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Problem setting: According to the domestic legislation the state fully assumed the responsibility of investigating crimes and finding the perpetrators of these crimes, eliminating the possibility of personal revenge of a victim before a criminal (vigilante). However, these tasks can only be performed if you implement at least two complementary mechanisms: the attraction of guilty persons to criminal liability and compensation for harm to a physical person, which is suffered as a result of a criminal offense. The last movement, for a number of reasons, is imperfect and inefficient, and therefore extremely problematic for today's law enforcement practices. Relevance of the research topic: For the victim of a criminal offence and the personality important is the reality and the amount of compensation of such harm, both criteria depend directly on the effectiveness and timeliness designed to ensure such compensation enforcement actions. However, due to the large percentage of unsolved crimes victims do not receive any reparation for their offence harm that is not consistent with the norms of the Civil code of Ukraine, which regulate relations in the sphere of compensation of harm not only national legislation but international legal acts ratified by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine.Recent research and publications analysis: Analysis of recent research gives reason to believe that the affected problems has been the subject of research of such scientists as A. S. Alexandrov, L. M. Baranov, V. T. Bezlepkin, There.In. Blinkova, P. G. Gureev, From.With. Saturn, V. T. Nord, S. I. Ostapenko, S. Is. Sirotenko and others. However, the update of the regulatory material, in particular amendments to the Civil code ofUkraine, adoption of the new Criminal procedural code ofUkraine, can not affect scientific and practical interest in the conditions of modernity.Paper objective: Need clarification in the scope of reparation by the state physical person, the victim of a criminal offence and the right of recourse of the state to the person in fault.Paper main body: in the Civil code ofUkraine refers to the General obligation of States to compensate damage caused by a criminal offence, under appropriate conditions, however, the amount of such compensation is not specified. Therefore, as a General rule it can be argued that the harm must be compensated in full. Norms of civil legislation do not accidentally indicate that the conditions and procedure for compensation of harm caused a criminal offence determined by law, i.e. it is assumed that a special law may contain certain reservations and exceptions to the General rules of compensation for damage provided for in the Civil code ofUkraine. Limits on the amount of compensation by state for damage caused by a criminal offence, is quite fair, because the state cannot reimburse all the damage or injury, subject to certain conditions. Otherwise, individuals not to resort to methods of reducing loss in different situations, for example, individuals do not need to insure the property against criminal attacks because the government will reimburse. Civilni code of Ukraine provides that the person to compensate for damage caused by another person, has the right of return claim (regress) to a guilty person in the amount of the paid compensation if other size is not established by law, must be established wines of a particular tortfeasor in committing a crime. That is, the right of recourse of the state to the person in fault should be implemented only after determining in its actions of structure of a crime by a court that has gained legal force, because in the process of recognition of the person accused in the case, her guilt is not yet proven.Conclusions of the research: for the normal regulation of legal relations in this sphere should pass a law that would provide for: the scope, boundary limits of indemnity and the dependence of its size on material situation of the victim, as a guarantee of observance of the principle of social justice, the establishment of the order of the subrogation claim of the state to a person who has committed a criminal offence ; Рассмотрены проблемы реализации прав потерпевших лиц от преступления на возмещение вреда государством по законодательству Украины. Проведен анализ действующего гражданского законодательства Украины, которое регламентирует отношения по возмещению вреда государством лицу, потерпевшему от уголовного правонарушения, рассмотрены вопросы объема возмещения вреда государством, их предельные границы, зависимость размера возмещения от материального состояния потерпевшего, как гарантии соблюдения принципа социальной справедливости, установление порядка регрессного требования государства к лицу, совершившему уголовное правонарушение. ; Досліджено проблеми реалізації прав потерпілих осіб від злочину на відшкодування шкоди державою за законодавством України, а також чинне цивільне законодавство України, що регламентує відносини з відшкодування шкоди державою особі, яка потерпіла від кримінального правопорушення. Розглянуто питання обсягу відшкодування шкоди державою, їх граничні межі, залежність розміру відшкодування від матеріального становища потерпілого як гарантії дотримання принципу соціальної справедливості, встановлення порядку регресної вимоги держави до особи, яка вчинила кримінальне правопорушення

Актуальность и цели. На рынках Африки российские ТНК обладают потенциальной конкурентоспособностью, однако на конец 2013 г. объем отечественных прямых иностранных инвестиций в экономике континента составлял порядка 2 млрд долл. 0,5 % от общего объема такого капитала за рубежом, что диктует необходимость активизации инвестиционной деятельности на данном направлении и поиска новых партнеров для реализации совместных проектов, в частности, предпринимателей из стран БРИКС. ТНК экстраконтинентального Большого Китая (Гонконг, Макао, Тайвань и Сингапур) добились значительного успеха в африканской инвестиционной экспансии, сделали много полезного для принимающих стран, но в ряде случаев были допущены ошибки и возникли отрицательные внешние эффекты, которые следует учитывать в бизнесе на континенте с участием российской стороны. Цель работы выявление закономерностей в организации африканского бизнеса компаниями вышеуказанных стран. Материалы и методы. В работе использованы финансовая отчетность ТНК, подлежащая раскрытию информации в соответствии с законодательством, в частности с требованиями для листинга на Сингапурской, Гонконгской, Тайбэйской, Йоханнесбургской и иных фондовых биржах. Проведены расчеты на основании данных национальных статистических ведомств, Международного валютного фонда и сборников Конференции ООН по торговле и развитию. Применялись методы статистической обработки данных, сравнительного анализа при выявлении положительных и отрицательных последствий организации бизнеса, а также историко-экономического и абстрактно-логического анализа. Результаты. Показано, что компании рассматриваемых стран оказались конкурентоспособными на рынках Африки и смогли организовать производства готовых товаров, трудоустроить местных жителей, сбывать продукцию в принимающих государствах, а также экспортировать ее, причем степень переработки сырья, выполненная африканцами, постоянно увеличивается. Положительной чертой бизнеса является выход на рынки услуг принимающих стран, а также способность организовать крупные плантационные хозяйства, которые в ряде случаев уступают модели сетевых отношений с мелкими африканскими аграриями, так как приводят к изменению ландшафта, искоренению традиционных культур и к сдвигам в условиях жизни африканцев, что вызывает недовольство. Выводы. Проведенный анализ позволяет прогнозировать выход компаний экстраконтинентального Большого Китая в новые отрасли обрабатывающей промышленности Африки, например пищевые производства, а также активизировать бизнес в сфере услуг, в частности в телекоммуникациях. В условиях финансовых санкций против России и ответных запретов на ввоз продовольствия представляется целесообразным использовать новые возможности для инвестирования в сельское хозяйство Африки, осуществить которое в сотрудничестве с ТНК получится более эффективно, в том числе с рассматриваемыми фирмами, однако при этом следует разработать и реализовать стратегию, которая будет минимизировать негативные внешние эффекты при организации бизнеса. ; Background. Russian TNCs have certain competitive advantages in African markets, however by the end of 2013 the stock of Russian FDI in Africa was only 2 billion dollars or just 0,5 % of such total investments abroad. The value determines the necessity to invest more actively and to find new partners for undertaking mutual projects, in particular, from BRICS countries. TNCs from extracontinental Big China (Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Singapore) have achieved significant success in the African investment expansion and have done many beneficial things for host countries, however in some cases the mistakes were made and the negative external effects occurred such instances should be considered in business ventures involving Russian parties. The purpose of the article is to determine tendencies in organization of African business by companies from the abovementioned countries. Materials and methods. The article studies financial statements, subject to disclosure by public TNCs in accordance with the legislature, in particular, under the requirements for listing on the Singapore, Hong Kong, Taipei, Johannesburg and other stock exchanges. Data from national statistical authorities was analyzed, as well as publications by the International Monetary Fund and U.N. Conference on Trade and Development. The methods of statistical data analysis were used, and the comparative analysis has allowed for the determination of positive and negative outcomes of the business organization. The analysis in history and economics, abstract and logic studies have been applied. Results. It has been determined that entities from the studied countries have shown signs of competitive advantages in the African markets. These enterprises have established production facilities for output of manufactured goods, have hired local employees, and are selling goods and services in host African countries and also manage to make exportations while the value added by the Africans is constantly increasing. The entry into markets of services in host countries is a positive feature of such business while the ability to establish large plantations sometimes is inferior to the network relationships with smaller African agrarians due to alteration of the landscape, eradication of traditional crops and changes in lifestyles of Africans such things cultivate the hostility. Conclusions. The analysis conducted allows to forecast that the companies form extracontinental Big China can enter into new branches of Africa's manufacturing, such as food producing enterprises, and to activate business in services, especially in telecommunications. The financial sanctions against Russia and the countermeasures related to the ban on food imports has determined the reasonability of using new opportunities to invest into Africa's agriculture. It will be more effective to realize such investments in cooperation with the studied TNCs, however a relevant strategy needs to be developed and implemented in order to minimize negative externalities in business organization.

Анализ проблем и перспектив развития спортивнооздоровительного туризма в Крыму был проведён с целью модернизации данного туристского региона Российской Федерации. Объектом исследования является спортивно-оздоровительный туризм в Крыму, предметом – содержание и организация услуг в сфере спортивно-оздоровительного туризма. Актуальность исследования данной проблемы обусловлена тем, что туризм никогда не был значимой частью хозяйственного комплекса Крыма. На данный момент только 6% прямых отчислений в местный бюджет поступает от туристской индустрии, хотя в 2010 году именно туризм во всех его проявлениях был провозглашён приоритетным направлением экономической политики региона. Этот факт ещё раз подчеркивает необходимость проведения аналитического исследования как потенциала Крыма в области туризма в целом, так и его спортивно-оздоровительной направленности в частности. Результаты исследования позволят определить основные конкурентные преимущества данного субъекта Российской Федерации на международном рынке туриндустрии и перспективы развития спортивно-оздоровительного туризма в Крыму. Модернизация этого региона будет способствовать превращению его в центр занятий спортом, а также привлечению средств финансирования для развития этого направления туризма и увеличению турпотока на полуостров со всей России, стран ближнего и дальнего зарубежья. Исследования экспертов Федерального агентства по туризму Министерства культуры РФ по анализу туристского потенциала Крыма выявили, что увеличение притока туристов в регион для занятий спортом, улучшение материально-технической базы и качества оказываемых услуг в сфере спортивно-оздоровительного туризма, особенно в условиях импортозамещения, является одной из первоочередных задач Российского Правительства. В региональном разрезе туристский поток по-прежнему ориентирован в основном на «пляжный» отдых, а не на занятия спортивно-оздоровительным туризмом (спелеотуризм, велотуризм, пешеходный туризм, скалолазание, дайвинг, дельта-пара-аэротуризм, спортивное ориентирование или рогейн). И как следствие, в настоящее время Крым значительно отстаёт по качеству предоставляемых услуг и развитой инфраструктуры от таких «спортивных» центров России, как Краснодарский край, Ставрополье, Алтай, Камчатка и Прибайкалье, хотя имеет огромный потенциал в области развития услуг спортивнооздоровительной направленности (горные леса, бурные реки, многочисленные ущелья, Азовское и Черное море, соленые озера и многое другое). Проведённый анализ состояния спортивно-оздоровительной инфраструктуры региона может иметь важное значение при разработке практических рекомендаций, позволяющих использовать туристские ресурсы Крыма как источник финансовых доходов бюджетной системы Российской Федерации, средство повышения занятости и качества жизни населения, место для поддержания здоровья туристов, занятий спортивно-оздоровительным туризмом (как молодёжи, так и более взрослого населения), основу для развития социокультурной среды и воспитания патриотизма. ; The article gives an analysis of the problems and prospects of the sports and health tourism development in Crimea for modernization of this tourist region of the Russian Federation. The article is focused on the sports and health tourism in Crimea and namely on the content and organization of services in this field of tourism. The relevance of the study stems from the fact that tourism has never been a significant part of the economic complex of Crimea. Currently, only 6% of direct payments to the local budget come from the tourism industry, but in 2010 it is tourism in all its forms was proclaimed a priority of economic policy in the region. Results of the study can help to identify the main competitive advantages of this entity of the Russian Federation on the international tourism market and development prospects of sports and health tourism in Crimea. Modernization of the region will contribute to its transformation into a center of sports, as well as attraction of financing tools for the development of tourism destinations and an increase in tourist traffic to the peninsula from all over Russia, neighbouring countries and beyond. Wide experience of studies of Crimean touristic potential confirms that increasing the tourist flow for sports, improving the material and technical base and the quality of services in the field of sports and health tourism in the region, especially in the context of import substitution, is one of the Russian Government's priorities. Regionally, the tourist flow is still focused mainly on the "beach" recreation, not on sports tourism (caving, biking, hiking, rock climbing, diving, aero-tourism, orienteering, etc.). As a consequence, currently Crimea is significantly behind in quality of services and infrastructure of such Russian centers of sports as Krasnodar, Stavropol, Altai, Kamchatka and Baikal region. Although Crimea has great potential for health and of sports tourism services (mountain forests, turbulent rivers, numerous gorges, the Sea of Azov and the Black sea, the salt lakes and more). Analysis of sports and health infrastructure of the region can be applied to the development of practical recommendations for the use of touristic potential of Crimea as a source of financial income in the Russian Federation budget, means of improving employment and quality of life, a place for the maintenance of tourists' health and for their involvement to sports tourism activities (as young people, and adult population), the basis for the development of social and cultural environment and patriotic education.

В статье представлена информация о проведенной 16-19 марта 2016 г. в г. Элисте Российской научной конференции с международным участием «Кочевые народы Юга России: исторический опыт и современность». Конференция проведена в Калмыцком государственном университете им. Б.Б. Городовикова по гранту РГНФ. Конференция была содержательной и представительной по своему составу: более 80 представителей вузов России, Украины, Казахстана и Китая, свыше 20 сотрудников научных учреждений РАН. Впервые на таком высоком научном уровне и с участием не только российских, но и зарубежных ученых, были исследованы вопросы социально-экономического, административно-политического и культурного развития кочевых народов Юга России и их соседей, этническая история и современные этнические процессы, а также самые разные аспекты культурно-духовной составляющей в условиях полиэтнических процессов. Проанализирована работа пленарного заседания, в ходе которого были заслушаны доклады ученых Калмыкии, Бурятии, Дагестана, Кабардино-Балкарии, Астрахани, Ставрополя и Казахстана (г. Атырау). В этих содержательных докладах представлена характеристика кочевого хозяйства и экономического развития региона (С.В. Виноградов, А.Н. Команджаев), социального состава (Д.С. Кидирниязов), боевого содружества народов России (К.Н. Максимов), историографических вопросов (М.Е. Колесникова), развития норм обычного права кочевых народов (А.У. Турдалиев, С.Ж. Дугарова) и этнокультурных процессов (Х.Б. Мамсиров). Выступление ректора Калмыцкого государственного университета Б.К. Салаева было посвящено анализу состояния и перспектив развития высшего образования на юге России. В статье проанализирована работа трех секций на примере наиболее характерных докладов. Доклады участников секционных заседаний касались разнообразных проблем, которые затрагивали как актуальные вопросы отечественной номадологии в целом, так и конкретно-исторические сюжеты общественно-экономического развития кочевых народов Юга России и их соседей. Авторы статьи отмечают, что в ходе секционных заседаний проводилось заинтересованное обсуждение докладов, высокий уровень которых был отмечен участниками конференции. В работе указанной конференции приняли участие аспиранты, студенты и магистранты, выступления которых также были поддержаны учеными. Статья завершается резолюцией заключительного пленарного заседания конференции, в которой была отмечена важность и необходимость регулярного проведения подобных научных мероприятий, подчеркивалась большая научная значимость исследований в области номадологии. Участники конференции выразили пожелание о необходимости создания в Калмыцком государственном университете им. Б.Б. Городовикова постоянно действующего координирующего центра по изучению истории, этнографии и культуры кочевых народов Юга России. ; This article provides information about the Russian scientific conference with international participation "Nomadic peoples of the South of Russia: historical experience and the present", which was held in Elista from 16 to 19 March, 2016. The conference was held at Kalmyk State University with the suppor t of the Russian Humanitarian Foundation. Over 80 representatives of Russian, Ukrainian, Kazakhstan and Chinese universities as well as more than 20 employees of scientific institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences took part in this productive conference. For the first time at a high scientific level and with the participation of Russian and foreign scientists, we investigated the issues of socio-economic, administrative, political and cultural development of the nomadic peoples of the South of Russia and their neighbours, ethnic history and contemporary ethnic processes, as well as various aspects of the cultural and spiritual component in a multi-ethnic processes. The article analyzes the work of the plenary session, which included the reports of scientists from Kalmykia, Buryatia, Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria, Astrakhan, Stavropol and Kazakhstan (city of Atyrau). The content of these reports represents the characteristics of nomadic economy and the economic development of the region (S.V. Vinogradov, A.N. Komandzhaev), the social composition (D.S. Kidirniyazov), military cooperation of the peoples of Russia (K.N. Maksimov) historiographical issues (M.E. Kolesnikova), development of customary rights of nomadic peoples (A.U. Turdaliev, S.Zh. Dugarova) and ethno-cultural processes (Kh.B. Mamsirov). Speech by the rector of the Kalmyk State University B.K. Salaeva was devoted to the analysis of the status and prospects of development of higher education in the south of Russia. In this article we analyzed the work of three sections on the example of the most typical reports. Reports of the breakout sessions touched upon various issues that affected both domestic nomadic studies in the gen eral and specific historical themes of socio-economic development of the nomadic peoples of the South of Russia and their neighbours. The authors note that during the section sessions participants conducted interesting discussion at a high level. The work of that conference was attended by graduate students and undergraduates, whose performances were also supported by scientists. The article concludes with the resolution of the final plenary session of the conference, which highlighted the importance and necessity of conducting such research activities, it emphasizes the importance of scientific research in the field of nomadic studies. The participants expressed the wish to create the permanent coordinating center for the study of history, ethnography and culture of the nomadic peoples of the South of Russia at Kalmyk State University.

International audience ; During the wars of the early modern age, deaths by disease tended to prevail over deaths in combat. This trend was particularly pronounced in the case of European troops operating in extra-European ecological contexts. As the pioneering works by Philip D. Curtin have shown, on this behalf the nineteenth century was a period of radical change: on the one hand, European empires expanded to Africa and Asia, on the other medical innovation transformed the epidemiological relation between Europe and the rest of the world, resulting in a clear decrease of mortality among European migrants moving to extra-European territories. In this context, the emergence of "tropical medicine" as a scientific field, the development of colonial projects and the reinforcement of military health services were deeply interconnected processes. Medical knowledge constituted a crucial resource for European powers: not only to provide for the health of their troops but also to create favourable conditions for an increasing number of settlers, entrepreneurs and civil servants. Later also improving the health of the native populations became a goal of colonial administrators, who perceived demographic growth as a crucial factor for enhancing the economic profitability of the colonies. Medicine, hygiene and (a certain) Western bodily discipline were celebrated as elements of the civilizing mission and sometimes employed as tools of social disciplining. However, it would be simplistic to interpret the history of colonial health as a unilateral transfer from European metropoles to colonized territories. The knowledge involved in the making of colonial medicine was not exclusively produced in the laboratories of tropical institutes and European hospitals: to a significant extent it was generated through social interactions in the colonies. Military doctors had limited infrastructural, pharmaceutical and human resources and often they had to cope with unknown diseases whose etiology was still an unsolved question. Thus, inter-imperial cooperation, reciprocal transfers between European and non-European actors as well as the (mostly fragmentary but sill significant) appropriation of "native" therapies played a central role in the construction of colonial medicine. On February 6, 2015, a group of scholars from France, Switzerland, Germany and Brazil met at the Château de Vincennes (the seat of the French military archives) to discuss the role of military physicians in European as well as the production and circulation of medical knowledge about tropical diseases during the long 19th century. The contributions to this meeting stretch from the Napoleonic wars in Egypt and the Caribbean to Dutch South-East Asia and the Herero-Nama Wars in German South-West Africa. A special issue of the journal "Histoire, médecine et santé" presenting the results of our work is currently in press. ; Comme l'ont montré les travaux pionniers de Philip D. Curtin, la prépondérance des morts causées par des maladies par rapport aux pertes au combat – une tendance généralisée pendant tous les conflits majeurs de l'époque moderne – fut particulièrement drastique dans le cas des troupes européennes opérant dans des contextes écologiques extra-européens. Le XIXe siècle représente, à ce propos, une période charnière, marquée par l'expansion territoriale des empires coloniaux en Afrique et Asie et, en même temps, par des développements historico-médicaux qui changèrent profondément la relation épidémiologique entre l'Europe et le reste du monde, entrainant une nette hausse des taux de survie parmi les migrants européens en Outre-Mer.L'émergence de la « médecine tropicale » comme discipline scientifique, le développement des projets coloniaux et le renforcement des services sanitaires des forces armées furent, dans ce contexte, des phénomènes profondément interconnectés. Les savoirs médicaux et les institutions sanitaires constituèrent des ressources cruciales pour les puissances européennes : non seulement pour mener des opérations militaires, mais aussi pour permettre l'implantation d'un nombre croissant de colons et administrateurs et, dans un deuxième temps, pour offrir des services sanitaires aux populations colonisées, dont le développement démographique était perçu comme une variable décisive dans la valorisation économique des colonies. Célébrées au niveau propagandiste comme éléments centrales de la « mission civilisatrice », médecine, hygiène et (une certaine) culture corporelle occidentale avaient vocation à être utilisées comme des instruments de discipline sociale.Il serait toutefois simpliste de lire l'histoire de la santé coloniale comme celle d'un transfert unilatéral de savoirs médicaux depuis les métropoles vers les colonies. Ces savoirs n'étaient pas uniquement produits dans les laboratoires des instituts de médecine tropicale et les cliniques européennes : ils étaient souvent générés par les interactions sociales dans les colonies. Dotés de ressources infrastructurelles, pharmaceutiques et humaines limitées, les officiers de santé étaient souvent obligés de faire face à des maladies qu'ils ne connaissaient pas et dont l'étiologie représentait une question irrésolue. Par conséquent les réseaux de coopération inter-impériale, les transferts entre acteurs européens et non-européens ainsi que l'appropriation (pour la plupart fragmentaire, mais néanmoins significative) de savoirs thérapeutiques "indigènes" jouaient un rôle important dans la construction de la médecine coloniale.

International audience ; The Sharing Economy is much more than collaborative consumption (Botsman and Rogers, 2011) even if this appears as the most visible achievement of this sector. Production, consumption, finance, exchanges are disrupted by the sharing economy revolution. But what are the common points between Airbnb, Uber, Wikipedia, Ulule, Blablacar, Kickstarter, the FabLabs/hackespaces, the Local exchange trading systems (LETS), Linux, etc.?Most of these achievements rely upon digital platforms (Kenney and Zysman, 2015) enabling peer-to-peer exchanges. These digital platforms act as « weapon of mass collaboration » (Tapscott & Williams - 2007), flattening relationships between Internet users and inside organizations (Castells, 1996 ; 2002).Specifying what the sharing economy is isn't an easy task. For-profit, non-profit, reciprocity, competition can be observed at a stage or another in the sharing economy galaxy. A bright constellation in this galaxy is the think tank Ouishare created in France in 2012. It's s a « global community that connects people, organizations and ideas around fairness, openness and trust » (ouishare.net). For them collaborative economy deals with five phenomena: collaborative consumption, crowdfunding, open knowledge (open data, open education, open governance), the maker movement (open design and manufacturing, do it yourself), open and horizontal governance (participatory budgeting, open government initiatives, co-operatives, open value networks, do-ocracries, holacracies).Internet seems to enable peer-to-peer exchanges between consumers (Bauwens, 2005) who are also sometimes producers (Tapscot and William - 2007 speak about "prosumers" to stress how the lines have been blurring). Of course Uber and Airbnb's algorithms are working like digital auctioneers: tiny invisible hands enabling peer-to-peer exchanges. Could this be the return of Smith or Hayek? Why am I asking this question? Because Jimmy Wales, Wikipedia's founder, pointed out "Hayek's work on price theory is central to my own thinking about how to manage the Wikipedia project" (Mangu-Ward, 2007). In order to figure out how to understand the complexity of the sharing economy we propose to explore three paths to characterize it. In the first one we'll distinguish, with Karl Polanyi, two kinds of economy. Then we will try to figure out where to position the sharing economy (1). In the second one we'll see if all the sharing economy organizations really share everything and how (2). The last way to characterize the sharing economy is around its global political project (3).1) The economic anthropologist Karl Polanyi is known for his opposition to traditional economic thought. He distinguishes two ways to understand economy: formal and substantive (Polanyi, 1944). The formal meaning refers to an economy interested only in minimizing means and maximizing results (in neoclassical words: utility maximization under conditions of scarcity). The substantive meaning refers to how humans make a living interacting within their social and natural environments. In this case the economy is embedded in society. Karl Polanyi identifies four principles (or forms of integration) of economic behavior, three in a substantive meaning (reciprocity, redistribution, domestic administration) and the last in the formal sense (market exchange). These principles will be used to classify sharing economies.2) The sharing economy seems to offer a third way between state and market, the collaborative commons (Rifkin, 2014), which are aimed to produce, innovate, manage, all in common (Ostrom, 1990; Hess & Ostrom, 2007). Some projects or organizations of the sharing economy are managed as common pool resources (Wikipedia, Linux). These projects/organizations have been deeply influenced by the free culture movement (Lessig, 2004 ; Suber, 2012 ; Stallman, 1985) very present in Internet culture (Castells, 1996 ; Benkler 2002) and are close to a an economy in its substantive meaning. The principles of common pool resource management (Ostrom, 1990) are, according to us, useful tools to characterize sharing economy projects.3) Proponents of the sharing economy advocate action. This is to participate in the creation of a new world by being an agent of change. Acting is a way to test ideas and overcome the internal contradictions of the movement. 3D printers, laser cutters, digital milling machine found in all FabLabs provide access to a new form of bricolage, an interconnected DIY (Anderson, 2012 ; Lallement, 2015). More than a political project, a way of being: to not be a passive consumer and join the ranks of the makers (Anderson, 2012). The concept of bricolage (Levi-Strauss, 1962 ; Duymedian et Rüling, 2010 ; Gundry et al., 2003 ; Garud et Karnøe, 2003) could help us in identifying the real spirit of the sharing economy.On the one hand the culture of open access (Suber, 2012) where peers gather behind a socially useful project and produce in common; on the other huge corporations that take advantage of the opportunities opened up by the internet to establish a " netarchical capitalism" (Bauwens and Kostakis, 2014). The sharing economy concentrates contradictions. We hope to give, in this paper, some guidelines to identify sharing economies.

Rio de Janeiro's hosting of the World Cup 2014 and the Olympics Games 2016, is the consecration of the "attractive city" strategy, which is based on the triplet organization of mega-events, dynamic economic context and circumstantial alignment between the three levels of Government. This neoliberal policy and governance related to the construction of the urban space implies a reconfiguration of coalitions of historical actors present in the circuit of urban accumulation. Rio's urban renewal aims to link this city to the global circuit of cities competition, but also to evade from its path of economic and political decay, which began in the 1980s. In official statements, the ongoing urban transformations meet the requirements of the "Olympic city" and generate positive impacts for local and metropolitan inhabitants. In this context, investments in mobility infrastructure are the most meaningful, both in financial and impacts on urban space terms. This leads the government rhetoric of a "transport revolution", able to solve the urban mobility city crisis, clearly attached to processes of urban segregation and exclusion. The object of this thesis is to evaluate, through a multiscale analysis, which includes metropolitan, municipal and intra-urban dimensions, the various impacts of transportation projects on social and spatial justice in Rio de Janeiro. Then, based on justice theories applied to Geography, a multicriteria analytic model of justice is constructed, to assess the impact of transportation projects on terms of demand satisfaction and the effects on other processes such as expropriations and land speculation. The qualitative methodology (semi-structured interviews and field observation), along with the multicriteria framework of justice, allowed the identification of the various groups of conflicting actors in the constitution of the "attractive city" and, among them, those who "win" and those who "lose". The results indicate that the impact of the "transport revolution" in Rio de Janeiro, for the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympic Games, causes shifts that tear down neither the Brazilian road mobility model, nor the neoliberal's city segregation rationale. Change everything in order to nothing change? ; L'accueil de la coupe du Monde 2014 et des JO 2016 à Rio de Janeiro représente la consécration d'une stratégie de construction de ville attractive qui se base sur l'organisation de méga-événements, un contexte économique favorable et une entente conjoncturelle entre les différents niveaux de gouvernement brésiliens. Cette politique néolibérale de fabrique et de gouvernance de l'espace urbain – impliquant une nouvelle reconfiguration des coalitions d'acteurs historiquement présents dans le circuit de l'accumulation urbain – se fonde sur la rénovation de la ville de Rio dans le but de l'insérer dans la compétition internationale des villes, mais aussi pour échapper, sur le plan national, à sa trajectoire de décadence sur fond de crise économique et politique (qui débuta dans les années 1970-1980). Dans les discours officiels, les transformations urbaines à l'œuvre répondent aux besoins de la « ville olympique » tout en provoquant des impacts positifs pour les habitants de la ville (et par conséquent pour ceux de la région métropolitaine). Dans ce contexte, les investissements en infrastructures de mobilité sont les plus importants, en termes de montants investis et d'impacts sur l'espace urbain, amenant les pouvoirs publics à parler d'une « révolution des transports » capable de résoudre la crise de la mobilité qui aggrave les processus de ségrégation et d'exclusion urbaine. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'évaluer, à travers une analyse multi-scalaire, c'est-à-dire les échelles métropolitaine, municipale et intra-municipales), les impacts différenciés des projets de transport sur la justice socio-spatiale à Rio de Janeiro. Outre une mise en perspective des différents projets et composantes de la « révolution des transports » et de leurs effets sur les dynamiques urbaines, il s'agit d'appliquer différents critères de justice à l'analyse géographique pour proposer une évaluation complexe des impacts des projets de transport, qu'ils portent sur la satisfaction de la demande en termes de capacité et de qualité, ou sur des externalités dépassant ceux de la mobilité (expropriations d'habitants, spéculation immobilière, etc.). La méthodologie qualitative (observation de terrain et entretiens semi-directifs) combinée à cette grille de lecture multicritère de la justice permet de d'appréhender les effets à différentes échelles, de repérer les divers groupes d'acteurs en conflit dans ce contexte de ville attractive et d'identifier quels sont les gagnants et les perdants de cette stratégie urbaine. Finalement, les impacts de la « révolution des transports » provoquent des changements qui n'impliquent pas de rupture réelle, ni avec le modèle routier de mobilité ni avec les logiques de ségrégation de la ville néolibérale. Tout changer pour que rien ne change ?

International audience ; The Sharing Economy is much more than collaborative consumption (Botsman and Rogers, 2011) even if this appears as the most visible achievement of this sector. Production, consumption, finance, exchanges are disrupted by the sharing economy revolution. But what are the common points between Airbnb, Uber, Wikipedia, Ulule, Blablacar, Kickstarter, the FabLabs/hackespaces, the Local exchange trading systems (LETS), Linux, etc.?Most of these achievements rely upon digital platforms (Kenney and Zysman, 2015) enabling peer-to-peer exchanges. These digital platforms act as « weapon of mass collaboration » (Tapscott & Williams - 2007), flattening relationships between Internet users and inside organizations (Castells, 1996 ; 2002).Specifying what the sharing economy is isn't an easy task. For-profit, non-profit, reciprocity, competition can be observed at a stage or another in the sharing economy galaxy. A bright constellation in this galaxy is the think tank Ouishare created in France in 2012. It's s a « global community that connects people, organizations and ideas around fairness, openness and trust » (ouishare.net). For them collaborative economy deals with five phenomena: collaborative consumption, crowdfunding, open knowledge (open data, open education, open governance), the maker movement (open design and manufacturing, do it yourself), open and horizontal governance (participatory budgeting, open government initiatives, co-operatives, open value networks, do-ocracries, holacracies).Internet seems to enable peer-to-peer exchanges between consumers (Bauwens, 2005) who are also sometimes producers (Tapscot and William - 2007 speak about "prosumers" to stress how the lines have been blurring). Of course Uber and Airbnb's algorithms are working like digital auctioneers: tiny invisible hands enabling peer-to-peer exchanges. Could this be the return of Smith or Hayek? Why am I asking this question? Because Jimmy Wales, Wikipedia's founder, pointed out "Hayek's work on price theory is central to my own thinking about how to manage the Wikipedia project" (Mangu-Ward, 2007). In order to figure out how to understand the complexity of the sharing economy we propose to explore three paths to characterize it. In the first one we'll distinguish, with Karl Polanyi, two kinds of economy. Then we will try to figure out where to position the sharing economy (1). In the second one we'll see if all the sharing economy organizations really share everything and how (2). The last way to characterize the sharing economy is around its global political project (3).1) The economic anthropologist Karl Polanyi is known for his opposition to traditional economic thought. He distinguishes two ways to understand economy: formal and substantive (Polanyi, 1944). The formal meaning refers to an economy interested only in minimizing means and maximizing results (in neoclassical words: utility maximization under conditions of scarcity). The substantive meaning refers to how humans make a living interacting within their social and natural environments. In this case the economy is embedded in society. Karl Polanyi identifies four principles (or forms of integration) of economic behavior, three in a substantive meaning (reciprocity, redistribution, domestic administration) and the last in the formal sense (market exchange). These principles will be used to classify sharing economies.2) The sharing economy seems to offer a third way between state and market, the collaborative commons (Rifkin, 2014), which are aimed to produce, innovate, manage, all in common (Ostrom, 1990; Hess & Ostrom, 2007). Some projects or organizations of the sharing economy are managed as common pool resources (Wikipedia, Linux). These projects/organizations have been deeply influenced by the free culture movement (Lessig, 2004 ; Suber, 2012 ; Stallman, 1985) very present in Internet culture (Castells, 1996 ; Benkler 2002) and are close to a an economy in its substantive meaning. The principles of common pool resource management (Ostrom, 1990) are, according to us, useful tools to characterize sharing economy projects.3) Proponents of the sharing economy advocate action. This is to participate in the creation of a new world by being an agent of change. Acting is a way to test ideas and overcome the internal contradictions of the movement. 3D printers, laser cutters, digital milling machine found in all FabLabs provide access to a new form of bricolage, an interconnected DIY (Anderson, 2012 ; Lallement, 2015). More than a political project, a way of being: to not be a passive consumer and join the ranks of the makers (Anderson, 2012). The concept of bricolage (Levi-Strauss, 1962 ; Duymedian et Rüling, 2010 ; Gundry et al., 2003 ; Garud et Karnøe, 2003) could help us in identifying the real spirit of the sharing economy.On the one hand the culture of open access (Suber, 2012) where peers gather behind a socially useful project and produce in common; on the other huge corporations that take advantage of the opportunities opened up by the internet to establish a " netarchical capitalism" (Bauwens and Kostakis, 2014). The sharing economy concentrates contradictions. We hope to give, in this paper, some guidelines to identify sharing economies.

Problem setting: According to the domestic legislation the state fully assumed the responsibility of investigating crimes and finding the perpetrators of these crimes, eliminating the possibility of personal revenge of a victim before a criminal (vigilante). However, these tasks can only be performed if you implement at least two complementary mechanisms: the attraction of guilty persons to criminal liability and compensation for harm to a physical person, which is suffered as a result of a criminal offense. The last movement, for a number of reasons, is imperfect and inefficient, and therefore extremely problematic for today's law enforcement practices. Relevance of the research topic: For the victim of a criminal offence and the personality important is the reality and the amount of compensation of such harm, both criteria depend directly on the effectiveness and timeliness designed to ensure such compensation enforcement actions. However, due to the large percentage of unsolved crimes victims do not receive any reparation for their offence harm that is not consistent with the norms of the Civil code of Ukraine, which regulate relations in the sphere of compensation of harm not only national legislation but international legal acts ratified by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine.Recent research and publications analysis: Analysis of recent research gives reason to believe that the affected problems has been the subject of research of such scientists as A. S. Alexandrov, L. M. Baranov, V. T. Bezlepkin, There.In. Blinkova, P. G. Gureev, From.With. Saturn, V. T. Nord, S. I. Ostapenko, S. Is. Sirotenko and others. However, the update of the regulatory material, in particular amendments to the Civil code ofUkraine, adoption of the new Criminal procedural code ofUkraine, can not affect scientific and practical interest in the conditions of modernity.Paper objective: Need clarification in the scope of reparation by the state physical person, the victim of a criminal offence and the right of recourse of the state to the person in fault.Paper main body: in the Civil code ofUkraine refers to the General obligation of States to compensate damage caused by a criminal offence, under appropriate conditions, however, the amount of such compensation is not specified. Therefore, as a General rule it can be argued that the harm must be compensated in full. Norms of civil legislation do not accidentally indicate that the conditions and procedure for compensation of harm caused a criminal offence determined by law, i.e. it is assumed that a special law may contain certain reservations and exceptions to the General rules of compensation for damage provided for in the Civil code ofUkraine. Limits on the amount of compensation by state for damage caused by a criminal offence, is quite fair, because the state cannot reimburse all the damage or injury, subject to certain conditions. Otherwise, individuals not to resort to methods of reducing loss in different situations, for example, individuals do not need to insure the property against criminal attacks because the government will reimburse. Civilni code of Ukraine provides that the person to compensate for damage caused by another person, has the right of return claim (regress) to a guilty person in the amount of the paid compensation if other size is not established by law, must be established wines of a particular tortfeasor in committing a crime. That is, the right of recourse of the state to the person in fault should be implemented only after determining in its actions of structure of a crime by a court that has gained legal force, because in the process of recognition of the person accused in the case, her guilt is not yet proven.Conclusions of the research: for the normal regulation of legal relations in this sphere should pass a law that would provide for: the scope, boundary limits of indemnity and the dependence of its size on material situation of the victim, as a guarantee of observance of the principle of social justice, the establishment of the order of the subrogation claim of the state to a person who has committed a criminal offence ; Рассмотрены проблемы реализации прав потерпевших лиц от преступления на возмещение вреда государством по законодательству Украины. Проведен анализ действующего гражданского законодательства Украины, которое регламентирует отношения по возмещению вреда государством лицу, потерпевшему от уголовного правонарушения, рассмотрены вопросы объема возмещения вреда государством, их предельные границы, зависимость размера возмещения от материального состояния потерпевшего, как гарантии соблюдения принципа социальной справедливости, установление порядка регрессного требования государства к лицу, совершившему уголовное правонарушение. ; Досліджено проблеми реалізації прав потерпілих осіб від злочину на відшкодування шкоди державою за законодавством України, а також чинне цивільне законодавство України, що регламентує відносини з відшкодування шкоди державою особі, яка потерпіла від кримінального правопорушення. Розглянуто питання обсягу відшкодування шкоди державою, їх граничні межі, залежність розміру відшкодування від матеріального становища потерпілого як гарантії дотримання принципу соціальної справедливості, встановлення порядку регресної вимоги держави до особи, яка вчинила кримінальне правопорушення

It is shown that there is essence transformation of concept of freedom and responsibility in informative society. It is shown, that the modern stage of development of civilization is characterized by destruction of cultural traditions, devaluation of the national valued systems and lining up the new on a base values of the western world, and also by the global crisis of responsibility.It is shown that as the basic circulated models come forward: society of consumption, mass culture, freedom in the western understanding, modernisation of western type as vector only faithful development of any public system. These reference-points are translated and fastened through the channels of mass communication. Together with them new axiological reference-points, as that pluralism, nihilizm and relativism, come forward in relations, are translated, that, in turn, results in the innermost crisis of all types of responsibility. Thus, the modern stage of development of society is characterized deeply by contradictory tendencies in the field of politics, economy, culture, that shows up in the crisis of responsibility. Attention actualized on that all these processes require a serious scientific comprehension and analysis of the systems, sent to the exposure of specific features of this phenomenon for making of algorithm of actions, assisting a removal or even softening of existent contradictions.It is underlined that the virtualization of society can become reason of displacing of frames of society, that appeals to the crisis of political and ethic responsibility and requires the serious going near development of complex of measures, from one side, on informatively-psychological defense of personality, and, with other, on securing of all frames of society for an intergovernmental level.It is shown that on this stage of forming of culture of informative society of contradiction in a culture generated the system crisis of responsibility: ethic, political, economic, both on individual and on collective levels. In informative society, restructuring of cultural space caused transformation of cultural values. Now freedom becomes an attempt finally to break off with dependence on society, orientation on the extreme degree of individual desires and necessities, by absence of some responsibility before society. Humanity searches methods, how to attain all greater freedom, taking off traditional embargoes, renouncing an attempt to stick somebody's will and what that was not authorities. Freedom becomes an end in itself. She accepts different forms: from freedom of speech, allowing to use an unnormative vocabulary in the spoken and writing language to taking off an embargo on doing drug and legalization of same-sex marriages. Such display of freedom serves reason of serious social contradictions.It is underlined that freedom of choice is unthinkable without responsibility for the consequences of the accomplished elections: by individuals, groups of people, including, as nations, people, nationalities, operating by means of frames of society and social educations, the top of that are the states, their unions and international institutes, creating norms, rules, orders and limitations for any world legal subject. Complete freedom can not be: under no circumstances, and not under what circumstances and than higher level of knowledge of people about the place and role in the world, the possible limits of freedom and absence of freedom become more determined, their veritable sense is opened and a value is grasped. Collective freedom and complementary absence of freedom, I am not that another, as objective and that is why immutable knowledge of associations of people about the maximum borders of the safe existence, the following exposes infinite possibilities of common to all mankind development.It is shown that over globalization, as concomitant to informatively-technological revolution process, brings to globalization of irresponsible behavior, and also to globalization of consequences of such irresponsibility. At existent contradictions and conflicts becomes obvious, that global irresponsibility becomes not only a threat to the individuals or task forces, but to all frames of society, and also planet on the whole. Authorial position is grounded, that the degree of responsibility must be straight proportional to possibilities (first of all technical) of society, that society must revise the system of moral values, produce the mechanisms of defense, that principle of responsibility will be the basis of. This principle must imply maximization of all kinds and levels of responsibility, and also, taking into account interdependence of all elements of society and dependence of nature from the actions of man, making of intergovernmental ethic conception that would predetermine transformation of economic, political and legal relations. ; Показано, что в информационном обществе наблюдается сущностная трансформация понятия свободы и ответственности. Обосновывается, что благодаря специфическим виртуальным характеристикам информационного общества социальные субъекты получают уникальные возможности для реализации личной свободы, которые в определенной степени могут вступать в противоречие с ответственностью. ; Показано, що в інформаційному суспільстві спостерігається сутнісна трансформація поняття свободи й відповідальності. Обґрунтовується, що завдяки специфічним віртуальним характеристикам інформаційного суспільства соціальні суб'єкти отримують унікальні можливості для реалізації особистої свободи, які певною мірою можуть заходити у суперечність із відповідальністю.

It is almost for a quarter of the century that our country is a free and independent state. It has become the subject of the international life, has joined the global world processes and is actively developing intercultural connections with other countries. Nowadays the western model of the development of the political and cultural relations is peculiar toUkraine, but since Ukrainian culture was forming under the pressure of Indo-European culture in the old days, more and more often we can evidence the tendency for oriental traditions and the popularization of the Middle Eastern culture.And this direction is getting more significant as one of the fundamental models ofUkraine's orientations. That is why oriental studies inUkraineare becoming more important.At the end of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th one of the first scientists, who devoted himself to the oriental studies or, rather, developed the indological studies inUkraine, was an academician D.M. Ovsyanyko-Kulikovsky. The scientist, known mainly among philologists, was at his time one of the most outstanding and popular Russian literary critics. An active participant of the social and political life ofUkraine, prominent scientist, essay writer, culturologist, linguist and educationist, he influenced the formation of the ideology of intellectuals of that time, the development of Ukrainian culture, higher and secondary education.Leading researchers of D.M. Ovsyanyko-Kulikovsky are A.V.Vietukhov, A.G. Gornfeld, T.I. Rainov. The researches of S.F. Oldenburg, P.M. Sakulin are of a particular value. Such scientists as M. K. Anikin, I.G. Ilyukhin, A.P. Kovalivskyi, M.V.Osmakov, M.N.Boiko, R. S. Zolotarev, U. V. Mann also studied the scientific heritage of D.M. Ovsyanyko-Kulikovsky. Among the Ukrainian scientists it is necessary to point out the works of O.I. Ladyga and L.O. Chuvpylo.Thus, in the view of the aforesaid we can make a conclusion that the scientific heritage of D.M. Ovsyanyko-Kulikovsky is always of a great interest for the scientists, the breadth of his soul and a rich scientific experience don't leave anyone indifferent. The goal of this research is the analysis of one of the D.M. Ovsyanyko-Kulikovsky's indological works.Dmytro Ovsyanyko-Kulikovsky (1853-1920) comes from theprovinceofTavria. He worked inUkraine. Almost all his life he studied the Sanskrit, the culture and religion of Ancient India. One of his first works "The review of the myth about falcon, who brought the Soma plant" contains an analysis of Rigveda texts, where he reconstructs the main ideas and some mythological images of Indo-European origin, in particular the image of God Soma's cult. From the studies of the Sacred Writings of the Ancient Indians appears another scientific work on linguistics "The cult of Soma in Ancient India", in which the author analyzes the hymns of Rigveda from social and psychological point of view and comes to a conclusion, that language is the best reflection of the ancient thinking and consciousness. The cult of Soma, that is widely represented in hymns, was some kind of a religious rite with the elements of sacrament and mystery, and the use of Soma's drink gave people an impulse for psychological actions, for developing a language, sociability, inspired for creativity and cultural instincts of a person. And the combination of music, Soma's drink and the speech of the priest threw into an ecstasy. The influence of such a state on the ancient person's mind encouraged the development of thinking, imagination, that were gradually forming the precise system of mythological believes and the beginnings of the philosophical thinking. This rite was of a great importance for the people of that time.Thus, having studied properly the hymns of Rigveda, the scientist tried to understand how the perception of Indo-Aryans, the spiritual culture, the beginning of the creativity were developing. He emphasized the power of the influence of language on the people's consciousness. The idea of the influence of language, that is felt in the hymns of Rigveda together with a heady Soma's drink, on ancient people, wasn't continued in linguistics, history of the culture and cultural studies at all.The contribution of D.M. Ovsyanyko-Kulikovsky on the development of Ukrainian science is significant. The research methods of the spiritual world of an ancient person with the help of the language, made by the scientist, are very important nowadays in such fields as linguistics, social anthropology and cultural studies. ; В статье проанализировано одно из направлений деятельности Д.М. Овсянико-Куликовского на примерах его работ по ведаизму, акцентируется внимание на влиянии языка на человеческое сознание в индологичних исследованиях ученого, выявлено неразрывность первобытных верований и культов с развитием социальных общностей, что привело к созданию собственной целостной культурологической концепции, исследуется его роль в развитии индологии как науки в Украине. ; У статті проаналізовано один з напрямів діяльності Д.М. Овсянико-Куликовського на прикладах його праць з ведаїзму. Акцентується увага на впливі мови на людську свідомість. Виявлено нерозривність між первісними віруваннями і культами та розвитком соціальних спільнот. Досліджується роль дослідника у розвитку індології як науки в Україні.

[Resumen] A partir del año 2000 se ha producido en España un gran desarrollo legislativo de las instrucciones previas. En cambio, su implantación real no ha sido elevada. Las investigaciones realizadas en nuestro país muestran el decidido interés de pacientes y profesionales por las instrucciones previas y los procesos de planificación anticipada de las decisiones, así como su desconocimiento sobre el marco ético y jurídico que los sustentan. Con todo, una cuestión importante sin aclarar es el perfil del profesional que está dispuesto y debe liderar su puesta en marcha. Existen experiencias nacionales e internacionales que reconocen el papel relevante de los profesionales de enfermería en el proceso de planificación anticipada de las decisiones. No obstante existen barreras legislativas, formativas e institucionales que deben ser removidas a fin de allanar el terreno para propiciar su intervención. La presente tesis doctoral analiza el proceso de planificación anticipada de las decisiones desde la óptica de la Enfermería. Partiendo de una aproximación a los aspectos conceptuales, éticos y legislativos más relevantes de la enfermería como profesión, explora si dicho proceso de planificación anticipada conecta con la concepción integral de los cuidados, la metodología y los elementos organizativos y definitorios de la profesión. Al respecto, el proceso de atención de enfermería y la figura de la enfermera "gestora de casos" se sitúan como elementos facilitadores en el binomio "proceso de planificación anticipada de las decisiones-enfermería". En el contexto de la enfermería gallega los profesionales presentan un conocimiento medio y una actitud favorable hacia los documentos de instrucciones previas y el proceso de planificación anticipada de las decisiones, considerando relevante el papel de la enfermera en dicho proceso. No obstante, queda camino por recorrer para mejorar el conocimiento y el desarrollo de la planificación anticipada de las decisiones. ; [Resumo] A partir do ano 2000 produciuse en España un gran desenvolvemento lexislativo das instrucións previas. En cambio, a súa implantación real non foi elevada. As investigacións realizadas no noso país mostran o decidido interese de pacientes e profesionais polas instrucións previas e os procesos de planificación anticipada das decisións, así como o seu descoñecemento sobre o marco ético e xurídico que os sustentan. Con todo, unha cuestión importante sen aclarar é o perfil do profesional que está disposto e debe liderar a súa posta en marcha. Existen experiencias nacionais e internacionais que recoñecen o papel relevante dos profesionais de enfermaría no proceso de planificación anticipada das decisións. Porén, existen barreiras lexislativas, formativas e institucionais que deben ser removidas co fin de achandar o terreo para propiciar a súa intervención. A presente tese de doutoramento analiza o proceso de planificación anticipada das decisións dende a óptica da Enfermaría. Partindo dunha aproximación aos aspectos conceptuais, éticos e lexislativos máis relevantes da enfermaría como profesión, explora se o devandito proceso de planificación anticipada conecta coa concepción integral dos coidados, a metodoloxía e os elementos organizativos e definitorios da profesión. Ao respecto, o proceso de atención de enfermaría e a figura da enfermeira "xestora de casos" sitúanse como elementos facilitadores no binomio "proceso de planificación anticipada das decisións-enfermaría. No contexto da enfermaría galega os profesionais presentan un coñecemento medio e unha actitude favorable cara os documentos de instrucións previas e o proceso de planificación anticipada das decisións, considerando relevante o papel da enfermeira no devandito proceso. Porén, queda camiño por percorrer para mellorar o coñecemento e o desenvolvemento da planificación anticipada das decisións. ; [Abstract] Since 2000 a huge legislative development of advance directives has taken place in Spain. However, its real implantation has not been so high. Research carried out in our country has shown that patients and professionals are interested both in advance directives and advance care planning, as well as their ignorance and unawareness about the ethical and legal framework. Nevertheless, important matters as which professional profile and who is willing to lead the project start-up needs further clarification. Some national and international experiences recognise the relevant role of nursing professionals in advance care planning. Even so, there are legislative, educational and institutional barriers that must be cleared up in order to prepare the ground for promoting their intervention. This doctoral research analyses the process of advance care planning from the point of view of a nurse. Based on the most relevant conceptual, ethical and legislative approaches to the nursing profession, it explores the connection between the process of advance care planning and the comprehensive conception of care and the organizational and methodological features that define the nursing profession. Nursing care process and the so-called "Nurse-case managing" fuel the couple "advance care planning-nursing". Galician nurses present a medium knowledge and a positive attitude towards advance care planning and advance directives documents, and consider that nurses play a significant role in this process. However, there is still much more to do in order to improve the knowledge and the development of advance care planning.

Zusammenfassung: Der Begriff der Emanzipation spielt in der neueren Erziehungswissenschaft nur mehr eine geringe Rolle. Mit dem Bildungsbegriff steht jedoch eine Alternative zur Verfügung, die das kritische Potential des Emanzipationsbegriffs bewahren lässt. Wie sehr eine kritische pädagogische Haltung auch heute notwendig ist, wird anhand ausgewählter Beispiele aus dem schulischen und familiären Bereich aufgezeigt. Gegenüber der wachsenden Tendenz, Erziehung und Unterricht nach ihrem Output zu beurteilen und ihre Überwachung und Kontrolle zu intensivieren, wird daran erinnert, dass Bildung nicht machbar ist, sondern vom sich bildenden Subjekt selber geleistet werden muss.Schlüsselwörter: Bildung, Bildungspolitik, Emanzipation, Helikoptereltern, Kompetenz, PISA ; Summary: The concept of emancipation plays a limited role in the recent science of pedagogics. With the concept of education, all alternatives are available which preserve the critical potential of the emancipation concept. The extent to which a critical pedagogic attitude is also necessary today, will be illustrated by means of examples chosen from the schooling and familial domains. Countering the increasing tendency to judge education and teaching in terms of their output and so intensify surveillance and control, is a reminder that education is not doable but rather needs to be accomplished by the subject who is being educated.Key words: education, the politics of education, emancipation, helicopter parents, competence, PISA ; L'émancipation a largement perdu de sa signification en tant que notion normative dans le domaine des sciences de l'éducation. Ce terme continue toutefois d'être utilisé pour décrire la fonction critique des sciences de l'éducation. Comme en témoigne fortement la critique aujourd'hui, l'école et la famille sont en pleine évolution. Les réformes actuelles de l'enseignement en Suisse se distinguent de façon marquante par une tendance dominante à la standardisation et à la normalisation de l'école et des cours. La standardisation ne concerne pas seulement les conditions dans lesquelles ont lieu l'école et les cours, mais aussi les résultats, c'est-à-dire la performance attendue de la part des élèves. Au lieu de se former, les élèves doivent acquérir des compétences, précisées en détails et évaluées à l'aide de procédés psychométriques. Tandis que les processus de formation ciblent l'autonomisation de l'individu au sens de l'organisation de sa personnalité, les compétences se mesurent à l'aune de leur utilité dans les situations quotidiennes. La formation est redéfinie dans ses fonctions et évolue vers un capital humain, ce qui transparait dans les études PISA. Par ailleurs, les écoles et les cours sont désignés de plus en plus souvent par des métaphores technologiques qui laissent penser que l'apprentissage des élèves est la résultante directe de l'enseignement des professeurs. Les fantasmes de faisabilité, qui font la part plus belle à l'influence de la politique de l'enseignement qu'elle n'en a dans les faits, se propagent. Ainsi le monitorage suisse de la formation, projet porté conjointement par la Confédération et les cantons, exige que la recherche sur l'enseignement fournisse des savoirs permettant de mieux piloter le système de formation. Même si des voix critiques s'élèvent sur la scène internationale, l'assimilation entre formation et éducation ne cesse de progresser en suivant la logique des processus de fabrication industrielle en Suisse. L'introduction de normes de formation basées sur les résultats dans le cadre du concordat HarmoS et l'organisation du Lehrplan 21 (plan d'études) en fonction des compétences s'inscrivent dans le contexte d'un changement de cap politique, dont l'objectif est d'attirer l'attention sur les résultats des écoles et des cours. De façon comparable, il se développe dans les familles une mentalité de surveillance et de contrôle. Par souci justifié ou non, des parents dits hélicoptères s'occupent en permanence de leurs enfants, ne leur laissant quasiment aucun espace de liberté pour explorer leurs propres centres d'intérêt en autonomie, sans surveillance. Mus par une « panique de l'éducation » (Bude), les parents croient devoir toujours investir davantage dans leurs enfants pour que leur vie soit couronnée plus tard de succès. Mais cette mentalité du contrôle, dite hélicoptère, empêche les enfants de mener leurs propres expériences au sens strict du terme. Leur formation est également en jeu, car la formation ne peut pas être prise en charge par un tiers, c'est à la personne elle-même de s'y impliquer. « Émancipons-nous », d'un point de vue pédagogique, signifie que nous prenions nos distances avec les exigences de standardisation et de normalisation, telles que l'école et la famille en regorge dernièrement, et que nous renouions avec l'idée de formation qui recèle un potentiel d'émancipation indélébile.Mots clés: formation, politique de formation, émancipation, parents hélicoptères, compétence, PISA ; Riassunto: Il concetto dell'emancipazione ricopre un ruolo via e più minoritario nella nuova scienza dell'educazione. Il concetto di formazione offre tuttavia un'alternativa che consente di preservare il potenziale critico del concetto di emancipazione. Attraverso esempi selezionati del contesto scolastico e familiare, viene mostrato quanto anche oggi sia necessario un atteggiamento pedagogico critico. Di fronte alla crescente tendenza a valutare l'educazione e l'insegnamento in base al loro output e a intensificarne la sorveglianza e il controllo, si ricorda che la formazione non può essere creata, ma deve essere svolta dal soggetto in formazione.Parole chiave: formazione, politica della formazione, emancipazione, genitori elicottero, competenza, PISA

This article studies one aspect of British-Russian cooperation between the 1840s and 1850s, involving the exchange of technical staff. The research is based on clerical records and act sources, deposited in archival materials of central and local governmental bodies of the Russian mining industry. The specific features of cooperation are illustrated by examples of service of Englishmen at Ural factories. The author analyses circumstances of recruitment and conditions of work of high-qualified engineers as well as of ordinary masters. During the period in question, Englishmen were the most requested specialists because they were thought to possess advanced technological experience and knowledge. Such a perception extended to all, not just to the representatives of professions requiring the highest education and qualification. In the second half of the 1840s – early 1850s, a team of shipbuilders led by the engineer, James Carr, worked in the Ural plants. During this period the Russian government actively invited mechanics, hammer workers, molders and masters of puddling. Englishmen often were appointed to higher positions to deal with the technical part of Ural state factories. The exchange of experience was carried out during the common work of British and Russian engineers and masters as well as in the process of training. The paper displays the ambiguity of such interaction and difficulties, which arose due to faults of either one or the other side. The sources, documenting recruitment and dismissal of foreigners, describe cases when the hiring of invited specialists did not bring the expected results. The author reveals the reasons and consequences of failed attempts of using British technological experience at Russian plants. Among them include technical unpreparedness of the Ural industry, the inconsistency between the qualification of foreigners and the tasks for which they were invited and finally insufficient awareness of the Russian side concerning the recruited technicians' professional skills. Biographies of English specialists (engineers, mechanics, etc.) are considered in the context of international conjuncture, which at the time was characterized by an increase in tension in English-Russian relations and the upcoming war. The paper demonstrates that the attitude of some British men towards their service in the Urals changed for the worse because the Crimean war had begun. Others continued their contract work in the Urals in spite of the military confrontation between Russia and England. The activity of British technical specialists in the Urals was a reflection of peculiarities in English-Russian relations, in which cooperation in economic and technological spheres could coexist with a drastic deterioration of political relations. ; Статья посвящена исследованию одной из сторон британско-российского сотрудничества в 1840–50-е гг., заключавшейся в обмене техническими кадрами. Исследование проведено на основе делопроизводственных и актовых источников, отложившихся в фондах центральных и местных органов управления российской горной промышленностью. Особое место среди них занимают контракты с британскими специалистами, а также служебная переписка. Характерные черты технического сотрудничества проиллюстрированы яркими примерами службы англичан на заводах Урала. Проанализированы обстоятельства вербовки и условия работы по контрактам как высококвалифицированных инженеров, так и рядовых мастеров. В изучаемый период англичане оказались наиболее востребованными специалистами, поскольку считались носителями передового технологического опыта и знаний. Такое восприятие распространялось на всех, а не только на представителей профессий, требующих наибольшей образованности и квалификации. Выявлен персональный состав британских специалистов. Во второй половине 1840-х – начале 1850-х гг. на уральских заводах работала команда корабельных мастеров во главе с инженером Джеймсом Карром, которая обеспечила развитие судостроения. Активно приглашались в этот период механики, молотовые мастера, специалисты по пудлингованию, формовщики. На высшие должности по технической части уральских казенных заводов нередко назначались выходцы из Англии. Обмен опытом осуществлялся во время совместной работы британских и русских инженеров и мастеров, а также в ходе обучения. В статье показана неоднозначность этого взаимодействия, сложности, возникавшие по вине и той и другой стороны. Источники, документирующие процессы найма и увольнения иностранцев, свидетельствуют о случаях, когда привлечение приезжих специалистов не давало ожидаемых результатов. Выявлены причины и последствия неудавшихся попыток использования британского технологического опыта на российских заводах, среди которых техническая неподготовленность уральской промышленности, несоответствие квалификации приглашенных иностранцев тем задачам, которые перед ними ставились, недостаточная осведомленность российской стороны о профессиональном уровне контрактуемых. Судьбы британских специалистов (инженеров, механиков и пр.) рассматриваются в контексте международной конъюнктуры, характеризовавшейся в исследуемый период нарастанием напряженности в англо-русских отношениях с последующими военными действиями. Показано, что отношение одних британцев к службе на Урале менялось в негативную сторону в связи начавшейся Крымской войной, другие же, несмотря на военную конфронтацию России и Англии, продолжали работать на уральских заводах, не прерывая контрактов. Деятельность британских технических специалистов на Урале является ярким отражением специфики англо-русских отношений, в которых сотрудничество в сфере экономики и технологий могло проходить наряду с жестким обострением внешнеполитических отношений.

International audience ; This paper presents a summary of the work done within the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme project ECLIPSE (Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants). ECLIPSE had a unique systematic concept for designing a realistic and effective mitigation scenario for short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs: methane, aerosols and ozone, and their precursor species) and quantifying its climate and air quality impacts, and this paper presents the results in the context of this overarching strategy. The first step in ECLIPSE was to create a new emission inventory based on current legislation (CLE) for the recent past and until 2050. Substantial progress compared to previous work was made by including previously unaccounted types of sources such as flaring of gas associated with oil production, and wick lamps. These emission data were used for present-day reference simulations with four advanced Earth system models (ESMs) and six chemistry transport models (CTMs). The model simulations were compared with a variety of ground-based and satellite observational data sets from Asia, Europe and the Arctic. It was found that the models still underestimate the measured seasonality of aerosols in the Arctic but to a lesser extent than in previous studies. Problems likely related to the emissions were identified for Northern Russia and India, in particular. To estimate the climate impacts of SLCPs, ECLIPSE followed two paths of research: the first path calculated radiative forcing (RF) values for a large matrix of SLCP species emissions, for different seasons and regions independently. Based on these RF calculations, the Global Temperature change Potential metric for a time horizon of 20 years (GTP20) was calculated for each SLCP emission type. This climate metric was then used in an integrated assessment model to identify all emission mitigation measures with a beneficial air quality and short-term (20 year) climate impact. These measures together defined a SLCP mitigation (MIT) scenario. Compared to CLE, the MIT scenario would reduce global methane (CH 4 ) and black carbon emissions by about 50 and 80%, respectively. For CH4, measures on shale gas production, waste management and coal mines were most important. For non-CH 4 SLCPs, elimination of high emitting vehicles and wick lamps, as well as reducing emissions from gas flaring, coal and biomass stoves, agricultural waste, solvents and diesel engines were most important. These measures lead to large reductions in calculated surface concentrations of ozone and particulate matter. We estimate that in the EU the loss of statistical life expectancy due to air pollution was 7.5 months in 2010, which will be reduced to 5.2 months by 2030 in the CLE scenario. The MIT scenario would reduce this value by another 0.9 to 4.3 months. Substantially larger reductions due to the mitigation are found for China (1.8 months) and India (11–12 months). The climate metrics cannot fully quantify the climate response. Therefore, a second research path was taken. Transient climate ensemble simulations with these ESMs were run for the CLE and MIT scenarios, to determine the climate impacts of the mitigation. In these simulations, the CLE scenario resulted in a surface temperature increase of 0.70±0.14 K between the years 2006 and 2050. For the decade 2041–2050, the warming was reduced by 0.22±0.07 K in the MIT scenario, and this result was in almost exact agreement with the response calculated based on the emission metrics (reduced warming of 0.22±0.09 K). The metrics calculations suggest that non-CH 4 SLCPs contribute ∼22% to this response and CH 4 78%. This could not be fully confirmed by the transient simulations, which attributed about 90% of the temperature response to CH 4 reductions. Attribution of the observed temperature response to non-CH 4 SLCP emission reductions and black carbon (BC) specifically is hampered in the transient simulations by small forcing and co-emitted species of the emission basket chosen. Nevertheless, an important conclusion is that our mitigation basket as a whole would lead to clear benefits for both air quality and climate. The climate response from BC reductions in our study is smaller than reported previously, largely because our study is one of the first to use fully coupled climate models, where unforced variability and sea-ice responses may counteract the impacts of small emission reductions. The temperature responses to the mitigation were generally stronger over the continents than over the oceans, and with a warming reduction of 0.44 K (0.39–0.49) largest over the Arctic. Our calculations suggest particularly beneficial climate responses in Southern Europe, where the surface warming was reduced by about 0.3 K and precipitation rates were increased by about 15 (6–21) mm yr -1 (more than 4% of total precipitation) from spring to autumn. Thus, the mitigation could help to alleviate expected future drought and water shortages in the Mediterranean area. We also report other important results of the ECLIPSE project.