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After summarizing various international relations crises in the 20th century, the article discusses how they helped change the worldview on economic conditions & international relations. The idea of globalization as a new perspective in the field of international relations is analyzed & conclusions drawn on its financial & political meanings. The article then comments on the importance of the growth in numbers of democratic countries & the prevention of armed conflict between nations. E. Miller

Summary in English.

On the night of 7 July 1937, an unexpected exchange of fire on the Marco Polo Bridge about 12 km from Peking, China, between a detachment of the Japanese garrison of Fengtang deployed in military exercises & a patrol unit of the Chinese army stationed in the region, broke the peace established by the 1932 Peace Accord that ended the Japanese occupation of Manchuria. While some commentators suggest that this incident marked the beginning of WWII, it did indeed indicate the start of a true war between China & Japan. After sketching the bellicose background of China-Japan relations in the early 20th century, diplomatic actions of the Joint Commission created by the incomplete Peace Accord are explored. In particular, the nonconforming (to the Anglo-US norm) behavior of the Italian representatives is examined. Details are also provided of the War of Shanghai (Aug-late Dec 1937). J. Sadler

La guerre du Vietnam est devenue aux Etats-Unis un sujet de reflexion politique. La question centrale est de savoir dans quelle mesure il est possible, necessaire et moralement legitime d'utiliser la force pour sauvegarder la position mondiale des Etats-Unis. Des auteurs comme N. Podhoretz ont recemment tente de theoriser l'usage de la force armee pour des motifs de moralite. Le probleme est inseparable de l'extension du communisme. (Internat. Pol. Science Assoc.)

Untersuchung der Probleme, die die gewollte Absetzung des Staates Israel von seinen arabischen Nachbarn mit sich brachte, sowie Ursachen für das ausgeprägte Sicherheitsbedürfnis Israels, das zusammen mit dem Fehlen genau definierter Grenzen einer friedlichen Regelung der Palästinafrage und einer Einigung mit den arabischen Nachbarstaaten im Wege steht. (DÜI-Hlr)

The political role of international theoretical discourse is an essential & most contested issue in the IR contemporary debate. The resistance of traditional perspectives to the inclusion of self-reflective elements on the agenda of international political analysis reflects the inadequacy of the theoretical framework to bear the ambiguous relation between political & theoretical discourse. I argue that metaphorical analysis has the potential both to offer an important self-reflective contribution to IR discipline & to discard its theoretical boundaries -- as defined by positivist & neopositivist assumptions. Political metaphors establish meanings that frame both political & theoretical discourse. The distinction between these two, albeit possible on analytic grounds, is in practice much less tenable; the cognitive representations of each commonly spill over to the other. Once metaphorically established, the meanings attached to these representations play a role that is both influential & latent or, more precisely, influential because latent. The analysis of political metaphors offers the opportunity to shed some light on & investigate the latent meanings that theoretical discourse assimilates from political discourse & vice versa. However, the theoretical requirements of metaphoric analysis are not compatible with the main assumptions that constitute the theoretical framework of IR traditional perspectives. The second part of the article presents reasons why metaphoric analysis, while comfortably adaptable to critical & constructivist research programs, does indeed "threaten" IR disciplinary boundaries -- as defined by the realist, pluralist, & structuralist triad -- but it also offers the opportunity to expand them toward grounds that appear more acceptable both socially & theoretically. 1 Table, 84 References. Adapted from the source document.

A report summarizing debates on proposals for European integration at the European Council of Laeken, on the eve of the introduction of the euro. Among issues discussed are the following: European defense & security policy; adding more countries to the EU; interventions (humanitarian & military) in Afghanistan; position on the war against terrorism; the general economic outlook; the Lisbon strategy; employment; sustainable development & quality of life; research & development; consolidation of the European social model; a common asylum & immigration policy; more efficient control of foreign borders; international cooperation in legal & law enforcement matters; foreign policy statements on the Middle East, the western Balkan nations, Africa, & Russia; & cooperation on development matters. 2 Appendixes. J. Sadler