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A distinct characteristic of the judicial activity of integration courts is that it is aimed not only at resolving legal conflicts, but also at interpreting the law in order to fill the existing gaps. Filling legal gaps may be described as a key function of an integration court. This special characteristic leads to the phenomenon of judicial activism. The study of the case law of integration courts reveals the possibility to formulate activist legal findings using different methods of interpretation. The possibility to use the teleological method of interpretation, which is the most suitable in order to eliminate legal gaps, stems directly from the provisions of the Vienna convention on the law of international treaties. The analysis of the acts of the Court of Justice of the European Union allows to establish a strong correlation between activist approaches and the use of the teleological method of interpretation. However teleological interpretation does not necessarily mean the choice of the most progressive available options. Often the activism manifests itself in the search of a balance between the interests of the integration organization and its Member States. The Court of the Eurasian Economic Union develops activist approaches by using both traditional methods of interpretation and teleological interpretation as well as having recourse to constitutional traditions of the Member States.

The issues of exercising expert's rights when ordering a forensic examination, entrusting its production to a specific competent person, conducting a study, reflecting its process and the results in the expert's opinion do not lose their relevance. Basing on the analysis of practice for the appointment and conduct of forensic construction and technical examinations, the authors of the article have examined the organizational and legal problems encountered by an expert when familiarizing himself with the case materials and studying them; applicating for additional materials; involving another expert in the production of an examination, as well as in the exercising other expert's rights provided by the legislation on forensic examination.The article discusses forensic situations when it is often allowed either an unjustifiably broad interpretation of the provisions of the law in this part, or an unreasonably narrow, and sometimes incorrect, in the authors' opinion, their interpretation. All this prevents the expert from working efficiently, leads him to procedural errors, which, in turn, makes him vulnerable to reasonable criticism of opponents and creates the preconditions for an investigator or court to evaluate expert's opinion as a piece of unacceptable evidence. The authors propose ways to overcome these negative trends and related practical issues in forensic construction and technical examination. ; Вопросы реализации прав эксперта при назначении судебной экспертизы, поручении ее производства конкретному сведущему лицу, проведении исследования, отражении его процесса и результатов в заключении эксперта не утрачивают своей актуальности. Авторы статьи на основе изучения практики назначения и производства судебных строительно-технических экспертиз рассмотрели организационно-правовые проблемы, возникающие у эксперта при ознакомлении с материалами дела, заявлении ходатайства о предоставлении дополнительных материалов, привлечении к производству экспертизы другого эксперта, а также при реализации других прав эксперта, предусмотренных законодательством о судебной экспертизе.В статье разобраны судебно-экспертные ситуации, при которых достаточно часто допускается либо неоправданно широкое толкование положений закона в этой части, либо необоснованно узкая, а порой и неверная, по мнению авторов, их трактовка. Все это препятствует эффективной работе эксперта, способствует совершению процессуальных ошибок, что делает эксперта уязвимым для обоснованной критики оппонентов и формирует предпосылки для оценки следователем или судом его заключения как недопустимого доказательства. Авторы предлагают пути преодоления этих негативных тенденций и связанных с ними проблем в практике производства судебных строительно-технических экспертиз.

This article presents the results of constructing and validating the "Normless anomie index" (NLAI) sociological test, designed to measure the level of anomie among Russian-speaking and Ukrainian-speaking respondents. The theoretical validity of NLAI is based on an understanding of anomie that was proposed and detailed in the works of R. Merton. The content of the index is based on normless indicators presented in the articles of D. Dean, G. McCloskey and J. Shaar, as well as indicators presented in this article. The study is based on data from two surveys (November 2018, N = 600; April 2019, N = 600), which represent the adult population of Ukraine according to such parameters as age, gender, type of settlement and region of residence. For the purpose of empirical validation, the factor structure of the theoretical construct was analyzed (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis) and construct validity was confirmed based on indicators that describe respondents' political consciousness and their social well-being (correlation analysis). Three versions of NLAI were tested: 1) based on indicators claiming the existence of norms, as well as based on indicators claiming the opposite (survey conducted in 2018); 2) based on indicators claiming only the absence of norms, with more specific wording (survey conducted in 2019); 3) based on indicators claiming only the absence of norms, with more abstract wording (survey conducted in 2019). A conclusion is made about the higher quality of the second version of NLAI.
A classifier of answers to the NLAI indicators is proposed, which allows for categorizing respondents into four groups: anomic (predominance of answers which indicate the absence of norms), ambivalent (there are answers indicating both the absence of norms and their presence), undefined (answers prevail which indicate the absence of a clear position) and non-anomic (prevailing answers indicating the presence of norms).

Article about synthesis of theory the self-organizing and the institutional economic theory. The author proves the thesis about exogenous an origin of institutional processes in economy and cyclic institutional development.

The article is devoted to the study of the names of stones in the Altai language and its dialects; the lexical and semantic classification of stones is identified and described; folklore research and interpretation of stones in the literary texts of Altai writers, in particular in the poem by Boris Ukachin, is carried out. Based on the material of his poem, a historical and linguistic analysis of the ethnocultural vocabulary of the Altai language is given. The cult of stones is one of the most ancient in the history of mankind. This problem has been little studied and requires further research. There are about fifty types of stones in the Altai language. All of them have names depending on their purpose, use. In many Altai legends and legends, they play an important role, have magical and medicinal properties. According to the authors, the names of stones are widely and variously represented in the work of B. Ukachin. Many of them are common for the vast majority of Turkic languages, which is quite justified historically and testifies to cultural traditions

Extension of the theory of politics to include sociocultural meanings in its explanatory scheme reflects the current uncertainty of its theoretical and methodological foundations, politico-institutional references, political and ideological implications. Fluctuation of the contours of the "familiar world" corresponds to rising distrust in the existing institutions and actors, suggesting a crisis of their legitimacy and effectiveness. A qualitatively new nature of conflict in society, archaization of political ideologies and practices, transformation of the structures of social and power configurations indicate a change in the reference values of load-bearing structures of political life, reflexive schemes and ideological intentions. Redefinition of the standard linear epistemes and ideological discourses of modernity is accompanied by incorporation of socio-cultural referents and new references of modernity into the theoretical constructs. Religion ceases to be just a private affair of a particular person, and returns to the public space in various forms, reflecting the diversification and diversity of the semantic and practical presence in the theoretical schemes and political practices. Many political issues acquire social resonance only because they are given a religious meaning, whereas religious intentions are in demand primarily in the political space. The religious reference is perceived differently in the modern world, causing controversy and debate about the prospects for human development, actualizing new methodological and ideological constructions.

The article deals with analysis of coordinating constructions with the conjunctions "и" (and) and "или" (or) in the legislative acts of the Russian Federation. The problems with perception and interpretation of the constructions under analysis are demonstrated on the material of the articles of the Criminal and the Civil Codes. ; В статье рассматриваются сочинительные конструкции с союзами "и", "или" на примере Уголовного и Гражданского кодексов Российской Федерации.

This article considers the reasons and consequences of the increased attention from politicians and scholars to the challenges of national and global food security. First, the authors focus on the contradictory definitions of food security in intellectual and ideological debates which determine the development of national and global doctrines of food security (and 'food sovereignty' as its critical alternative). Secondly, the authors consider past and present attempts to ensure food security and identify the historical zigzags of food policies in Russia (from the Soviet autarchic policy of food self-sufficiency to attempts to liberalize food security definitions in the 1990s, and the new protectionist and autarchic food security doctrine of the 2000s). The authors also present a range of common indicators of food security, and emphasize that the gross growth in the production of various types of food is insufficient to assess the quality of national food policies. The key indicators of food security include the effectiveness of agricultural production, access to quality food for all social groups, and the potential of consumers to control the issues of national food security. Finally, the authors consider the sociological approach to the study of food security and present data from a series of sociological monitoring developed and conducted by the Center for Agrarian Studies of RANEPA 2015-2017. The analysis identified the 'double autarchy' in the responses of respondents: on the one hand, they support the general political course on food protectionism and nationalism (state autarchy), while, on the other, they strive to implement a micro-policy of autonomous food sovereignty (family autarchy) by intensifying household efforts to ensure natural self-sufficiency. © 2018 National Research University Higher School of Economics.

The article is about the word 'panache', which refers to the main characteristic of the protagonist of the most popular play in the French theater - Cyrano de Bergerac by Edmond Rostand. This word, being the last word in the play, and also in the life of Cyrano, is a semantic neologism of a complex - both metonymical and metaphorical - nature, in the base of which lies a specific noun panache with the meaning of 'plumage'. Reinvented panache is connected metonymically with the image of Henry IV, who ordered his troops to look up to his white plumage during the battle, and metaphorically - with the visual image of this colorful and always in motion vestimentary attribute. This neologism was needed to be explained, which has been done by the author himself, on the meeting of French Academy, to which he had been elected. However, his explanation, done in a neo-romantic way, stressing that panache is a "spirit of courage", was not exhaustive, which can be suggested judging by numerous interpretations of this word from different points of view (literary, philosophical, psychological, etc.). Soon after the phenomenal success of the play followed a Russian translation of it, made in a phenomenally short time (only within a month after a premiere in Paris) by T.L. Schepkina-Koupernik, and then translations by V.A. Soloviev, Yu.A. Aihenvald and E.V. Baevskaya. These remarkable examples of translated literature showed the untranslatable nature of the word panache. Thus, T.L. Schepkina-Koupernik made it "a plumed hat", E.V. Baevskaya - "a pride" (which does not fully express the idea of panache, as there are also reckless courage, humble nobility and ingenious eloquence and in it). V.A. Soloviev and Yu.A. Aihenvald do not mention this word at all: the final of the play is constructed in a way to avoid the translation of panache. Still remaining untranslatable, panache by its semantic energy stimulates theoretical re-thinking of the problem of how to translate the untranslatable.

The article is not about "wrong" or, to the contrary, "correct" approaches: explanation, interpretations, understanding are absolutely necessary cognitive acts, without which any adequate study of Dostoyevsky seems impossible. However, these are fundamentally different mindsets that actualize various vectors of researchers' attention. An explanation of "Crime and Punishment" is impossible without an actual historical, as well as a textological, commentary. This is precisely the area where one may talk about a significant progress in the study of Dostoyevsky's novel. It is not surprising, since explanation is the closest to the mindset of so-called "natural sciences" (W. Dilthey), with its declared "objectivity" (a mindset for non-subjectivity) as if protecting from the subjective distortions in one's discipline. At the same time, one or the other interpretation of "Crime and Punishment" are inseparable from historically changing and sometimes drastically diverging – methodologically, culturally, politically, aesthetically – mindsets of interpreters of Dostoyevsky's text. At times, readers' "drifting" (R. Barthes) in such a text may result in interesting findings, however, it often leads researchers beyond the limits of adequate readings, which I define as the "spectrum of adequacy". Finally, the third version of researchers' "examination" of Dostoyevsky's novel is a personal understanding of it, in one way or another included within the "spectrum of adequacy". These mismatching but equally adequate in respect to Dostoyevsky's intentions acts of researchers' understanding are impossible without an axiological concord between the understanding mind and the writer's dominant mindset. While Dostoyevsky predetermines the direction of readers' receptions, he does not direct each of the reader's (and therefore, researcher's) receptions, providing them with a certain freedom of choice, within which they are allowed to make decisions at their discretion. ; В статье речь идет не об «ошибочных» или, напротив того, «правильных» подходах: объяснение, интерпретации, понимание являются абсолютно необходимыми познавательными актами, без которых любое адекватное изучение Достоевского представляется мне невозможным. Однако это все-таки принципиально отличающиеся установки, актуализирующие различные векторы исследовательского внимания. Объяснение «Преступления и Наказания» невозможно без реально-исторического, а также текстологического комментария. Именно в этой сфере можно говорить о значительном прогрессе в изучении романа Достоевского. Это и неудивительно, поскольку как раз объяснение ближе всего к методологическим постулатам так называемых «наук о природе» (В. Дильтей), с их декларируемой «объективностью» (установкой на бессубъектность) как будто гарантирующей от субъективистских искажений своего предмета. Тогда как те или иные интерпретации «Преступления и Наказания» неотделимы от исторически изменчивых и порой резко расходящихся – методологически, культурно, политически, эстетически - установок самих истолкователей текста Достоевского. «Дрейфование» читателей (Р. Барт) по этому тексту порой приводит к интересным результатам, однако же оно зачастую выводит исследователей за пределы той совокупности адекватных прочтений, которые я определяю понятием «спектра адекватности». Наконец, третий вариант исследовательского «освоения» романа Достоевского представляет собой то или иное его личностное понимание, так или иначе входящее в «спектр адекватности». Эти несовпадающие друг с другом, однако в равной мере адекватные художественным интенциям Достоевского акты исследовательского понимания невозможны без аксиологического созвучия понимающего сознания доминантным установкам писателя. Вместе с тем Достоевский хотя и предопределяет вектор читательских рецепций, но отнюдь не направляет непременно каждую рецепцию читателя (значит, и литературоведа), предоставляя тому некую свободу выбора, в пределах которой тот волен принимать решения по своему усмотрению.

The subject of the study is historical method of interpretation in law, its capacities and types. Despite the recognition of historical interpretation by legal science, there are no specialized works and there is no consensus on the content of this method of interpretation. Historical interpretation is considered both as an interpretation based on a previous rule of law, as an interpretation considering the conditions for the adoption of the norm, and as an interpretation based on the practice of applying the interpreted norm.The purpose of the study is to substantiate the authors' hypothesis that historical interpretation in law is an intellectual activity that involves clarifying the content of a legal prescription, achieved based on identifying legal and non-legal factors that both precede the creation of the norm and accompany its adoption. In addition, the authors set the task to identify those factors that should be taken into account in historical interpretation, as well as to classify the types of historical interpretation. The analysis of historical interpretation is made using scientific methods: induction and deduction, formal legal, comparative legal synchronous and diachronic methods.The main results, scope of application. Historical interpretation considers political, economic, social, and legal factors. Legal factors include the rules of law that preceded the interpreted norm, repealed acts, official and unofficial documents of law-making entities, draft laws, acts and the norms contained therein that accompanied the interpreted regulation, i.e. were adopted simultaneously with the interpreted norm, as well as other factors, such as the level of development of legal science and legal technique.The authors suppose that historical interpretation cannot be considered as a homogeneous way of interpretation. In reality, the historical interpretation in law can be carried out using different techniques and methods, in relation to heterogeneous legal prescriptions, and carried out by subjects with ...