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Dieses neue Hintergrundpapier gibt zunächst einen Überblick über zentrale Begriffe der Debatte wie Gerechtigkeit, Versöhnung etc.. Anschließend werden drei Formen des Umgangs mit Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung vorgestellt: Vergessen & Verdrängen, strafrechtliche Aufarbeitung und Wahrheitskommissionen. Sie werden jeweils von historischen Beispielen illustriert: Ruanda, Deutschland und Südafrika. Die Frage, mit der sich das Papier befasst, lautet: Wie kann belastete Vergangenheit am besten aufgearbeitet werden? Und kann es ein "zu viel" oder "zu wenig" an Transitional Justice geben?

The reviewed book is devoted to understanding the meaning of justice in the context of justice. These concepts are studied in detail in the monograph. In addition, the norms of various branches of law are analyzed, ways of improving them are proposed to direct them towards a person and achieve justice, reasonableness, honesty

Monographic work of Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences M.I. Kleandrov is a fully meaningful and critical analysis of the previous experience of judicial activity in the system of arbitration courts and, finally, in the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Council of Judges of the Russian Federation, scientific activity as a chief researcher at the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, necessary to develop a new understanding of what new forms of fair justice should be. The solution of this problem, the author believes, is necessary in conditions of uncertainty of legal norms, within the framework of judicial discretion, with judicial law-making and rulemaking, the problems of evidence in court proceedings and in extreme situations (pandemics), solving problems related to the imposition of death sentences and the rapid introduction of artificial intelligence into judicial activity.

"Der vorliegende Aufsatz untersucht zum einen die wichtigsten Argumente in der Diskussion zwischen den Egalitariern und den Inegalitariern mit Blick auf die Fragestellung, wie das Verhältnis von Gerechtigkeit und Gleichheit genau aussieht. Zum anderen werden auf der Grundlage der Untersuchung erste Überlegungen für einen eigenen Ansatz - wie man das Verhältnis von Gerechtigkeit und Gleichheit verstehen sollte - angestellt." (Autorenreferat)

Canada's criminal justice system (CJS) is plagued with issues from the overrepresentation of Indigenous peoples to annual expenditures totalling billions of dollars. To alleviate these problems, there has been a push to reform the CJS to better suit its objective to rehabilitate and reintegrate offenders, such as diversionary courts, increased use of community supervision, and culturally-specific programming. However, reformist movements are not doing enough to push the boundaries of criminal justice reform. Crafting policy solutions, which remain within the scope of the current carceral landscape, stifles all discourse that calls for fundamental change. Incrementally reforming the CJS forces public policy to tweak problematic aspects of the model but does not challenge the overall societal and political purpose of the justice system. Ultimately, the reformist approach to the CJS maintains the status quo, which disproportionally harms Inuit, Métis and First Nations people who have historically been over-represented in the CJS. This is because the CJS is deeply rooted in colonialism and serves as a mechanism for the continued subjugation and oppression of Indigenous peoples. Reforming the justice system to become more culturally competent for Indigenous peoples is merely a façade to prevent questions of state sovereignty, legitimacy, and Canada's colonial origins. True reform calls for the decolonization of the CJS. In this paper, to achieve the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's Call to Action No. 42 (i.e., the recognition and implementation of Indigenous justice systems), it will require both analysis and discussion of Canada's past, present and future.

The defense of capitalism in America is rooted in a preference for the market's justice of earned deserts over the justices of equality and need associated with the polity. These preferences have structural roots in the way governments and markets serve different values and purposes, satisfy wants, focus on fairness or justice, enlist causal attributions, distribute or redistribute income, are limited by rights, and seem to offer either harmony or conflict of interest. Some of these "structural" differences, however, are themselves perceptual, and corrected by changed perceptions of the productivity of government and of our historic predecessors, and by a community point of view involving changed accounting systems, as well as by policies of full employment rather than guaranteed incomes. With few institutional changes, these altered perceptions may partially restore political justice to favor.

This book provides an overview of the restorative justice conferencing programs currently in operation in the United States. In paying particular attention to the qualitative dimensions of this - based on interviews, focus groups and ethnographic observation - the book provides an unrivalled view of restorative justice conferencing in practice.

Cover -- Contents -- Preface and Acknowledgements -- 1 What is Justice? The Concept -- The roots of justice -- Justice and ideology -- Justice and distribution -- Justice and desert -- 2 What is Just? The Norms -- Equality and desert -- The value of formal justice -- Knowledge of justice -- The communitarian critique of liberal justice -- 3 Justice as Entitlement: Libertarian Approaches -- Rights and formal justice -- Justice as human rights -- Ownership and entitlement -- Nozick's justice -- Conjectural history and the minimal state -- Libertarian alternatives -- 4 Justice as Respect: Liberal Approaches -- Kantian justice -- Dworkin's rights -- Justice and minorities -- Critique of Dworkin -- 5 Justice as Fairness: Contractual Approaches -- Justice as fairness -- Rawlsian justice -- Critique of Rawls -- The original position -- Principles of justice -- Respecting desert -- Some Rawlsian dogmas -- Global justice -- 6 Justice as Utility: Consequentialist Approaches -- Justice and utility -- The 'economics' of justice -- Criminal law -- 7 Justice as Desert: Responsibilities and Remuneration -- The attractions of desert -- Problems of desert -- Just remuneration -- Luck egalitarianism -- 8 Justice as Critique: Socialist Approaches -- Formal justice and the critique of rights -- Material justice, exploitation and desert -- Socialist justice -- 9 Justice as Empowerment: Feminist Approaches -- A feminist reconstruction of justice -- Oppression and domination -- Critical reflections -- 10 Justice as Democracy: Political Approaches -- The theory of social interaction -- The presuppositions of communicative action -- Habermasian justice -- Critical comments -- 11 Global Justice: Cosmopolitan Approaches -- A justice approach -- A humanitarian approach -- Justice and humanity -- The International criminal courts and humanitarian intervention.

Justice is a virtue that speaks to our time and has been sought and celebrated since it was conceptualized in ancient Greece. Foregrounding new and fascinating research in philosophy and psychology, as well as other empirical fields of study, the essays in this volume explore the breadth and significance of current understandings of justice, with an emphasis on justice as a virtue that individuals can cultivate in themselves and others.