish flu epidemic and the overall mortality rate in 1918. The 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), developed by the World Health Organization, was used as a basis for coding the causes of death. Thus, the causes of diseases that led to the death of the inhabitants of Veracruz were divided into eight main classes: infectious; respiratory; related to pregnancy or childbirth; those caused by difficulties in the perinatal period of fetal development; external violent reasons; unclassifiable, those associated with infancy and childhood; the unclassifiable; and finally, the missing. The analysis revealed registration problems, especially in the agrarian regions, caused by the poor development of medical infrastructure and aggravated by wartime conditions. Based on the analysis of individual level data on the causes of death, the authors identified the 161 diagnostic options found in the sources, identified the main ten death causes for each of the six cities of Veracruz, determined the level and accuracy of registration and the age characteristics of the spread of certain classes of fatal diseases. The most common cause of death was infectious diseases, particularly children from one to five years old suffered from these. The rate of respiratory diseases was also high, the proportion of deaths from these rose sharply in the last quarter of 1918, which was caused by the spread of the Spanish flu. The analysis of the nominative data made it possible to refute the official statement of the Mexican government about the cessation of influenza at the end of 1918. The high mortality rate from various respiratory diseases in December 1918 among young men suggests that the flu pandemic was hidden behind various other concepts.

Recently income inequality has been growing in many countries, and it is one of the biggest economic and social problems. The International Monetary Fund, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and other organizations stress the importance of this issue. According to Atkinson, Brandolini (2009), changes in income inequality show whether a particular society becomes more egalitarian over time or not, in which socio-economic direction it progresses.Even countries with similar economic structures differ in the level of income inequality and, according to Stiglitz (2015), differences in income inequality are related to policy decisions. The decisions of countries may depend on the prevailing view if markets are efficient or inefficient. In the first case, countries tend to rely more on neoliberal economic doctrine, and in the second, on the welfare state, where the role of government is more active (Stiglitz, 2017). However, it is observed that the growing income inequality is related to the growing role of the financial market, i.e. the phenomenon of financialization, which weakens the role of government. Thus, assessing the impact of financialization on income inequality is an actual topic of scientific debate.The results of studies, assessing the impact of financialization on income inequality, are mixed. Some financialization dimensions, such as financial liberalization, banking / financial crises increase income inequality, but microfinance intensity reduces income inequality. The contradictory results can be explained by the fact that research samples differ, various indicators reflecting the financialization are used, different independent variables are included in the regression equations.Studies have also been conducted in groups of countries that belong to different welfare state regimes (Josifidis, Mitrović, Supić, Glavaški, 2016; Dafermos, Papatheodorou, 2013). These studies emphasize that the level of income inequality is related to the efficiency of the social security system, i.e. income inequality is lower in Social–democratic welfare state regime (inherent universal social services and benefits) and Conservative–corporatist welfare state regime (social security model related to employment status) groups of countries than in the Mediterranean welfare state regime (characterized by the fragmentation of the social security model) and Liberal welfare state regime (inherent the specificity of the social security model, there is no universality) groups of countries. However, there is a lack of research that assesses the impact of financialization on income inequality in different welfare state regime groups of countries. The research problem: what is the impact of financialization on income inequality, is this impact the same in different EU welfare state regime groups? The object of the research - the impact of financialization on income inequality. The aim of the research is to assess the impact of financialization on income inequality in EU country groups.Research methods: analysis of scientific literature, grouping, generalization, regression analysis of panel data.When assessing the impact of financialization on income inequality in different welfare regimes EU country groups during the period 1998-2017, the least-squares regression analysis method of the panel data was used. The conducted research confirms the hypothesis and clearly shows that financialization, measured both by financial development index and domestic credit to the private sector, increases income inequality in all groups of countries. Thus, it shows that the role of the financial market is growing and financialization processes are contributing to the growth of income inequality in all groups of welfare regime countries and may reduce the role of government. These results are in line with Stiglitz, 2012; Razgūnė, 2017; Dünhaupt, 2014; Golebiowski, Szczepankowski, Wisniewska, 2016; Palley, 2008) who analyzed the relationship between financialization and growing income inequality. However, the study of Dabla-Norris et al. (2015), by contrast, find that the ratio of domestic credit to GDP in developed countries reduces income inequality. ; Straipsnyje vertinamas finansializacijos poveikis pajamų nelygybei ES šalių grupėse, išskirtose pagal gerovės režimus, 1995–2018 m. laikotarpiu taikant panelinių duomenų pirmos eilės skirtumų regresinės analizės mažiausių kvadratų metodą. Keliama hipotezė, kad finansializacija didina pajamų nelygybę visų gerovės režimų šalių grupėse. Ši hipotezė patvirtinta, vertinant skirtingų finansializacijos dimensijų (finansinio išsivystymo ir finansinio gilinimo) poveikį pajamų nelygybei skirtingų gerovės režimų ES šalių grupėse. Nustatyta, kad tiek finansinis išsivystymas, tiek vidaus kreditai privačiam sektoriui didina pajamų nelygybę visų gerovės režimų ES šalių grupėse ir krypties poveikio skirtumų nėra.

One of the main challenges which legal science faces nowadays is the creation of legal mechanisms guaranteeing sound public finance. The aim of this article is to assess the role of national fiscal rules in maintaining financial stability. Firstly, to fulfi l this aim, the role of fiscal rules and their efficiency was analysed. Next, based on the commonly used tool assessing the quality of national fiscal rules – the Fiscal Rule Index – the quality of expenditure rules in the EU countries was analysed in order to evaluate the Polish stabilising expenditure rule and the escape clause of its application. Therefore, the following research question is to be answered: whether in the face of an unstable financial situation of the state connected with an increasing deficit, deviation from the stabilising expenditure rule should be considered as being right. Research methods based on non-reactive research, i.e., analysis of professional literature, legal acts, and statistical data published by the European Commission, were used in this article. Due to this analysis, it was indicated that expenditure rules are regarded as one of the most effective tools to manage public funds, and therefore any derogations from the application of these rules should be evaluated negatively. ; e.lotko@uwb.edu.pl ; Ewa Lotko - is a Ph.D. and Assistant Professor in the Department of Public Finance and Financial Law, Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok, Poland. ; University of Bialystok, Poland ; Anderson B., Minarik J.J., Design choices for fiscal policy rules, (in:) Fiscal Policy: current issues and challenges, Research Department Public Finance Workshop, Banca d'Italia 2007. ; Ayuso-i-Casals J., Deroose S., Flores E., Moulin L., Policy Instruments for Sound Fiscal Policies. Fiscal Rules and Institutions, Brussels, Basingstoke 2009. ; Belu Manescu C., Bova E., Effectiveness of national expenditure rules: Evidence from EU member states, https://voxeu.org/article/effectiveness-national-expenditure-rules. ; Belu Manescu C., Bova E., National Expenditure Rules in the EU: An Analysis of Effectiveness and Compliance, DISCUSSION PAPER 124, April 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/economyfi nance/dp124_en_national_expenditure.pdf. ; Corbacho A., Ter-Minssian T., Public Financial Management Requirements for Effective Implementation of Fiscal Rules, (in:) R. Allen, R. Hemming, B. Potter (eds.), The International Handbook of Public Financial Management, London 2013. ; European Commission, Fiscal rules database, https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/fiscal-rules-database_en. ; European Commission, Report from the Commission. Poland. Report prepared in accordance with Article 126(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Brussels, 20.5.2020 COM(2020) 554 final. ; European Commission, Report on Public Finances in EMU (online) 2019, INSTITUTIONAL PAPER 133, July 2020. Part II Performance of spending rules at EU and national level – a quantitative assessment. ; Franek S., Reguły fiskalne w przemianach instytucjonalnych finansów publicznych, "Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego, Finanse, Rynki Finansowe, Ubezpieczenia" 2010, no. 39. ; Franek S., Postuła M., Pomiar siły instrumentów fiskalnych oraz ich skuteczność w poprawie stabilności finansów publicznych w krajach Unii Europejskiej, "Materiały i Studia NBP" 2019, no. 334. ; Kopits G., Symanski S., Fiscal policy rules, IMF Occasional Paper 162, Washington 1998. ; Lotko E., Zawadzka-Pąk U.K., Prawnofinansowe instrumenty ograniczania deficytu i długu publicznego w Polsce na tle doświadczeń europejskich, Bialystok 2018. ; Machelski T., European Union financial crisis – austerity or political short-termism to blame? "Białostockie Studia Prawnicze" 2014, z. 16. ; Marchewka-Bartkowiak K., Reguły fiskalne, "Analizy BAS" 2010, no. 7. ; Marchewka-Bartkowiak K., Reguły fiskalne w warunkach kryzysu finansów publicznych, "Ekonomia i Praw" 2012, no. 3. ; Misiak M., Pakt Stabilności i Wzrostu w dobie kryzysu fiskalnego w Unii Europejskiej, "Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica" 2010, no. 238. ; Mroczkowski R., Numeryczne reguły wydatkowe jako instrumenty wzmacniające stabilność fiskalną, (in:) W. Miemiec, K. Sawicka (eds.), Instytucje prawnofinansowe w warunkach kryzysu gospodarczego, Warsaw 2014. ; Postuła M., Kawarska A., Wpływ reguł fiskalnych na strukturę wydatków publicznych w krajach Unii Europejskiej, "Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia" 2020, vol. 54, no. 4 ; Poterba, J.M., Do Budget Rules Work? NBER Working Paper no. 5550. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge 1996. ; Rada Ministrów, Wieloletni Plan Finansowy Państwa na lata 2021–2024, April 2021. ; Tyniewicki M., Medium-term budgetary frameworks in the light of Council Directive 2011/85/EU as a basic of multiannual fi nancial planning in member states, "Białostockie Studia Prawnicze" 2014, z. 16. ; Wójtowicz K., Problem konstrukcji optymalnej reguły fiskalnej w warunkach kryzysu finansowego, "Zeszyty Naukowe. Polskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne" 2011, no. 10. ; 26 ; 5 ; 213 ; 228

Biomass is defined as organic matter from living organisms represented in all kingdoms. It is recognized to be an excellent source of proteins, polysaccharides and lipids and, as such, embodies a tailored feedstock for new products and processes to apply in green industries. The industrial processes focused on the valorization of terrestrial biomass are well established, but marine sources still represent an untapped resource. Oceans and seas occupy over 70% of the Earth's surface and are used intensively in worldwide economies through the fishery industry, as logistical routes, for mining ores and exploitation of fossil fuels, among others. All these activities produce waste. The other source of unused biomass derives from the beach wrack or washed-ashore organic material, especially in highly eutrophicated marine ecosystems. The development of high-added-value products from these side streams has been given priority in recent years due to the detection of a broad range of biopolymers, multiple nutrients and functional compounds that could find applications for human consumption or use in livestock/pet food, pharmaceutical and other industries. This review comprises a broad thematic approach in marine waste valorization, addressing the main achievements in marine biotechnology for advancing the circular economy, ranging from bioremediation applications for pollution treatment to energy and valorization for biomedical applications. It also includes a broad overview of the valorization of side streams in three selected case study areas: Norway, Scotland, and the Baltic Sea. ; This publication is based upon work from COST Action CA18238 (Ocean4Biotech), supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). AR and KK: this research was funded by the Slovenian Research Agency (research core funding P1-0245 and P1-0237). AR: this publication has been produced with financial assistance of the Interreg MED Programme, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (Project No. 8MED20_4.1_SP_001, internal ref. 8MED20_4.1_SP_001) – B-Blue project. SG, CT, and JO: this work is financed by national funds from FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of the Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences - UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of the Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy – i4HB. JaB and WH: the preparation of the manuscript was supported by the Project CONTRA (Conversion of a Nuisance to a Resource and Asset #R090, 2018–2021) of the INTERREG Baltic Sea Region Program, and Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education from the 2019–2021 science funding allocated for the implementation of international co-financed project W24/INTERREG BSR/2019. Research of Maris Klavins, VB, and LA was supported by ERDF project 1.1.1.1/16/A/050 "Variable fuel gasification for municipal solid waste recovery." MC acknowledges the funding from CEEC program supported by FCT/MCTES (CEECIND/02968/2017) and Strategic Funding UIDB/04423/2020 and UIDP/04423/2020 supported by national funds provided by FCT and ERDF. AD acknowledges financial support provided by European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the grant agreement No 857287 and Latvian Council of Science research project No. lzp-2020/1-0054. MKa: the Interreg LAT_LIT Programme, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (LLI-525 ESMIC). LB acknowledges the funding from Erasmus + Project No. ECOBIAS 609967-EPP-1-2019-1-RS-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP; GA.2019-1991/001-001. Development of master curricula in ecological monitoring and aquatic bioassessment for Western Balkans HEIs/ECOBIAS. IS and KP acknowledge financial support provided by the projects CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/17_048/0007323 and CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000754 (Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic). ZV-G acknowledges support within the project No.1.1.1.2/VIAA/1/16/029 (Formula of peat-free soil conditioner with controlled-release fertilizing effect applicable for soil remediation and quality improvement of agricultural production). IZ: the projects SLTKT20427, KIK 17431 and SARASWATI 2.0. JuB: the project No.1.1.1.2/VIAA/3/19/531 (Innovative technologies for stabilization of landfills – diminishing of environmental impact and resources potential in frames of circular economy). The work conducted by CR, LA-H, and MA was fully financed by Møreforsking AS. ; Peer reviewed

We report on multi-band observations of the transient source Swift J0840.7-3516, which was detected in outburst in 2020 February by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory. The outburst episode lasted just ∼5 days, during which the X-ray luminosity quickly decreased from LX ≈ 3 × 1037 d102 erg s-1 at peak down to LX ≈ 5 × 1033 d102 erg s-1 in quiescence (0.3-10 keV; d10 is the distance to the source in units of 10 kpc). Such x display--inline-block" style="background: var(--highlight-yellow); color: inherit;">a marked and rapid decrease in the flux was also registered at UV and optical wavelengths. In outburst, the source showed considerable aperiodic variability in the X-rays on timescales as short as x display--inline-block" style="background: var(--highlight-yellow); color: inherit;">a few seconds. The spectrum of the source in the energy range 0.3-20 keV was well described by x display--inline-block" style="background: var(--highlight-yellow); color: inherit;">a thermal, blackbody-like, component plus x display--inline-block" style="background: var(--highlight-yellow); color: inherit;">a non-thermal, power law-like, component and it softened considerably as the source returned to quiescence. The spectrum of the optical counterpart in quiescence showed broad emission features mainly associated with ionised carbon and oxygen, superposed on x display--inline-block" style="background: var(--highlight-yellow); color: inherit;">a blue continuum. No evidence for bright continuum radio emission was found in quiescence. We discuss possible scenarios for the nature of this source and show that the observed phenomenology points to x display--inline-block" style="background: var(--highlight-yellow); color: inherit;">a transient ultra-compact X-ray binary system. © ESO 2021. ; This research is based on observations made with the Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC), installed at the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias in the island of La Palma, under Director's Discretionary Time (code GTC2020-142). The data were obtained with OSIRIS, built by a Consortium led by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias in collaboration with the Instituto de Astronomía of the Universidad Autónoma de México. OSIRIS was funded by GRANTECAN and the National Plan of Astronomy and Astrophysics of the Spanish Government. We are indebted to Antonio Cabrera and the GTC staff for their efforts in performing the GTC observations. The NuSTAR mission is a project led by the California Institute of Technology, managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and funded by NASA. The NICER mission operates on the International Space Station and is funded by NASA. The Australia Telescope Compact Array is part of the Australia Telescope National Facility which is funded by the Australian Government for operation as a National Facility managed by CSIRO. We acknowledge the Gomeroi people as the traditional owners of the ATCA observatory site. This research made use of: the NuSTAR Data Analysis Software (NuSTARDAS) jointly developed by the ASI Science Data Center (ASDC) and the California Institute of Technology; software provided by the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC), which is a service of the Astrophysics Science Division at NASA/GSFC and the High Energy Astrophysics Division of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; IRAF, distributed by the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation; APLpy (Robitaille & Bressert 2012), an open-source plotting package for Python hosted at https://aplpy.github.io/; and Astropy (Astropy Collaboration 2013, 2018), a community-developed core Python package for Astronomy. We also made use of the following software: CASA (McMullin et al. 2007), HEASOFT v. 6.28, HENDRICS v. 5.1 (Bachetti 2018), XSPEC v. 12.11.1 (Arnaud 1996). FCZ and AB are supported by Juan de la Cierva fellowships. FCZ, AB and NR are supported by the ERC Consolidator Grant 'MAGNESIA' (nr. 817661) and acknowledge funding from grants SGR2017-1383 and PGC2018-095512-BI00. AdUP acknowledges funding from a Ramón y Cajal fellowship (RyC-2012-09975). TDR acknowledges financial contribution from the agreement ASI-INAF n.2017-14-H.0. We thank support from the COST Action 'PHAROS' (CA 16124). ; With funding from the Spanish government through the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (SEV-2017-0709). ; Peer reviewed