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In 1970 Belgium established three Communities: the French, Flemish and German-speaking Communities. It was then in 1980 that three regions were set up: Walloon, Flemish and Brussels. Further amendments to the Constitution were made on 7 and 15 July 1988, as well as a special law of 8 August 1988 amending the original law of 8 August 1980. It is essential to say that most of the changes and principles governing the organisation and functioning of both the three Communities and the three regions date back to 1970 and 1980. The international nature of the Community's role in 1970 is significant. In 1980, an Arbitration Court was provided for by the Constitution and established to settle conflicts between the laws and decrees of the Communities and the Regions. The Federal State is characterised by two features: autonomy and co-operation. In 1988, the Arbitration Court continued the work of constitutional justice and verifies the conformity of laws or decrees with the provisions of international law and in particular European law. ; En 1970 la Belgique a instauré trois Communautés : les Communautés française, flamande et germanophone. Puis c'est en 1980 que se sont mises en place trois Régions : wallonne, flamande et bruxelloise. De nouveaux amendements à la Constitution ont été faits le 7 et le 15 juillet 1988, ainsi qu'une loi spéciale du 8 août 1988 qui est venue modifier la loi originale du 8 août 1980. Il est indispensable de dire que l'essentiel des changements et des principes d'organisation et de fonctionnement des trois Communautés aussi bien que des trois Régions datent de 1970 et de 1980. Le caractère international du rôle que les Communautés ont joué en 1970 est significatif. En 1980, une Cour d'arbitrage a été prévue par la Constitution et créée afin de régler les conflits entre les lois et les décrets des Communautés et des Régions. L'Etat fédéral se caractérise par deux traits : l'autonomie et la co-opération. En 1988 la Cour d'arbitrage poursuit l'oeuvre de justice constitutionnelle et vérifie la ...

The subject of the research is the problems of constitutional law enforcement of administrative offences legislation, taking into account the prospects for its new codification.The purpose of the article is confirmation or confutation of the hypothesis that the effectiveness of the new Code of administrative offences depends on whether the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the principles of administrative responsibility will be taken into account when drafting it.The authors use methods of complex analysis, synthesis, as well as formal-legal method of interpretation of Constitution, legislation on administrative offences and judicial decisions of Russian Constitutional Court.The main results and scope of their application. The administrative torts law in Russia is expected to pass through the total review up to the grounds of its codification in close future. The article presents initial positions of that changes within basic frames produced by Russian Constitutional Court. Its case-law has already invaded into many spheres and details in respective sphere of legal rules and also prescribed a lot for their future. This case-law yet is necessarily made within its inherent range for it is ever constrained procedurally by content of actions and cases to be settled. However Russian administrative torts law is destined for reformation in new code-making in view of constitutional case-law and in order to do better with neighbor spheres of legal responsibility. Disputable matters of administrative liability, the company's responsibility with psychical fiction on its fault (corporative thinking, wishing, desire, diligence), substantial and procedural equity etc. are described and discussed in the article as to the administrative law of torts on in its constitutional dimension.Conclusions. The Code of administrative offences of the Russian Federation does not fully meet the legal needs of society. Work on real improvement of this code will continue, therefore, legal science should be more strongly and persistently to implement in legislative practice constitutional ideas about improvement of codification and ensuring unity of legal space of the country. In particular, it is necessary to settle the debatable aspects of tort liability, the guilt of legal entities when it is addressed by fiction to the phenomena of the psyche (thinking, goals, will, caution), the constitutional and legal foundations of justice in the field of administrative penalties, procedural enforcement of rights and freedoms, etc. ; С учетом ожидаемого системного пересмотра законодательства об административных правонарушениях описывается исходная к этому обстановка, главным образом с правовых позиций Конституционного Суда Российской Федерации, которые изложены по предмету как небольшой свод правоположений с их юрисдикционными обоснованиями. Фиксируется, что эти позиции привели к заметным конституционно-правовым вмешательствам в административно-деликтное право и многое опреде-лили в нем на будущее в прескриптивных обращениях к законодательным властям. Исходя из ретроспективы и текущего состояния, предполагаются объем и структура предстоящей административно-деликтной кодификации, затрагиваются дискуссионные стороны деликтоспособности, вины юридических лиц, когда она обращена по фикции к явлениям психики (мышлению, целям, воле, осторожности), конституционно-правовые основы справедливости в области административных наказаний, процессуального обеспечения прав и свобод и другое по заявленной теме.

1 towards new constitutional politics of citizenship, identity and minority protection1.1 introduction: remarks on terminology; 1.2 erosion of the foundations of the classical concept of citizenship; 1.3 devaluation and extension of citizenship; 1.4 citizenship and democracy; 1.5 multiculturalism and minority rights; 1.6 conclusion; 2 strong religion and weak minorities: a cautionary tale from europe; 2.1 de-privatized religion: a challenge to public reason; 2.2 the illusion of religious pluralism: jewish schools and muslim veils.

Modern society is a very complex system. Its management is carried out with the help of political and legal system, the center of which is state power. The state power in its activity rests on the existing legislation, the core of which is the constitutional legislation. The basis of the constitutional legislation of Russia is the Constitution of the Russian Federation. This means that the most important changes in the legal reality of the country, one way or another, concern its Basic Law, or the Constitution. Since most of the current changes in the legal reality and its conceptual core– the constitutional legislation– are of a complex systemic nature, an adequate complex methodology is needed to study these phenomena. It can be successfully implemented in the philosophy of law, the theory of state and law, in the study of constitutional legislation. This methodology is based on the priority of the whole with respect to the part and includes several interrelated approaches: dialectical, systemic, structural-functional, global (systemecological), comparative, structural-organizational. It is based on the theoretical basis of synthetic dualism. Legal education requires the training of specialists of the appropriate profile. ; Современное общество – это очень сложно организованная система. Ее управление осуществляется с помощью политико-правовой системы, центром которой является государственная власть. Государственная власть в своей деятельности опирается на существующее законодательство, ядром которого является конституционное законодательство. Основу конституционного законодательства России составляет Конституция РФ. Это значит, что самые важные изменения в правовой реальности страны так или иначе касаются ее основного закона, или Конституции. Поскольку большинство современных изменений правовой реальности и ее концептуального ядра– конституционного законодательства– носят сложный системный характер, то для исследования данных феноменов необходима адекватная комплексная методология. Она может успешно реализоваться в философии права, теории государства и права, при исследовании конституционного законодательства. Такая методология исходит из приоритета целого по отношению к части и включает несколько взаимосвязанных подходов: диалектический, системный, структурно-функциональный, глобальный (системно-экологический), компаративистский, структурно-организационный. Опирается на теоретическую основу синтетического дуализма. В правовом образовании необходима подготовка специалистов соответствующего профиля.

The present book invites the reader to rethink some questions raised in EU external relations law in the light of recent developments in the case law of the Court of Justice, from the perspective of the constitutional foundations of the Union. The various chapters invite the reader to take a look at the balance between the specific legal regime for EU external action and the constitutional fundamentals of the EU legal order such as: the principles of conferral, loyalty, and institutional balance, as well as the rule of law, democracy, and fundamental rights protection. The accommodation between specificity and fundamental principles is, thus, a transversal constitutional issue.

The present book invites the reader to rethink some questions raised in EU external relations law in the light of recent developments in the case law of the Court of Justice, from the perspective of the constitutional foundations of the Union. The various chapters invite the reader to take a look at the balance between the specific legal regime for EU external action and the constitutional fundamentals of the EU legal order such as: the principles of conferral, loyalty, and institutional balance, as well as the rule of law, democracy, and fundamental rights protection. The accommodation between specificity and fundamental principles is, thus, a transversal constitutional issue

The present thesis proposes to return to the place of fiction within constitutional law. It will be a question here of considering fiction as a tool used by the constitutional judge in order to respond to the specificities of the supreme norm. Although fiction is never invoked by the judge, it remains present in his reasoning. The research work that has been written attempts to come back to the constituent's relations with regard to fiction, which allows the constitutional text a certain flexibility, necessary to be part of a logic of sustainability. The Constitution occupies a special place within the legal order. It would have such a value that it would become unalterable. Nevertheless, this specificity would have an impact on its practice, in particular when the supreme standard would be confronted with the evolutions of the company. Fiction would offer an alternative to the constitutional judge to apply the values provided for by the standard, while allowing him to free himself from the rigidity imposed by the written word.However, there is no question of proposing a cataloging of different fictions, which would potentially be used. It will be a question here of observing the logics, which can animate, for example, the constitutional judge, when he uses, consciously or not, fiction. The place of fiction within the supreme norm appears to be revealing of the very nature of law. An opposition would thus be created, between the law which is considered as the representation of the real and the fiction, which leads the constitutional judge on more uncertain grounds. Fiction, however, appears to be a necessity since it makes it possible to transcribe and support the logic of the constitutional judge. This thought becomes intelligible in order to allow a better understanding of constitutional law. ; La présente thèse se propose de revenir sur la place de la fiction au sein du droit constitutionnel. Il sera ici question de considérer la fiction comme un outil employé par le juge constitutionnel, afin de répondre aux ...

The present thesis proposes to return to the place of fiction within constitutional law. It will be a question here of considering fiction as a tool used by the constitutional judge in order to respond to the specificities of the supreme norm. Although fiction is never invoked by the judge, it remains present in his reasoning. The research work that has been written attempts to come back to the constituent's relations with regard to fiction, which allows the constitutional text a certain flexibility, necessary to be part of a logic of sustainability. The Constitution occupies a special place within the legal order. It would have such a value that it would become unalterable. Nevertheless, this specificity would have an impact on its practice, in particular when the supreme standard would be confronted with the evolutions of the company. Fiction would offer an alternative to the constitutional judge to apply the values provided for by the standard, while allowing him to free himself from the rigidity imposed by the written word.However, there is no question of proposing a cataloging of different fictions, which would potentially be used. It will be a question here of observing the logics, which can animate, for example, the constitutional judge, when he uses, consciously or not, fiction. The place of fiction within the supreme norm appears to be revealing of the very nature of law. An opposition would thus be created, between the law which is considered as the representation of the real and the fiction, which leads the constitutional judge on more uncertain grounds. Fiction, however, appears to be a necessity since it makes it possible to transcribe and support the logic of the constitutional judge. This thought becomes intelligible in order to allow a better understanding of constitutional law. ; La présente thèse se propose de revenir sur la place de la fiction au sein du droit constitutionnel. Il sera ici question de considérer la fiction comme un outil employé par le juge constitutionnel, afin de répondre aux ...

The present thesis proposes to return to the place of fiction within constitutional law. It will be a question here of considering fiction as a tool used by the constitutional judge in order to respond to the specificities of the supreme norm. Although fiction is never invoked by the judge, it remains present in his reasoning. The research work that has been written attempts to come back to the constituent's relations with regard to fiction, which allows the constitutional text a certain flexibility, necessary to be part of a logic of sustainability. The Constitution occupies a special place within the legal order. It would have such a value that it would become unalterable. Nevertheless, this specificity would have an impact on its practice, in particular when the supreme standard would be confronted with the evolutions of the company. Fiction would offer an alternative to the constitutional judge to apply the values provided for by the standard, while allowing him to free himself from the rigidity imposed by the written word.However, there is no question of proposing a cataloging of different fictions, which would potentially be used. It will be a question here of observing the logics, which can animate, for example, the constitutional judge, when he uses, consciously or not, fiction. The place of fiction within the supreme norm appears to be revealing of the very nature of law. An opposition would thus be created, between the law which is considered as the representation of the real and the fiction, which leads the constitutional judge on more uncertain grounds. Fiction, however, appears to be a necessity since it makes it possible to transcribe and support the logic of the constitutional judge. This thought becomes intelligible in order to allow a better understanding of constitutional law. ; La présente thèse se propose de revenir sur la place de la fiction au sein du droit constitutionnel. Il sera ici question de considérer la fiction comme un outil employé par le juge constitutionnel, afin de répondre aux ...

Mit dem Konzept eines europäischen Verfassungsraums beschreibt die Rechtswissenschaft einen gemeinsamen konstitutionellen Raum, in dem die nationalen und internationalen Garantien mit dem Ziel zusammen wirken, die gemeinsamen verfassungsrechtlichen Werte zu bewahren. Dieses Konzept wurde bisher noch nicht auf den Fall angewandt, in dem die verfassungsmäßige Ordnung eines Mitgliedstaates durch ernsthafte Mängel bedroht zu werden beginnt. In diesem Sinne befasst sich das Werk mit den jüngsten verfassungsrechtlichen Entwicklungen in Ungarn und Rumänien. Es behandelt das Zusammenspiel zwischen nationalem, internationalem und europäischem Konstitutionalismus mit Blick auf die Lücken in den nationalen Verfassungen und analysiert an zentraler Stelle die Situation in Ungarn und Rumänien.Das Werk berichtet von den unterschiedlichen Reaktionsmechanismen der Europäischen Union und des Europarates und bietet eine detaillierte Bestandsaufnahme dieser Mechanismen. Es beschreibt deren rechtlichen und politischen Rahmen sowie die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten deren Anwendungsbereich zu erweitern. Das Werk leistet so einen Beitrag zu einem bisher wenig erforschten Aspekt des europäischen Konstitutionalismus