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This paper provides a brief description of the model of participatory justice that is emerging in Europe and in North and South American States. Participatory justice promotes new forms of conflict resolution, as does mediation, based on voluntariness and confidentiality, as well as the participation of all parties in the management of conflict. In 2010, Italian legislators introduced mediation as an alternative form of dispute resolution in civil and commercial matters in order to reduce the burden of the Courts. This reform has not been successful so far because Italian lawmakers have introduced mediation into the civil justice system without reforming the framework of its underlying principles. ; El presente artículo tiene como propósito realizar una breve descripción teórica sobre el modelo de justicia participativa que está surgiendo en Europa y en los Estados del continente americano. La justicia participativa promueve métodos alternativos de resolución de conflictos, como la mediación, caracterizados por la voluntariedad, la confidencialidad y la participación de todas las partes en la gestión de conflictos que las dividen. En 2010 los legisladores italianos introdujeron la mediación en asuntos civiles y mercantiles para reducir la carga de los tribunales. La reforma, sin embargo, no tuvo éxito debido a que los legisladores italianos establecieron la mediación sin armonizar sus principios con los del modelo tradicional de justicia.

This article shows a series of thoughts about justice, electoral justice, and democracy, based on questions such as: Is the judiciary a relevant issue in order to strengthen democracy? What common characteristics and differences does the electoral justice have related to the judiciary in general, in order to strengthen democracy? Which social model must be propelled by electoral justice? And finally, are electoral justice and democracy a couple with future? The analyses around these questions are shown having as a conceptual framework the Mexican legislation and the existing legal doctrine, especially the Spanish. Thus, this article cannot pretend to give an answer to such complex questions, rather discuss them within a Mexican context. ; Este artículo presenta una serie de reflexiones en torno a la justicia, la justicia electoral y la democracia, mediante la formulación de preguntas tales como: ¿el poder judicial es un factor relevante para el fortalecimiento de la democracia?, ¿qué rasgos comunes y qué diferencias tiene la justicia electoral con relación al poder judicial en general para el fortalecimiento de la democracia?, ¿qué modelo social debe ser propiciado por la justicia electoral? Y por último si la justicia electoral y la democracia son una pareja con futuro. Los análisis en torno a dichas preguntas son realizados teniendo como marco conceptual la legislación mexicana y la doctrina existente al respecto, especialmente la española, por ello no se pretende dar respuestas a preguntas tan complejas, sino discutirlas desde el contexto de la realidad mexicana.

In this article we will analyze the relationship between transitional justice and constitutional transitions. The writing process of a new constitution, or its amendment, is at the center of any democratic transition process. The Constitution, indeed, will determine the normative framework where transitional policies will be confronted, and, therefore, ensuring their legitimacy as well as consistency through a holistic and comprehensive approach. Whereas the logic of these two processes seems distant, as transitional justice is substantially provisional and limited in time while the Constitution instead is permanent and timeless, a common denominator prevails: the (re)construction of a new Rule of Law. ; La présente contribution se propose d'analyser les rapports qu'entretiennent la justice transitionnelle et les transitions constitutionnelles. Le processus d'écriture d'un nouveau texte constitutionnel ou son amendement est tout au centre des processus de transition démocratique. La Constitution déterminera en effet le cadre normatif dans lequel les politiques transitionnelles seront confrontées, en assurant leur légitimité ainsi qu'une certaine cohérence dans une démarche holistique ou globale. Même si les logiques de ces deux processus semblent assez éloignées par le fait que la justice transitionnelle est par essence provisoire, temporaire, définie dans le temps, tandis que la Constitution au contraire a un caractère pérenne et intemporel, un commun dénominateur s'impose pour les relier : celui de la (re)construction d'un nouvel État de droit.

The economic and social dimension of transitional justice has been largely ignored in favour of traditional emphasis on violations of civil and political rights. While early transitional justice processes mainly focused on criminal prosecutions for bodily integrity violations, socioeconomic issues, including economica and social rights (herein ESRs) violations, were seen just as part of background. However, scholarship and practitioners are increasingly calling to include ESRs violations in transitional justice processes. Indeed, economic and social conditions are frequently linked to human rights abuses, often constituting a cause, means or consequence of conflict and authoritarianism. Including the assessment of ESRs violations as an issue for transitional justice might serve the purpose of establishing a more comprehensive understanding of the root causes of past human rights violations as well as to facilitate the pathway to achieve a sustainable peace.

El presente artículo desarrolla el concepto de justicia ecológica dando cuenta de sus características y diferencias respecto de los modelos de justicia ambiental y justicia con los animales. Con dicho objetivo, delimita el contenido de cada uno de estos modelos de justicia a partir su puesta en relación con los enfoques antropocéntrico, biocéntrico y ecocéntrico. Con ello, se busca presentar una clasificación de las principales propuestas que se han elaborado desde la filosofía política sobre la relación del ser humano con la naturaleza, que, a su vez, precise y explique sus traducciones en el mundo del derecho. Finalmente, desde el estudio comparado, el artículo defiende la hipótesis de que la justicia ecológica se constituye como complementaria y necesaria en la urgente labor de la preservación de la Naturaleza. ; This article develops the concept of ecological justice explaining its characteristics and main differences from the environmental justice and justice with animals. With this aim, the paper delimits the scope and content of each model of justice taking as reference their relations with the anthropocentric, biocentric and ecocentric approaches. From this, the work seeks to present a classification of the main proposals that the political philosophy has elaborated on the relationship of the human being and nature, including its translations in the world of law. Finally, from the comparative study, the article defends the hypothesis that ecological justice needs to be articulated, alongside the environmental justice, as a necessary complement in the urgent work of Nature preservation.

In the present article, first of all, some of the most frequent objections against the programs of affirmative action are analysed, followed by an examination of the reasons stated by those who plead for them. Finally, are presented the criteria which have to be fulfilled within their implementation in order to meet the requirements of the diverse dimensions of justice. The theoretical framework which comes up meets, on the one hand, the criteria of a normative theory of justice, and, on the other hand, the update of a republican tradition which understands the political association as a community of free and equal citizens.

The meaning given to social demands could be analyzed by a field composed of justice and other signifiers. This field, which is sustained by the subject of the unconscious, will be described in terms of desire and enjoyment by arguing that these operations articulate an outlook over the political configuration of contemporary Colombian society. ; Justicia y otros significantes con los que ha hecho cadena conforman un campo para analizar el sentido otorgado a las demandas sociales contemporáneas de goce de derechos. Se argüirá que lo que sostiene la relación entre justicia y otros significantes, así como las demandas articuladas en su nombre, es el sujeto del inconsciente. Con base en esto, se descifrará qué corresponde a operaciones de sentido y deseo, y qué atañe al goce, con miras a articular una perspectiva analítica sobre la configuración política contemporánea de la sociedad colombiana.

The goal of this paper is to draw the attention of the public concerning the need to judge, from an ethical perspective, all financial and tax systems in which public contributions are levied. Social democrat and left wing thought approaches, as well as those of the classic-liberal and conservative thought, are methodologically insufficient to analyse public finance in terms of justice. ; El objetivo de este trabajo es llamar la atención sobre la necesidad de enjuiciar desde la ética el conjunto de los sistemas financieros y tributarios en los que se incardinan las contribuciones públicas. Tanto las aproximaciones del pensamiento socialdemócrata e izquierdista como las de las vertientes liberales y conservadoras son metodológicamente insuficientes para analizar las finanzas públicas en términos de justicia.

From the philosophical perspective article deals with the correlation between law and consciousness. To address the issue, ideas from renowned thinkers are used. It specifically describes the experience of addressing the subject in Russian philosophy from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century. The article shows the reasons for preferring law or consciousness in different periods of history and demonstrates the rational nature of law and the irrational nature of consciousness, indicating that law and consciousness are not mutually exclusive. It concludes with an attempt to combine the two concepts in activities of people who must enforce legal norms. Using the experience of Russian philosophy, which regards the law as a moral minimum, people are advised to govern their actions not only by legal rules, but by listening to the voice of their conscience. The authors suggest understanding conscience as a spiritual and moral human law that makes it possible to make decisions without being forced or motivated from the outside, governed by the internal realization of good and evil and identifying the veracity, justice, and rectitude of an act.