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As you know, in public international law there is no hierarchy of sources of law. However, in practice, there are controversial situations when legal relations are subject to legal regulation of various sources of law. This is especially acute in the case of international custom and an international treaty.The purpose of the scientific article is to study the problems of the relationship and interaction of the international treaty and international custom in various aspects of their existence, namely: in aspects of their occurrence, observance and application.The article focuses on the legal analysis of the relationship between the international treaty and international custom in the judicial practice of the International Court of Justice of the United Nations. The analysis is subject, in particular, to the case of the continental shelf of the North Sea (1969), as well as the case of military and paramilitary activities in Nicaragua and against Nicaragua (1986).Based on the analyzed materials, the author of the article came to the conclusion that, firstly, an international treaty may contain customary norms, that have already existed and were in effect even before its conclusion. Secondly, the international treaty may be the last stage in the process of forming the customary norm. And thirdly, an international treaty may propose new legal norms that, due to further practice of subjects of international law, can be the basis for the creation of a new international custom.Moreover, it can be concluded that international customs and international treaties can exist and operate in parallel. However, even if the contractual and customary norm are identical in content, and the subjects of international law who are in disputed legal relations are connected, both by one and the second source of law, then from the point of view of applying these identical norms, they exist independently from each other. ; Як відомо, у міжнародному публічному праві відсутня ієрархія джерел права. Однак в практиці виникають спірні ...

Nowadays, the issue of resource saving is increasingly brought up for discussion. This is due to serious concerns about the problem of Ecology, depletion of land resources and economic efficiency of production. Resource saving is a set of measures associated with the economical and efficient use of different production factors. The Government plays a significant part in the formation and development of resource saving in the country. Such important instruments of regulation of spheres of economic activity as investment, monetary, tax, price, legislative, program–target, informational, administrative–organizational and managerial and stimulating, on the one hand, allow to support organizations, on the other hand, limit and control them, setting the direction of development of their activities to conserve natural resources. As the title implies the article describes the main factors of influence and directions of state regulation of the resource–saving development management system of the enterprise in different countries. Factors of external and internal influence on the management of the development of resource conservation of the enterprise were clustered and considered. The article gives a detailed analysis the crucial of public policy for development resource conservation of enterprises, because a major reforms, modernization and re–equipment process of enterprises are impossible without strong state support. Much attention is given to determinate some directions of state policy in the management system of resource saving on the example of different countries of the world. A system of principles of resource conservation in developed countries is proposed and justified. Moreover, the main motivational incentives for the use of renewable energy sources by the CIS and European Union countries are considered. The article touches upon the main issues of state regulation and management of the development of resource conservation of enterprise. The article also reveals the main problems from the point of view of ...

Представлена стаття присвячена дослідженню окремих аспектів та особливостей колізійного регулювання договірних відносини у сфері міжнародного змішаного перевезення вантажів. Відсутність чіткого та уніфікова ного підходу у визначенні колізійних правил, що застосовуватимуться до договірних відносин змішаного пере везення у міжнародному сполученні, породжують невизначеність, нестабільність цих відносин та жодним чином не сприяють розвитку мультимодалізму. Авторкою виокремлено основні колізійні принципи, що застосовуються до договорів перевезення вантажів із території однієї держави на територію іншої та джерела їх закріплення, а також констатовано можливість їх застосування до договорів міжнародного змішаного перевезення. Виділено колізійні прив'язки, а також підстави для обмеження у застосуванні таких прив'язок, які встановлені міжнародними договорами та конвенціями. Зроблено висновок про необхідність затвердження уніфікованого та обов'язкового до застосування міжна родного документа, що б визначав єдиний режим колізійного врегулювання міжнародних договорів змішаного перевезення. Акцентовано увагу на особливостях та правилах визначення органу, вповноваженого на вирішення спору в справах цієї категорії, а також права, яким цей орган повинен послуговуватись під час вирішення спору, окремо для держав учасниць Європейського Союзу та України зокрема. Авторка доходить висновку, що для досліджуваних правовідносин можна виділити такі 3 групи колізійних прив'язок: а) загальні колізійні принципи; б) набір колізійних прив'язок, визначений унімодальними транспорт ними конвенціями; в) формули прив'язок, які використовуються залежно від використовуваного транспорту. ; The article is devoted to the study of certain aspects and features of collision regulation of contractual relations in the field of international mixed cargo transportation. The lack of a clear and unified approach in defining the conflict rules to be applied to contractual relations of mixed transport in international traffic creates uncertainty, instability of these relations, and, at the same time, in no way contribute to the development of multimodalism. The main collision principles applied to the contracts of cargo transportation from one state to the territory of another, and the source of their consolidation, as well as the possibility of their application to the agreements of international mixed transportation. Collision factors have been identified, as well as grounds for limiting the application of such bindings as established by international treaties and conventions. It is concluded that it is necessary to adopt a unified and binding international document that would determine the unified regime of collision settlement of international agreements of mixed carriage. It focuses on the peculiarities and rules of determination of the body authorized to resolve the dispute in this category, as well as the rights that this body should use in resolving the dispute, separately for the member states of the European Union and Ukraine, in particular. The author concludes that for the studied legal relations the following 3 groups of conflict bindings can be distinguished: a) general conflict principles; b) the set of collision bindings is defined by unimodal transport conventions; c) binding formulas used depending on the transport used.

The research paper has been dedicated to the generalization and systematization of scientific achievements of representatives of international environmental direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues.The notion of «Ukraine's international studies» has been defined at the research. They are both studies of regularities and peculiarities, factors, subjects, values, directions, priorities, formation and realization of Ukraine's politics on the international arena and international studies in which Ukraine is an object.Reviewed scientific results of author's abstracts of Ukrainian doctoral and candidate theses, economic directions of Ukraine's international studies have been proposed. They are: theoretical, competitive, foreign economic, integration, security and international environmental. Theoretical direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues deals with phenomena of social-economic systems, a national economy, a cooperation between society and state in economic processes and an economic component of society functioning. Competitive direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues investigates phenomena of a national competitiveness, its components and a transit potential of Ukraine. Integration direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues researches phenomena of the international and regional integration of Ukraine. The security direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues investigates phenomena of the economic security of Ukraine and its components. Foreign economic direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues deals with phenomena of international economic relations of Ukraine, her foreign economic activity and her trans-boarder cooperation. International environmental direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues investigates international factors of the development of the national economic of Ukraine.Scientific results of representatives of the international direction of economic studies on Ukraine's international issues have been under analysis at the research paper. They had proposed new scientific results and further elaboration of phenomena of the economic sovereignty of Ukraine, the stability of the national economy, a local clasterization, the foreign debt of Ukraine, an international investment, an international technical assistance, the international trade of tourist services, an international migration, a transnationalization, a state regulation of the national economy and the international image of Ukraine.Key words: Ukraine's international issues; economic studies; international environmental direction. ; Узагальнено науковий доробок представників міжнародносередовищевого напряму економічних досліджень української міжнародної проблематики. Висвітлено наукові результати дисертаційних праць дослідників цього напряму з розробки феноменів економічного суверенітету держави, стійкості національної економіки, локальної кластеризації, зовнішньої торгівлі, іноземних кредитів, зовнішнього боргу, іноземних інвестицій, міжнародної технічної допомоги, міжнародної торгівлі туристичними послугами, міжнародної міграції, транснаціоналізації, державного регулювання національної економіки, міжнародного іміджу країни.Ключові слова: українська міжнародна проблематика; економічні дослідження; міжнародносередовищевий напрям.

The article deals with the issue on the correlation, study and usage of the international relations history theoretical foundations as a sufficiently specific scientific direction, combining the features of historical and political sciences, in particular world history, the history of diplomacy, political science, the theory of the international relations, etc. The emergence of the international relations history is connected with the development of national historical sciences, the study of the history of diplomacy, geopolitical concepts, the theory of international relations, etc. The results of the scientific study of the international relations history have laid the basis for the common international processes study. Throughout the XX-th century this direction was actively developing, been influenced upon by the confrontation of political systems. Accordingly, antagonistic ideologies were used, a sample selection of historical facts and sources was carried out. Such issues as the concept and the subject of the international relations history, its periodization, and relations with the world history, history of diplomacy, the theory of international relations and other scientific directions still remain controversial.

The main object of the research is to identify the features of the formative stage of the external vector of Australian environmental policy, which dates back to the 1970s. Methodology of the research is based on an analysis of documents of the Australian Parliament, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Ministry of Water, Agriculture and Environment. It is found that by the early 1970s, Australia had adopted the first international agreements that formed the basis for the further development of its multilateral environmental cooperation. During this period, various mechanisms and models of multilateral cooperation were developed. The role of United Nations Conference on the Environment held in Stockholm in 1972 in the development of a new level of international environmental cooperation is revealed. It is proven that a number of environmental problems has been has exacerbated in Australia. This led to the country's need for a broad exchange of information with other countries of the world in order to overcome them and to join forces more closely to combat them. By this time in Australia, at both the federal and state levels, government agencies responsible for implementing environmental policies were established. This facilitated the coordination of the internal and external vector of environmental activities. It is concluded that after this conference, in the 1970s, the period of formation of the international vector of Australian environmental policy began. This is justified by the fact that it was based on new principles and background and included new directions. Its peculiarity is demonstrated. It is emphasized on the important role played by the Australian Parliament in the implementation of international agreements.

Problem setting. The modern world continues to consider military power as one o f the most important tools for solving foreign policy problems. However, it is not an extraordinary option or a last resort in the range o f possible shares. Military power has become a widely used tool along with political and diplomatic actions. The decision to use military power is made by world actors based on their own understanding o f their national interests and the appropriateness o f its use, even without a UN resolution. Thus, the issue o f the study o f military power as a tool in international relations becomes relevant. Recent research and publications analysis. Consideration o f certain issues o f military strength aspects is reflected in the works o f R. Aron, O. Bodruk, A. Gramsci, R. Keohein, Н. Morgenthau, J. Nye, V. Smolyanyuk, Р. Taylor, A. Toffler, M. Trebin, K. Waltz, I. Wallerstein, S. Huntington and others. However, in modern conditions, the issue o f the use o f military power in international relations requires a new rethinking, especially in the context o f systemic changes in world society. Paper objective. The purpose o f this article is to analyze some aspects o f the use o f military power in international relations. Paper main body. The article reveals some aspects o f the use o f military power in international relations. The essence o f the military power o f the state, the forms and tasks o f its use are revealed.The article examines some aspects o f the use o f military power in international relations. The essence o f the military power o f the state, forms and tasks o f its application are revealed. It is highlighted that the simplest scenario o f the state's transition to military actions and in the international arena is the threat o f the use offorce demonstrated by it (explicit - hidden, real - conditional); A more complex type o f use o f military power remains armed violence - direct physical influence on the opposite side by means ofarmed struggle for the purpose o f its destruction or ...