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A review essay on books by (1) George Lakoff & Mark Johnson, Metafory, kterymizijeme (Brno: Host, 2002); (2) Francis A. Beer & Christ'l De Landtsheer [Eds], Metaphorical World Politics (East Lansing: Michigan State U Press, 2004); (3) Andreas Musolff, Mirror Images of Europe. Metaphors in the Public Debate about Europe in Britain and Germany (Munchen: Iudicium, 2000); (4) Rainer Hulsse, Metaphern der EU-Erweiterung als Konstruktion europaischer Identitat (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003); & Hans Verboven, Die Metapher als Ideologie: Eine kognitiv-semantische Analyse der Kriegsmetaphorik im Fruhwerk Ernst Jungers (Heidelberg: Universitatsverlag WINTER, 2003).

The study deals with the so far mostly unaccented problem of the conflict in Northeastern Sudan. In contrast to the Darfur crisis, the conflict in NE Sudan is in progress without attracting any greater amount of international attention. In the text, I examine the development of the general marginalization of the inhabitants of the region in the context of the Sudanese politics since independence until the present time. The main issues of the study are the ethnicization & economization of the conflict & its international consequences. These consequences are still only latent, but the lack of conflict management might contribute to the spread of tensions abroad, as was the case with Darfur. I then argue that the passivity of the international society, as in the case of Darfur, makes certain that there is no chance for the NE Sudan conflict to be quickly resolved. As a conclusion, I suggest a solution to the crisis in the form of a broader engagement of regional organizations & states, especially IGAD (Inter-Governmental Agency for Development). Adapted from the source document.

This article deals with the Czech discipline of International Relations addressing its recent historical evolution as well as its current state. It relies on the concepts of field, capital, doxa & habitus developed by the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. It argues that the discipline was founded in the late 1950s as a part of the political field, entering the field of science as late as the 1990s. Therefore, the main dichotomies of the field were defined politically for most of the time, e.g. reformist communists vs. orthodox communists or anti-communists vs. communists. Nowadays, the dichotomy refers to the role of theory, which splits empirical & descriptive research from theoretically oriented research. This analysis also takes into account the professional trajectory of the author & his embedded position within the discipline. References. Adapted from the source document.

This article presents the idea that the social sciences are by nature normative & so simply cannot exist without normativeness at all. Their purpose is to understand & help solve social problems. The choices of issues, problems & questions are neither random nor objective, but are the results of normative consensus of their specific social-scientific discipline, as well as the greater social environment in which social scientists make them. This argument is applied to the polemics between Marek Louzek & Petr Drulak. I show that contrary to Louzek's assertions, the realism of E. H. Carr & Hans Morgenthau is strongly & explicitly normatively oriented. It is therefore unjustified to distinguish between normative idealists & scientific realists. The final section deals with the question what this conclusion means for the study of international relations. Adapted from the source document.

The article is part of a wider discussion on & the assessment of the global terrorism threat since 2001. Terrorism considered the most dangerous & urgent security threat of today. The text focuses on the three major terrorist attacks in recent history: USA (2001), Madrid (2004) & London (2005). The text examines whether terrorism still remains an indirect strategy in the globalization era. The author analyses the effects of previous terrorist attacks in the assessment of terrorism by politicians, looking at the impact of this assessment on further developments in international relations, both on the regional & global level. The article studies the links between the imminence of a terrorist threat & individual Western countries' approaches to the Islamic world & immigrants coming from this world. The author focuses on global terrorism threat assessment at the theoretical level, introducing the main schools of thought & approaches. Adapted from the source document.

Aufzeichnung einer unter Finanzexperten geführten Diskussion über die Krise, der Globalisierung. Ihr unmittelbarer Anlaß war die finanzwirtschaftliche Krise in Thailand und darauifhin in Japan. An den Ursachen der Asien-Krise hätten sich die Teilnehmer nicht verständigen können. Daher meinten einige von ihnen, es wäre fruchtbarer, darüber zu reden, wie die Risiken der freien Weltwirtschaft einzuschränken seien. Dabei wurde postuliert, daß es eine Aufgabe der Wirtschaftspolitik gäbe, mit der alle, von Keynes bis Friedman, einverstanden wären: Regierungen gemeinsam mit den Zentralbanken trügen die Verantwortung für eine solche Entwicklung der Staatsausgaben, die ein vernünftiges inflationsfreies Wachstum gewährleiste. (BIOst-Hrs)

Zu den aktuellsten Aufgaben der EU gehört der Übergang zur gemeinsamen Währungs-, Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik. Dies setzt grundlegende institutionelle Reformen zugunsten einer vertieften Integration voraus. Hierzu zählt nicht zuletzt die Einführung von Mehrheitsentscheidungen. Das Gros der EU-Bürger verlangt zudem, daß die EU nach gemeinsamen Lösungen auch in der Beschäftigungs- und Sozialpolitik sucht, um ansteigender Massenarbeitslosigkeit und sozialer Spannungen Herr zu werden. Darin zeigt sich, daß die Gemeinschaft bei weitem nicht nur als eine Freihandelszone betrachten wird. Daruaf reduziert hätte sie kaum Überlebenschancen. Zu den christlichen Grundlagen Europas gehört ja Solidarität zwischen Arm und Reich, Starken und Schwachen, entwickelten und zurückgebliebenen Regionen. Die in der Tschechischen Republik dominierende Tendenz - statt Solidarität individuelle Jagd nach Profit - entspricht dem Bild des heutigen Westeuropas nicht. (BIOst-Hrs)

This article deals with the rules of power distribution and the delegation of power in international security organizations. More specifically, the paper describes and evaluates the delegation of power in the security regimes of the UN, NATO, and the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). The paper proceeds from a hypothesis drawing on existing research. According to this hypothesis, the security regime of the UN is marked by a substantial delegation of power, but we can observe only weak power delegations in NATO and the CFSP. So while the UN's security regime can be considered supranational, NATO and the CFSP represent intergovernmental regimes. The analysis carried out in this paper confirms the hypothesis. In comparison with existing literature, however, the paper submits much more precise and concrete findings. Moreover, the paper also forwards a rather unique conceptual and methodological approach for studies of power distribution in international organizations (IOs). In this way, it contributes towards the general study of IOs, which is currently rather stagnant. Adapted from the source document.

The application of Elias's Theory of civilization, in the field of international relations, is the theoretical concept of civilian power. In this analysis, I concluded that there are several attributes that allow the use of military force by civilian power. These attributes consist of: (1) using military force as a last resort for dealing with conflicts, and only when all other means have failed; (2) playing an active role in seeking non-militant ways of crisis resolution and military conflict prevention; (3) conducting only military operations that conform to international law and (4) that intend to support and defend human rights while (5) minimizing destruction and casualties, not only on its own side but also on the side of its enemy and finally, (6) having military operations (with the exception of self defense) take place in a multinational framework, which would not be used as a tool for unilateral policies. Adapted from the source document.

The objective of this article is to provide a survey of basic facts about process of globalization. We can define globalization as the international economic integration through particular markets. Globalization is largely continual & objective process that began approximately in the middle of nineteenth century. Main factors determining globalization are technology & liberalization & also "desire of people to participate in globalization." On the other hand globalization reinforces these factors. Within globalization we can also see two following processes. The essence of the first one is centralization & concentration of production & capital & in the centre of second one stands a process of transnationalization. The results of these tendencies are creation & action of transnational corporations. Today these firms are major entities forming present globalization. It is also necessary to give certain attention to the role of state in current world. References. Adapted from the source document.

Der amerikanische Ökonom verweist darauf, dass in den vergangenen vier Jahren sieben Länder (Mexiko, Argentinien, Thailand, Südkorea, Indonesien, Malaysia und Hongkong) mehrere Wirtschaftsrezessionen durchmachten, und zwar schlimmere als all jene, die die USA seit den 30er Jahren trafen. Die unmittelbare Ursache - eine schwere Erschütterung, die ein Wunder in ein Debakel verwandelte - stehe für ihn außer Frage: es war der weltumspannende Kapitalmarkt. Solange das Kapital frei fliesse, wären die Länder gegenüber spekulativen Attacken wehrlos. Folgerichtig stellt er die Frage, ob es nicht machbar sei, den internationalen Kapitalfluß einzuschränken. (BIOst-Hrs)

The EU Council Presidency is considered a very influential & suitable tool for domestic communication of European integration & its agenda. The article analyses the last ten EU Council Presidencies & their impact on public support to the key elements of European integration. The hypothesis of the article is the argument that the EU Council Presidency in its current form increases support for the European integration (and its key elements) & increases the level of knowledge about European integration among the public. Adapted from the source document.