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Since the adoption of the Statute of Rome in July 1998, the ICC has been confronted by a number of problems. One such problem is the disagreement which persists among the members of the Assembly of Member States as to whether the crime of Aggression is one over which the Court has competence pursuant to Article 5 of the Statute. Another diffi culty is the opposition of the United States of America which, since the Bush Administration, has deployed a juridical arsenal with the aim of impeding any type of collaboration with the ICC; the tools in the arsenal include the American Service Members' Protection Act and bilateral immunity agreements which prevent the transfer of American citizens to the Court by State members of the Rome Statute.The entry into force of the of the Statute on 1 July 2002 allowed the Court Prosecutor to initiate the fi rst investigations and processes for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in the confl icts which have devastated certain African States (D.R.C., The Central African Republic and Uganda). The arrest warrant against the Sudanese President Omar Al Bashir for atrocities committed in Darfur demonstrates the limitations of action on the Court which cannot carry out its mandate without the cooperation of the States. Above all, the Court must confront the criticism of "double standards" and that it is an instrument of "justice for the poor", while the "powerful" escape. The answers to these problems can be contributed to, in part, through the revision process foreseen by the Statute nine years after its entry into force. ; Desde la adopción del Estatuto de Roma en julio de 1998, la CPI está confrontada a varios problemas, entre los que se encuentra el desacuerdo que persiste entre la Asamblea de Estados parte relativo a la defi nición del crimen de agresión, que es uno de los crímenes de competencia de la Corte de acuerdo con el artículo 5 del Estatuto. Otra difi cultad es la oposición de los Estados Unidos de América desde que la administración Bush desplegó todo un arsenal jurídico destinado a impedir cualquier tipo de colaboración con la CPI con el American Service Members' Protection Act y los acuerdos bilaterales de inmunidad destinados a prevenir la entrega de ciudadanos estadounidenses a la Corte por parte de los Estados miembros del Estatuto de Roma.La entrada en vigor de su Estatuto el 1 de julio de 2002 le permitió al Fiscal de la Corte iniciar las primeras investigaciones y procesos por crímenes de guerra y por crímenes contra la humanidad cometidos en los conflictos que destrozan ciertos Estados africanos (R.D.C., República Centroafricana, Uganda). La orden de detención contra el presidente sudanés Omar Al Bashir por las atrocidades cometidas en Darfur muestra los límites de la actuación de la Corte, al no poder ejecutar su mandato sin la cooperación de los Estados. La Corte debe enfrentarse a las críticas relativas al "doble estándar" y de ser un instrumento de "justicia para los pobres" de la que se escaparían los "poderosos". Las respuestas a estos problemas podrían ser aportadas, en parte, en el marco de los procesos de revisión previstos por el Estatuto de Roma nueve años después de su entrada en vigor. ; La protection internationale des droits de l'homme est fondée sur le principe d'universalité qui caractérise cette préoccupation du droit international ; mais l'intervention de critères de sélectivité entraîne une discordance dans les résultats.Différents facteurs limitent la protection effective : il n'y a pas véritablement de clarté sur des concepts comme : caractère obligatoire et exigibilité des instruments, normes de ius cogens et hiérarchie des normes, influence de la conjoncture politique et des relations internationales entre États. Les États délèguent l'accomplissement de leurs obligations aux différentes organisations internationales ; les États sont sélectifs en soi, par des politiques contingentes ; les institutions régionales, en incluant dans leurs décisions des thèmes non juridiques, encouragent la sélectivité.Pour y faire face, le droit international doit rétablir les valeurs originelles, revenir aux origines de la protection internationale et à l'objectif de fournir aux individus un accès direct aux institutions internationales, de manière à garantir tant l'État de droit que l'impartialité professionnelle, ainsi que les changements institutionnels nécessaires pour faire de la protection recherchée une réalité universelle.

Sumario: This paper examines IMF government spending projections for 181 countries, identifying two main phases: fiscal expansion (2008-2009) and fiscal consolidation (2010 onwards); presents the main adjustment measures considered since 2010 and their adverse socio-economic impacts in both high income and developing countries; analyses divergent trends in social protection across regions, focusing on the positive expansion of social protection floors in a majority of developing countries; reviews potential areas of fiscal space for the necessary extension of social protection systems; and presents the developmental arguments to invest in social protection in pursuit of crisis recovery, inclusive development and social justice

En emergencias con la magnitud como la del coronavirus, los Estados enfrentan consecuencias económicas y sociales que derivan en mayor demanda de bienes y servicios para atender las necesidades que se generen por tal situación, así como en afectaciones por la limitada actividad económica por las restricciones o imposibilidad de operar con normalidad. Esta situación propicia la manipulación de información y genera las condiciones para el uso inadecuado de fondos y fideicomisos de emergencia o presupuestos extraordinarios. El ejercicio del gasto toma particular importancia, porque de hacer un mal uso de esos fondos extraordinarios, se vulneran los derechos de las personas. Para garantizar la integridad de estos recursos extraordinarios y en consecuencia el acceso de las personas al ejercicio oportuno de sus derechos, Transparencia Internacional acá propone las recomendaciones para las compras y contrataciones públicas que se realicen en el marco de una emergencia.

En ésta carta, dirigida al Secretario General de la Organización de los Estados Americanos (OEA), Transparencia Internacional (TI) solicita, entre otros, una acción urgente por parte de la OEA para asegurar que, en las Américas, se minimicen los riesgos de corrupción, se fortalezca la transparencia y se ejerzan razonablemente los poderes de emergencia. Una acción insuficiente con respecto a estos desafíos podría poner en riesgo el progreso que la Organización ha realizado para enfrentar la corrupción y fortalecer la democracia en la región.

Social rights are a product of human needs and under these has been developed in history as demands which were subsequently accepted by the national law in their constitutions and then, as a result of the global dynamic, in norms of international law, where they are also stablished institutions to which citizens can turn to force the state to fulfill some of these guarantees or compensate damages. On the other hand, the States for they operation adopt economic models and in this way take a position on their role in society. Thus, for decades the neoliberal economic model has been prevailing in national policies, thanks to pressure from the major capital through the global powers and international financial institutions, impacting negatively the effectiveness of social rights. In this context, the article, from the historical analysis of social rights and the study of the new international order, analyzes the role of these rights today. ; Los derechos sociales son un producto de las necesidades humanas y conforme a éstas, se han desarrollado en la historia como exigencias que posteriormente fueron acogidas por los ordenamientos nacionales en sus constituciones y luego, como producto de la dinámica global, en la normatividad internacional, en donde también se establecen instituciones a las que los ciudadanos pueden acudir para obligar al Estado a cumplir algunas de estas garantías o resarcir los daños causados. Por otra parte, los Estados para su funcionamiento se acogen a modelos económicos y de esta manera asumen una posición sobre su papel en la sociedad. Así, desde varias décadas, gracias a las presiones de los grandes capitales por intermedio de las potencias —hegemónicas y emergentes—, y los organismos financieros internacionales, prevalece el modelo económico que privilegia el capital como prioridad en las políticas públicas nacionales creando órdenes internacionales que impactan negativamente la eficacia de los derechos sociales. En este contexto, el artículo, a partir del análisis histórico de los derechos sociales y el estudio del nuevo orden internacional, analiza el rol que estos derechos desempeñan en la actualidad. ; Les droits sociaux sont un produit des besoins humains qui ont été développés au cours de l'histoire comme des exigences qui ont ensuite été acceptées par les lois nationales dans leurs constitutions. Après, elles ont été choisies comme produit de la dynamique mondiale dans le cadre normatif international, où des institutions sont également établies et où les citoyens peuvent faire appel pour forcer l'État à respecter certaines de ces garanties ou à indemniser les dégâts causés. D'autre part, les États pour leur fonctionnement sont soumis à des modèles économiques. De cette manière, ils se positionnent sur leur rôle dans la société. Ainsi, pendant plusieurs décennies, et grâce à la pression des grandes capitales, à travers les puissances —hégémoniques et émergentes— et les organisations financières internationales, le modèle économique prévaut. Il privilégie le capital comme priorité des politiques publiques nationales, créant des ordres internationaux qui ont un impact négatif sur l'efficacité des droits sociaux. Dans ce contexte, l'article analyse le rôle qui jouent ces droits aujourd'hui, basé sur l'analyse historique des droits sociaux et l'étude du nouvel ordre international. ; Os direitos sociais são um produto das necessidades humanas e, como resultado disso, eles se desenvolveram na história como requisitos que foram subsequentemente aceitos pelas leis nacionais em suas constituições e, então, como um produto da dinâmica global, nos regulamentos internacionais, onde Instituições também são estabelecidas para que os cidadãos possam ir para forçar o Estado a cumprir algumas dessas garantias ou para compensar os danos causados. Por outro lado, os Estados para sua operação adotam modelos econômicos e, assim, assumem uma posição sobre seu papel na sociedade. Assim, por várias décadas, graças às pressões do grande capital através dos poderes - organizações financeiras hegemônicas e emergentes - e internacionais, predomina o modelo econômico que privilegia o capital como prioridade nas políticas públicas nacionais ao criar ordens internacionais que impactar negativamente a eficácia dos direitos sociais. Nesse contexto, o artigo, baseado na análise histórica dos direitos sociais e no estudo da nova ordem internacional, analisa o papel que esses direitos desempenham hoje.

Through materialist dialectics, the article is dedicated to the study and solution of theoretical and practical questions related to the right of a person not to declare or give explanations about himself, his relatives, or close relatives. Interested here was the thorough review of the doctrinal sources of this right, the meaning and methodology of its research, the concept and content of the right of a person not to testify, the peculiarities of this right in Ukraine and in the world, its legislation, as well as its guarantee of implementation. In addition, based on the analysis of the legislation of each country, the authors identify the characteristics of the guarantee, analyze the theoretical aspects and the practical problems of granting the police and judicial authorities the right not to declare or give explanations about themselves. It is concluded that the immunity of witnesses means a set of rules that exempts certain groups of witnesses from the obligation to testify in criminal proceedings, as well as from the obligation of the witness to testify against himself. In this sense, immunity for a witness is divided into two types of imperatives: (absolute, unconditional) and device (relative, conditional).

The article addresses the qualification problems of armed conflicts. The study was conducted through the analysis of international legal doctrine, international treaties, decisions of international organizations. Attention is paid to the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Court. It is noted that International Humanitarian Law has been in place since the beginning of the armed conflict. Therefore, the application of International Humanitarian Law does not require any recognition of the existence of armed conflict (international or non-international); this conflict exists because of armed clashes. It is emphasized that the need to classify the conflict arises in view of domestic and international legal factors (to bring to international criminal justice those who have committed war crimes; state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts, etc.). Attention was paid to the non-existence of a single body, which was empowered to determine the existence of an armed conflict. Different international agencies may have different qualifications for the same armed conflict. It is concluded that it is necessary to establish a Committee of Experts under the UN Secretary-General, to avoid different qualifications from the same armed conflict.

Sports activities, which were originally considered entertainment, have become a large industry and, consequently, their commercial dimensions have gained special prominence. Iurged to address this problem in the form of scientific research the fact that, now, sport is an independent commercial phenomenon, both in civil and international trade. Thus, in the first place, the concept of sports contracts is analyzed. This research has used descriptive, analytical methods and bibliographic research with valid legal sources to collect information. The results ofthe study showed that the formation and dissolution ofthe sports contract is subject to special rules, international and national, which have distinguished it from the general rules of other contracts. Therefore, due to the expansion of professional sport, special regulations in various sports-related fields are an undeniable necessity and, at the same time, a novel field for scientific legal study.

The article studies aftereffects of restructuring the Russian system of education and personnel training and shows the participation of Russia international academic mobility in the 21st century. It also touches upon the issue of attracting foreign students to overseas universities in conditions of globalization of education service market. The authors analyze the processes taking place in the present and potential 'suppliers' of high school and university students, post-graduate students, trainees and young researchers and study the impact of these processes on the increase in population incomes, demographic situation in the country or region as a whole. The novelty of the research in connected with the education sphere analysis. The authors point out to the important role of students in political life and public movements. Establishing, intensifying and broadening direct partner's links among universities of member-states of EAEU and CIS can foster the development of long-term cooperation in post-soviet space. The article puts forward recommendations for the project aimed at upgrading the training of specialists for foreign countries in Russian universities, mainly for member-states of CIS, post-soviet space and countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

The author provides an overview about the field of international political economy (IPE) along metatheoretical lines. The IPE communities in the United States and Western Europe exhibit more differences than commonalities in their ontological, epistemological and methodological assumptions. While the U.S. perspective is solidly based on a materialist ontology, methodological individualism, and neopositivism as its epistemological foundation, the European IPE community is considerably more heterogeneous in its theoretical, epistemological and methodological approaches. The article ends with a view towards the future introducing three possible scenarios for the IPE sub-discipline.

The purpose of the research is to highlight international cooperation in investigation of economic crimes of a transnational nature. The main content. It is emphasized that the concept of "international cooperation in fight against crimes" is in the sphere of action of various legal systems of both international public law and domestic law of states (countries) taking part in cooperation.". It is established that it is necessary to clearly delineate the subject of international legal regulation of this type of interaction between states and international organizations. Methodology. Review of materials and methods based on analyzing documentary materials of international cooperation in investigating economic crimes of transnational nature. Conclusions. Due to objective reasons and circumstances modern international relations are characterized by expansion of legal cooperation in investigating economic crimes of transnational nature. At the same time, certain entities can be clearly distinguished in the circle of participants of such cooperation. Considering their goals of creation, their range of powers and features of their implementation such entities operate only in the fight against crimes at the international level - these are international law enforcement organizations.

La planificación tributaria internacional se ha desarrollado fundamentada en la globalización y tiene su principal asidero en los múltiples beneficios que el propio legislador ha incorporado en la legislación, en su afán de atraer a los países inversión extranjera directa. Existe una gama muy variada de definiciones sobre la planificación tributaria, la elusión y la evasión. ; International Tax Planning has been developed based upon globalization and has its main stronghold in the multiple benefits that congressmen has incorporated in their own legislation, with the purpose of attracting direct foreign investment to their countries. There is a wide variety of definitions about tax planning, tax eluding, and tax evasion

International Tax Planning has been developed based upon globalization and has its main stronghold in the multiple benefits that congressmen has incorporated in their own legislation, with the purpose of attracting direct foreign investment to their countries. There is a wide variety of definitions about tax planning, tax eluding, and tax evasion ; La planificación tributaria internacional se ha desarrollado fundamentada en la globalización y tiene su principal asidero en los múltiples beneficios que el propio legislador ha incorporado en la legislación, en su afán de atraer a los países inversión extranjera directa. Existe una gama muy variada de definiciones sobre la planificación tributaria, la elusión y la evasión.

The purpose of the article was to study the problems that arise during the settlement of disputes in the order of international commercial arbitration. The article used general scientific (dialectic, analysis and synthesis) and special legal (comparative legal, formal-logical, systemic, hermeneutic, axiological) methods. In the results of the research, it was established that the characteristic features of electronic development contracts in international trade are: electronic forms of conclusion of pre-contractual and contractual communication, making amendments and additions to the contract. Taking into account the features that accompany the chosen form of contracting prevails the need to refer to the provisions of the applicable legislation on tax and customs legislation and protection of personal data, etc. The conclusions state that the main problems in the resolution of disputes arising from e-commerce contracts, in international commercial arbitration, are the issues of requirements and validity of the arbitration clauses contained in such contracts, the importance of the agreements reached in the pre-contractual stage in the subsequent resolution of disputes between the parties and the problems of proof arising from the peculiarities of entering into relevant contracts