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Nurses have been recruited to Finland from the Philippines since 2008. Although the numbers are relatively low, the phenomenon is new and has thus given rise to a manifold societal debate. It has been questioned, whether the international recruitment of nurses is an ethically and economically sustainable solution to the shortage of nursing staff in Finland. This publication serves as a forum where various agents in the international recruitment processes can get their voice to be heard. A multi-perspective approach is used to enable researchers to provide a fair, equivalent and empirically-validated illustration of the causes and consequences of international recruitment processes. - Suomeen on rekrytoitu vuodesta 2008 lähtien sairaanhoitajia Filippiineiltä. Määrät eivät ole suuria, mutta koska ilmiö on suhteellisen uusi, toiminta on herättänyt vilkasta yhteiskunnallista keskustelua puolesta ja vastaan. Kriittisissä puheenvuoroissa on kyseenalaistettu paitsi toiminnan eettisyys myös taloudellinen kannattavuus. Tässä julkaisussa filippiiniläishoitajien rekrytointia tarkastellaan kansainvälisen rekrytointiprosessin eri osapuolten näkökulmista. Erilaisten näkökulmien yhdistämisellä pyritään muodostamaan mahdollisimman tasapuolinen, tutkimustietoon perustuva kokonaiskuva kansainvälisen rekrytoinnin syistä ja seurauksista.

Preliminary Material /Asbjørn Eide , Jakob Th. Möller and Ineta Ziemele -- The Right to Peace Milestones in the Development of International Humanitarian Law /Daniel Thürer -- Post-War American International Law Scepticism: The International Criminal Court, Stockholm 1924 /Mark Weston Janis -- Peace as a Human Right: The Jus Cogens Prohibition of Aggression /Alfred de Zayas -- The Human Right to Peace /William A. Schabas -- Security and Human Rights in the Regulation of Private Military Companies: The Role of the Home State /Francesco Francioni -- The United Nations and Human Rights What Makes Democracy Good? /Lyal S. Sunga -- Is the United Nations Human Rights Council Living Up to the International Community's Expectations? /Markus G. Schmidt -- The UN Human Rights Council: The Perennial Struggle between Realism and Idealism /Bertrand G. Ramcharan -- Eight UN Petitions Procedures: A Comparative Analysis /Jakob Th. Möller -- The Legal Status of Views Adopted by the Human Rights Committee – From Genesis to Adoption of General Comment No. 33 /Geir Ulfstein -- Winter Break 2010: A Week in the Life of a Special Rapporteur /Martin Scheinin -- Legal and Judicial Shortcomings of the Surrogate State of "UNMIKISTAN" /Margrét Heinreksdóttir -- The Right to Inclusive Education for Children with Disabilities – Innovations in the CRPD /Arnardóttir Arnardóttir -- Human Rights at the Regional Level The Council of Europe: A Champion in Monitoring Implementation of Human Rights Standards? /Petter F. Wille -- Flexibilising the Modes of Amending the European Convention on Human Rights: An Idea for a 'Statute' for the European Court /Krzysztof Drzewicki -- Strengthening of the Principle of Subsidiarity of the European Convention on Human Rights /Björg Thorarensen -- Presumption of Convention Compliance /Davíð Þór Björgvinsson -- The Right to Adequate Judicial Reasoning /Ragnar Aðalsteinsson -- Dialogue Between States and International Human Rights Monitoring Organs – Especially the European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance /Lauri Hannikainen -- How Old Are You? Age Discrimination and EU Law /Allan Rosas -- NHRIs in the European Union: Status Quo Vadis? /Morten Kjærum and Jonas Grimheden -- Selected Examples of the Contemporary Practice of the Inter-American System in Confronting Grave Violations of Human Rights: United States and Colombia /Diego Rodríguez-Pinzón -- Indigenous Peoples and Minorities Prevention of Discrimination, Protection of Minorities, and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Challenges and Choices /Asbjørn Eide -- Minority Protection in the African System of Human Rights /Michelo Hansungule -- Indigenous Peoples on the International Scene: A Personal Reminiscence /Lee Swepston -- Indigenous Peoples and the Right to Development /Rainer Hofmann and Juri Alistair Gauthier -- Principal Problems Regarding Indigenous Land Rights and Recent Endeavours to Resolve Them /Erica-Irene A. Daes -- Traditional Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples: Preserve or Protect? – That's the Question! /Mpazi Sinjela -- Redefining Sovereignty and Self-Determination through a Declaration of Sovereignty: The Inuit Way of Defining the Parameters for Future Arctic Governance /Timo Koivurova.

The great change in European relations with Russia took place in 1478 when Muscovy replaced the trading Republic of Novgorod as a neighbor of Sweden, Livonia and Lithuania. Western Europe was since that year bordering to a bellicose great power with large resources causing dread. The feelings of dread caused by Russia with Czars like Ivan the Terrible became a standing theme in printed matter as well as politics and the image of Russia became very much similar to the image of Turkey, which threatened Europe from South-East. Various, usually rather negative, stereotype expressions characterized the vocabulary of the 16th century.
The Peace of Stolbova in 1617 started a period of successive change. The era of Sweden as a Great Power led to growing knowledge about Russia in almost every respect, but it was still based on the already accepted stereotypes. They started, however, typically to seem more diluted and thin with time. The image of Russia as a threat was to a growing extent replaced by an image of a possibility. The perhaps most remarkable but rather unoriginal printed Swedish description of Russia of the era was Regni Muschovotici Sciographia, published by Petrus Petrejus.
At the final stage of Sweden's era as a great power there was a substantial widening but also polarization of the information on Russia. The Russian reform process during Tsar Peter I also began to influence the minds after the turn of the century in 1700. One of the principal describers of this process was Lars Johan Malm (Ehrenmalm), whose large manuscript about the power of the Russian Empire of that time, Några Anmärkningar Angående det Ryska Rijkets Nuvarande Macht from 1714, never reached the printers due to intervention from censors.

Despite long traditions for contact with Latin America, increasing trade and investments in the region and important contributions to the recent peace process in Colombia, Latin America is often depicted as a "forgotten region" in Norway. Through a series of thematic analyses of the extent of Norway's contacts with Latin America, the authors of this anthology seeks to correct this perceived image of a "forgotten region". - På tross av lange tradisjoner for kontakt med Latin-Amerika, økende handel og investeringer i Latin-Amerika og viktige bidrag og engasjement i fredsprosessen i Colombia, blir ofte Latin-Amerika fremstilt som en glemt region her hjemme. Forfatterne av denne boken søker å korrigere dette inntrykket gjennom en rekke tematiske analyser som viser bredden av vår kontakt med regionen.

The focus of this research is on Finland's role in Soviet Union's calculation of its foreign policy between 1920 and 1930. This was the first decade of both Finnish independence and of Soviet power in Russia. This book answers questions about the objectives of Soviet foreign policy in Finland, on the contacts used by the Soviet legation to obtain information, and on how well the Soviets understood Finland's objectives. People interested in Finland and in Russian perspectives with regards to foreign policy and neighbouring countries will find much new in this book because it relies on formerly unpublished Russian archival material to form the basis for charting Soviet objectives in Finland. The book shows that the Soviets primarily observed Finland in a larger regional context along with other states on its borders in the Baltic Sea region. The global objectives of the revolution and the Soviet Union, but also the domestic political situation in both countries, are reflected on this framework. The period was characterized by forced collectivization in the Soviet Union and, in Finland, by the rise of the right-wing Lapua Movement that emerged at the onset of the Great Depression, laying the foundations for the most severe crisis in the relations during 1929–1930 when the issues surrounding these events destabilized simultaneously the society and political decision-making in both countries

Alex Matson (1888–1972) is an important Finnish literary critic and essayist, whose literary reviews and collections of essays have made a vital contribution to the development of Finland's postwar literary generation. Born in Finland as the son of a sailor, Matson moved as a young child with his family to Hull in England, where he went to school. In the 1910s, he moved back to Finland, where he at first established himself as painter associated with the expressionist November Group, an important Finnish artistic movement at the time. In the interbellum, he moved from fine arts to literature. In the 1920s and 1930s, he published several novels, but more important was his work as transmitter of international literary ideas to Finland. Together with his first wife, Kersti Bergroth, he edited the literary journal Sininen kirja (""The Blue Book""; 1927–1930), which was inspired by the writings of John Middleton Murry and Katherine Mansfield. Sininen kirja is the most international literary journal in Finnish history to date and introduced Finland to the most significant modernist writers of the first half of the 20th century (Gottfried Benn, Jean Cocteau, Alfred Döblin, T. S. Eliot, Aldous Huxley, James Joyce, D. H. Lawrence, Katherine Mansfield, Paul Valéry, Virginia Woolf).
During the Second World War, Matson worked for the State Communications Agency, which was responsible for disseminating relevant information about Finland to other nations and for informing Finns of relevant developments abroad. It was also tasked with studying the prevailing mood among the population in Finland. In Matson's unpublished wartime diaries, one can see the first symptoms of a shift in Finnish culture away from Germany and towards Anglo-Saxon culture.
From the 1940s onwards, Matson recommended new English and American novels as a part of his work as reader for Finnish publishing houses, and he also translated works by Joyce, Hemingway and Steinbeck. With the help of a network of international literary critics, Matson became acquainted with New Criticism, which he introduced to Finland before it became established among academic researchers. He was often critical of academic literary studies, but his seminal essay works Romaanitaide (""On the Prose Novel""; 1947), John Steinbeck (1948), Kaksi mestaria (""Two Masters"", on Tolstoy and Dostoevsky; 1950) as well as his impressive conversational skills were instrumental in introducing knowledge about the principles of the prose novel to several authors (including Väinö Linna, Lauri Viita, and Hannu Salama), and contributed to their views of literature. Matson emphasized the importance of reading and understanding high-quality literature for the wellbeing of society.

Songs and writings: oral and literary cultures in early-modern Finland renews the understanding of exchange between the learned culture of clergymen and the culture of commoners, or "folk". What happened when the Reformation changed the position of the oral vernacular language to literary and ecclesiastical, and when folk beliefs seem to have become an object for more intensive surveillance and correction? How did clergymen understand and use the versatile labels of popular belief, paganism, superstition and Catholic fermentation? Why did they choose particular song languages, poetic modes and melodies for their Lutheran hymns and literary poems, and why did they avoid oral poetics in certain contexts while accentuating it in others? How were the hagiographical traditions representing the international medieval literary or "great" tradition adapted to "small" folk traditions, and how did they persist and change after the Reformation? What happened to the cult of the Virgin Mary in local oral traditions?
The first Finnish 16th-century reformers admired the new Germanic models of Lutheran congregational hymns and avoided the Finnic vernacular Kalevala-metre idiom, while their successors picked up many vernacular traits, most notably alliteration, in their ecclesiastical poetry and hymns. Over the following centuries, the new features introduced via new Lutheran hymns such as accentual metres, end-rhymes and strophic structures were infusing into oral folk poetry, although this took place also via secular oral and literary routes. On the other hand, seventeenth-century scholars cultivated a new academic interest in what they understood as "ancient Finnish poetry".
The book has an extensive English Summary for the international readership.

This edited volume is a handbook of research methodologies for the history of childhood. The history of childhood is a vibrant, multidisciplinary field that incorporates a rich variety of methodological approaches developed in disciplines across the social sciences and humanities, including archaeology, education, ethnology, literature, and history. The volume presents a collection of chapters that engage a range of different research traditions and employ different research material, conceptual tools, and methods of analysis for the historical study of childhood. In doing so, the volume attends to issues specific to the study of children and childhood, such as those related to research ethics and the theoretical complexities of defining 'the child' and 'childhood'. While the central focus is on the history of childhood in Finland, the volume also includes international and transnational cases, contexts, and perspectives.

Avant-garde in Finland is the first book to provide an overarching introduction to avant-garde art by Finnish artists. The articles in the book discuss the application and development of the cultural ideas of the avant-garde in Finnish art from the early 20th century till the present day. The book focusses on the social, political, and artistic characteristics of avant-garde art and their manifestation in Finnish avant-garde literature, visual arts, architecture, fashion, and music. The book shows the remarkable role of women artists in the development of the Finnish avant-garde. Many artists and groups are presented in the book for the first time. At the same time, the articles highlight connections between well-known Finnish artists and international avant-garde movements that have not been recognized in earlier research. A key theme of the book is the tension between the internationality of avant-garde and the nationalist elements of Finnish culture. The book is peer-reviewed, and its authors are eminent senior scholars and younger researchers.

The nineteenth century has been called an age of monuments. In some places even one piece made a difference. This book is a study of the intellectual background and physical making of Finland's first public sculpture, the statue of Professor Henrik Gabriel Porthan by Carl Eneas Sjöstrand. The idealised but sombre Porthan was born under the influence of German neoclassicism. Development on the project was slow but sure. The Swedish artist had to be supported over three years while he was putting together his first monumental piece in Munich and Rome, after which came another three years wait before the cast arrived to Finland. The bronze sculpture, commissioned by the Finnish Literary Society and raised by public subscriptions from people of all classes, was unveiled in the city of Turku in September 1864. Finns took some pride in the fact that, unlike other nations that had raised monuments to kings and generals, here the first place was given to a scholar. In this study Sjöstrand's pioneering bronze is placed in a wider context and compared with works by his precursors and contemporaries in the international sculptor colony of Rome.

Saamentutkimus tänään is an introduction to the Sámi studies, i.e. the scientific study of the Sámi people. It gives many-faceted basic information of the Sámi people and presents up-to-date views of the disciplines related to the Sámi studies, e.g. history, archeology, genetics, linguistics, comparative religion, folkloristics, ethnology etc. It provides scientifically based knowledge of the Sámi during the prehistory and pre-Christianity, dealing with reindeer herding, handicraft, the Sámi languages, Sámi literature and art and civil right questions, including participation in the international movement of the indigenous people. All the authors are eminent experts of their scholarly fields, and all the articles have been revised by the Academic representatives of the Sámi themselves - "Teos esittelee saamentutkimuksen keskeisten alojen uusimmat tulokset ja näkemykset ja päivittää saamelaisia ja saamelaiskulttuuria koskevat tiedot genetiikasta kielitieteeseen ja historiasta nykykulttuuriin. Kirjassa perehdytään myös saamelaisten aineelliseen ja henkiseen perinnekulttuuriin: käsityöhön, poronhoitoon, folkloreen, taiteisiin sekä muinais- ja kansanuskoon. Erityisen painon teoksessa saavat ajankohtaiset ihmisoikeus- ja alkuperäiskansakysymykset. Kaikki kirjoittajat ovat alojensa aktiivitutkijoita. Kirja on 1995 julkaistun Johdatus saamentutkimukseen -teoksen kokonaan uudistettu ja huomattavasti laajennettu laitos."

Ex ante assessment of regulatory impact upon businesses: A neo-institutional study on the context, international influences, and Finnish experiences Regulatory impact assessment (RIA) has an established place in the European Union and its member states. This article considers evolving Finnish ex ante RIA concerning certain regulatory costs to firms. Drawing upon a neo-institutional theoretical framework and proposing three generally oriented hypotheses we received the following results. (1) The rationality of theevolving Finnish ex ante RIA of selected administrativeregulatory costs to firms gives rise issuesgiven the low implementation rate of thegeneral natonal RIA guidelines. (2) Reference to the ex ante RIA of regulatory costs to firmsin other countries has served the legitimation of preferred procedures in Finland rather than offerssolid evidence on the rationality of the foreign procedures. (3) Without a stronger contextualization of the evolving Finnish ex ante RIAmof regulatory costs to firms its procedures risk adverse effects because of their confined scope, the uneven quality of their input data, and their weak connections to the general national ex ante RIA. These results suggest the redesign of the Finnish RIA to take better into account the institutional, political, historical and cultural characteristicsof governance in this country. Keywords: regulatory impact assessment, public policy evaluation, public policymaking, lawmaking, legal policy, deregulation ; Peer reviewed

Harvard University Professor Joseph Nye first revealed the concept of "soft power" which he describes as an ability of a state to form preferences of other actors of world policy using its attractiveness for them. This is connected with culture, political values, and the foreign policy of the USA. It is becoming obvious that the efficiency of using military forces is substantially limited, and the need for states to increase their influence cannot fully be realized. Ideas that in their essence are close to "soft power", appeared long before American political scientists started the discussion of the concept. It is necessary to pay attention to the works of G. Morgenthau, E. Carr, the Italian Marxist philosopher A.Gramsci, and others. Such concepts include the "concept of seduction" by J.Baudrillard, as well as the "concept of seduction" by Gilles Lipovetsky. Following John Hiring, researchers from different countries have made "soft power" the subject of their research. However, their positions concerning this concept are far from being unambiguous, and sometimes contradictory. An important rethinkingabout "soft power" is the Chinese school of research of this phenomenon. Chinese researchers point to the historical roots of the idea of "soft power", which can be found in the country's history, and that this concept is harmony and naturalness for Chinese society. ; Հարվարդի համալսարանի պրոֆեսոր Ջոզեֆ Նայը նախ բացահայտեց «փափուկ ուժ» հասկացությունը, որով նա հասկանում էր պետական ակտորի ունակությունը՝ ձևավորելու այլ ակտորների նախապատվություները՝ օգտագործելով իր գրավչությունը նրանց աչքերում: Սա վերաբերում էր ԱՄՆ մշակույթին, քաղաքական արժեքներին և արտաքին քաղաքականությանը: Ակնհայտ դարձավ, որ ռազմական ուժի կիրառումը սահմանափակ է, իսկ սեփական ազդեցությունը մեծացնելու անհրաժեշտությունը մնում է ոչ ամբողջովին իրականանալի: «Փափուկ ուժի» նման գաղափարներն ի հայտ եկան ամերիկյան քաղաքագիտության մեջ այդ հայեցակարգի քննարկումները սկսելուց շատ առաջ: Այս իմաստով պետք է նշել Հ. Մորգենթաուի, Է.Քարի, իտալացի մարքսիստ փիլիսոփա Ա. Գրամշիի և այլոց աշխատանքները: Նման հասկացությունները ներառում են Ժ.Բոդրիարի «գայթակղության հայեցակարգը», ինչպես նաև Ժ.Լիպովեցկիի «հրապուրման հայեցակարգը»: Հետևելով Ջ.Նային՝ տարբեր երկրների հետազոտողները «փափուկ ուժը» դարձրեցին իրենց հետազոտության առարկան: Նրանց դիրքորոշումները միանշանակ չեն: Այս երևույթի ուսումնասիրման չինական դպրոցը կարևոր է՝ մատնանշելով «փափուկ ուժի» գաղափարի պատմական արմատները: Այստեղից էլ թեզը չինական հասարակության համար՝ այս հայեցակարգի ներդաշնակության և բնականության մասին: ; Профессор Гарвардского университета Джозеф Най впервые раскрыл концепт «мягкой силы», под которой он понимал способность государства формировать предпочтения других акторов мировой политики, используя собственную привлекательность в их глазах. Это относилось к культуре, политическим ценностям и внешней политике США. Становилось очевидно, что применение военной силы ограничено, а потребность в увеличении своего влияния оказывается не вполне реализованной. Идеи, схожие по своему действию с «мягкой силой», появились задолго до того, как концепт начал обсуждаться в американской политологии. В этом смысле следует отметить работы Г. Моргентау, Э. Карра, итальянского философамарксиста А. Грамши и др. К подобным концепциям можно отнести «концепцию соблазна» Ж. Бодрийяра, а также «концепцию обольщения» Ж. Липовецки. Вслед за Дж. Наем исследователи разных стран сделали «мягкую силу» предметом своего исследования. Их позиции далеко не однозначны. Важной представляется китайская школа изучения данного феномена, указывающая на исторические корни идеи «мягкой силы». Отсюда - тезис о гармоничности, естественности данного концепта для китайского общества.

This article reviews the reasons behind Russia-Ukraine dispute and conducts comparative analysis of this conflict in the context of worldwide geopolitical processes. Ukrainian crisis undermined system of international relations. After the conflict started, the interests of world centers became obvious. This conflict is unfolding in the prism of the US strategy retaining its global dominance and as a result, changing techno-political structure of the world economics. This article also analyzes consequences and challenges of this conflict for the Republic of Armenia and the necessity of diversifying the foreign policy in the new regional reality. ; Հոդվածում դիտարկվում է ռուս-ուկրաինական հակասությունների առաջացման պատճառները և այն լուսաբանվում է համաշխարհային աշխարհաքաղաքական գործընթացների համատեքստում: Ուկրաինական ճգնաժամը սասանեց միջազգային հարաբերությունների համակարգը: Բացահայտվում է ռուս-ուկրաինական հակամարտության խորացման գործընթացում համաշխարհային կենտրոնների շահագրգռվածությունը: Այդ հակամարտությունը ներկայացված է գլոբալ գերիշխանությունը պահպանելու ամերիկյան ռազմավարության և համաշխարհային տնտեսության տեխնոլոգիական մի տնտեսաձևից որակական նոր կացութաձևի անցման համատեքստում: Հայաստանի Հանրապետության առջև ծառացած մարտահրավերների տեսանկյունից լուսաբանվում են այդ հակամարտության հետևանքները, ինչպես նաև հիմնավորվում է ձևավորված տարածաշրջանային նոր իրականության պայմաններում արտաքին քաղաքականության դիվերսիֆիկացիայի անհրաժեշտությունը: ; В статье рассматриваются причины возникновения российско-украниского противоречия и делается сравнительный анализ этого конфликта в контексте мировых геополитических процессов. Украинский кризис подорвал систему международных отношений. Выявляются заинтересованности мировых центров в разжигании российско -украинского конфликта. Данный конфликт раскрывается в призме американской стратегии сохранения глобального доминирования и как результат смены технологических укладов мировой экономики. Анализируются последствия и вызовы этого конфликта для Республики Армения и необходимость ...