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Contributed articles presented in a seminar on communist movement magazines in Tamil; organised by International Institute of Tamil Studies in collaboration with New Century Book House and Ṭākṭar Mā. Irācamāṇikkan̲ār Ital̲iyal Āyvumaiyam, Chennai, held during April 10-11, 1999 at IITS, Chennai

Der Sammelband umfasst mehrere wissenschaftliche Aufsätze, die jeweils zur Hälfte in kasachischer und russischer Sprache verfasst sind. Sie befassen sich mit verschiedenen Aspekten der Modernisierung des Rechssystems der Republik Kasachstan im Zusammenhang mit den marktwirtschaftlichen Reformen seit 1991. Behandelt werden u.a. die internationalen Vertragsverpflichtungen der Republik Kasachstan, die Rechte des Individualunternehmers, Vertragsrecht, der Zusammenhang zwischen ökologischem und Zivilrecht, die Rechtsvorschriften des Immobilienbesitzes, Franchising-Beziehungen zwischen Unternehmen u.v.m. (DÜI-Hmp)

Transition from command-administrative to market economy, new prospects of international cooperation, process of globalization set new rules of social and economic behavior for citizens of the young Republic of Kazakhstan.

This essay offers a succinct but comprehensive overview of Icelandic cinema from its early 20th-century emergence to the present day. Split into two parts, the first half focusses on filmmaking in Iceland prior to the founding of the Icelandic Film Fund in 1978, which was to establish a continuous local film production for the first time. Prior to that filmmaking in Iceland boiled down to the occasional efforts of local amateurs, albeit often quite skilled ones, and professional filmmakers visiting from abroad. Indeed, the few silent feature films made in the country all stemmed from foreign filmmakers adapting Icelandic literature and taking advantage of its photogenic landscapes. The first Icelandic feature was not made until 1948 and although immensely popular, like those that followed in its wake, the national audience was simply too small to sustain filmmaking without financial support. Although this changed fundamentally with the Icelandic Film Fund, which instigated contemporary Icelandic cinema and the subject of the essay's second half, the Fund's support proved insufficient as the novelty of Icelandic cinema began to wear off at the local box office in the late 1980s. The rescue came from outside sources, in the form of nordic and European film funds, whose support was to transnationalize Icelandic cinema in terms of not only financing and production but also themes and subject material. These changes are most apparent in Icelandic cinema of the 1990s which also began to garner interest at the international film festival circuit. In the first decade of the twenty first century, however, American genre cinema began to replace the European art film as the typical model for Icelandic filmmakers. Hollywood itself also began to show extensive interest in Icelandic landscapes for its runaway productions, as did many other foreign film crews. In this way Icelandic cinema is increasingly characterized by not only national and transnational elements but also international ones.