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Специфічним видом інформаційних війн є мережні війни, які поступово витісняють традиційні війни. Інформаційні війни притаманні для суспільств постіндустріального типу. Об'єктом впливу стає розум супротивника, а не просто тіло, як це було у попередніх типах війн. Аргументовано, що інформація для такої війни може бути як метою, так і зброєю. Розвиток комунікаційних технологій сприяє переходу від затратної та чисельної за жертвами війни до мережної війни, яка є набагато вигіднішою та легшою. Наведено основні види сучасних мережних війн, виявлено їхні базові характеристики. Специфическим видом информационных войн являются сетевые войны, которые постепенно вытесняют традиционные войны. Информационные войны характерны для обществ постиндустриального типа. Объектом влияния становится разум противника, а не просто тело, как это было в предыдущих типах войн. Аргументировано, что информация для такой войны может быть как целью, так и оружием. Развитие коммуникационных технологий способствует переходу от затратной и многочисленной по жертвам войны к сетевой войне, которая является более выгодной и легкой. Приведены основные виды современных сетевых войн, выявлены их базовые характеристики. A specific type of information warfare is the network wars which are gradually pushing out conventional. ; Wars have existed from ancient times; they can be understood as an organized armed struggle between states or groups of states, nations or classes and more. The article analyzes the phenomenon of war through the prism of postindustrial society concepts (D. Bell and E. Toffler). Based on the aforementioned concepts, it can be argued that the system of war in agrarian society was based only on the specific activities in the agricultural sector, which was reflected clearly in fighting seasonality, non-standard individual weapons, an occasional payment of hired soldiers, primitive communications and dominance of verbal orders. There was a high level of individual and collective violence as well. With the advent of industrial society standards of war have changed. At a time when mass production became characteristic of contemporary economics, mass destruction became characteristic of the industrial era wars. 'Second wave' wars have the following features: clear goals and a clear focus, strengthening the power within the state, expan ded international economics and politics, the presence of regular mass armies and their high speed mobility, weapons of mass destruction. In post-industrial or information society war obtained a completely different meaning. Its basic features are: specialized mobile units in different types of troops, transformation of information into a tool of warfare, space exploration, and computerization at all levels. With all this going on war subjects are civilizations, whose resistance is associated with the fundamental infrastructure of society. The object for the influence is not only enemy's body but his mind as well as it used to be earlier. It is proved that information for such wars can be a purpose and a weapon at the same time. Information warfare, like a network war, is accompanied by active methods of transforming information space for the imposition of a world model that will provide further desired behaviors. This is a comprehensive and integrated strategy that caused by rising value of information in matters of command, control, politics, economy and social life. The purpose of information war appears to change the balance of power and position in society by possession, publication and interpretation of certain information. It's argued that information for such a war can be a goal, as well as weapons. The development of communication technology facilitates the transition from costly and numerous victims of the war to a network that is far more profitable and easier. Network war is a new kind of war on the social level, different from traditional forms of hostilities in which participants use network forms of organization, strategies, technologies and capabilities that meet the demands of the information age. The sharp difference from the traditional network war is not only that it does not physically affect people, but also the fact that the main participants are not trying to build a formal, independent, hierarchical organization, and lead and coordinate their actions «online», without clearly defined central leadership. Subjects of network war are mainly private and non-governmental; they can be sub-national and supranational in scale. The basic types of modern networking wars revealed their basic characteristics. It's reported that the use of the Internet for the benefit of war can cause both positive harmless effects as well as destroy and cause serious damage to computer technologies, systems and people, countries, etc.

La presente investigación ha tratado de reconstruir cómo fue vivido, entendido y sentido, el problema supersticioso en la Edad Moderna, especialmente en el siglo XVIII, abordando su estudio en distintas direcciones. A través de la superstición como eje vertebrador de la investigación, se ha contrapuesto el posicionamiento discursivo respecto de este delito/pecado, incidiendo en el punto de vista de la institución monárquica y religiosa, así como los intelectuales, frente a la realidad cotidiana. En el día a día, la práctica mágica estuvo muy extendida en todo el territorio andaluz. La casuística consultada corrobora la continuidad no sólo de la praxis, sino también de la credulidad popular en la eficacia de estos métodos nada ortodoxos. Esta confrontación discurso/práctica de la superstición nos ha ayudado a evaluar la correlación (o no) de este binomio respecto al comportamiento cotidiano supersticioso acaecido en el territorio andaluz, con el modelo propuesto desde las distintas vías del discurso. Fruto de esta heterogeneidad y discordancia, el estudio ha profundizado en el análisis de las prácticas mágicas femeninas, o solicitadas por el género femenino, como un medio de resistencia cotidiana a las directrices, normas, disposiciones y mandatos, que alcanzaban todos los campos de la vida del individuo, tanto es su vertiente pública como en el plano más íntimo. A través de estas páginas, atenderemos a un exhaustivo análisis de un fenómeno aún muy vivo (detectando cambios y permanencias culturales) al que la Inquisición quiso hacer frente especialmente en las áreas más ruralizadas. A través de la conducta mágica ha sido posible adentrarse en el ámbito de la conciencia de estos individuos. Éstos, empujados por las necesidades generadas en el marco de unas estructuras políticas y confesionales, debieron utilizar de un modo "propio" los dictámenes recibidos, para generar una suerte de símbolos o artefactos culturales singulares que les permitiesen dotarse de una identidad propia. La superstición fue uno de los instrumentos que vehiculizaba las esperanzas, miedos, deseos, desasosiegos y desesperaciones más cotidianas del ser humano. A través de hechiceras, sortílegas, curanderas, echadoras de cartas, adivinas, saca tesoros o saludadores (con nombres propios y apellidos) hemos podido recrear cuáles fueron esos anhelos y necesidades de una sociedad muy encorsetada. Con sus historias hemos podido concluir cómo la. ; This research has tried to reconstruct how the superstitious problem was lived, understood and felt in the modern age, especially in the eighteenth century, approaching its study in different directions. Through superstition as the backbone of this research, it has been opposed the discursive positioning regarding this crime/sin, focusing on the perspective of monarchical and religious institution and intellectuals, against everyday reality. On a day to day magical practice was widespread throughout Andalusia. The referenced study confirms the continuity of not only the practice, but also popular credulity in the efficacy of these unorthodox methods. This discourse/practice confrontation of superstition has helped us to evaluate the presence (or its absense) of superstitious daily behavior happened in Andalusia, with the proposed model from the different routes of discourse. The result of this heterogeneity and discordance, the study has deepened the analysis of female magical practices, or requested by the female gender as a way of daily resistance to the guidelines, rules, regulations and mandates, that reached all areas of the individual's life, so much as its public face in the most intimate level. Through these pages, we will attend to a comprehensive analysis of a phenomenon still very much alive (detecting changes and permanence cultural) that the Inquisition wanted to face, especially in the more rural areas. Through the magic conduct has been possible to go into the field of consciousness of these individuals. Here, driven by the needs arising in the context of a political and religious structures, had to use in a "proper" way the opinions received to generate a kind of unique cultural symbols or artifacts that would allow them to build their own identity. Superstition was one of the instruments that transported hopes, fears, desires, anxieties and despair more daily of the human being. Through sorceresses, spell-like, healers, fortune tellers, pull treasures or greeters (with their own names and surnames), we have been able to recreate which were those desires and needs of a society very.

Статья посвящена творчеству Мехмеда Сенаи крымского летописца при сарае хана Ислам III Гирея, а также его хронике «Тарих-и Ислам Гирей хан» («История хана Ислам III Гирея», 1651 г.). Даны биографические сведения об авторе и краткая характеристика источника. На основе текста предисловия к хронике установлена личность писателя: происхождение, образование, должность, религиозный статус. Рассмотрен смысл литературного псевдонима Сенаи, воспроизведен текст хронограммы, в котором он проходит. Отмечается оригинальность художественной структуры хроники «Тарих-и Ислам Гирей хан». Хроника «Тарих-и Ислам Гирей хан» является панегириком крымскому хану Ислам Гирею, правление которого представляло блистательную эпоху в истории Крымского ханства. Произведение состоит из описаний церемониалов назначений на государственные должности, эпизодов военных походов и заключения договоров, текста родословной (шеджере) хана Ислам Гирея, строительства и ремонта сооружений. В «Каталоге тюркских рукописей в Британском музее» (1888 г.) даны краткие сведения о хронике и личности М. Сенаи. Первичную работу над сочинением проводили подготовившие издание оригинального текста, его перевода, обработку и комментарии к тексту польские востоковеды. Мехмед Сенаи на момент написания хроники находясь в преклонном возрасте, занимал должность кадия. В молодости он работал мюншием (оформителем бумаг) в ханской канцелярии, получил образование в Османской империи, занимался осуществлением дипломатической переписки. Перспектива установления личности автора на основе других источников важна для выяснения гипотезы отождествления М. Сенаи с таким крымским автором как Джан-Мухаммед. Сюжет хроники составляют записи дневников военных экспедиций и свидетельства очевидцев (в том числе и автора). В центре произведения исторические события 1648-1651 гг., охватывающие крымскотатарско-украинско-польские отношения. Объем официальных документов, использованных Сенаи, былнебольшой. Подробность и краткость в освещении событий свидетельствует о том, что не все известные автору источники были ему доступны. Художественная специфика хроники также примечательна, как и историческая. Автор создал яркие образы центральных персонажей произведения Ислам Гирея, Сефер Гази аги и Тугай бея. Характерно использование различных средств художественного изображения с целью идеализации образов и эмоционального восприятия героев и событий. ; The article is devoted to the creative work of Mehmed Senai the Crimean chronicler at the serai of the khan Islam Geray III, as well as his chronicle "Tarih-i Islam Geray khan" ("History of the khan Islam Geray III", 1651). The researcher gives biographical information about the author and a brief description of the source. The identity of the writer is defined and based on the text of the Preface to the Chronicle: background, education, position, religious status. The meaning of the pseudonym of Senai is under the study, the text of the chronogram in which it occurs is reproduced. Especially noted thing is the originality of the artistic structure of the Chronicle "Tarih-i Islam Geray khan". The Chronicle "Tarih-i Islam Geray khan" is the panegyric to the Crimean khan Islam Geray whose reign represents the brilliant epoch in the history of the Crimean Khanate. The writing consists of the ceremonies of public appointments, episodes of military campaigns and making treaties, the text of khan Islam Geray's pedigree (shejere), construction and repair of buildings. There is the brief information about the Chronicle and about M. Senai in "Catalogue of the Turkish Manuscripts in the British Museum" (1888). The primary work on writing was conducted by Polish orientalists who prepared the edition of the original text, its translation and processing, backed with comments. At the time of writing the Chronicle, Mehmed Senai was in his old age, he served as the kadi (religious judge). In his youth he worked as munshi (decorator of papers) in the khan's office. He got education in the Ottoman Empire, and was engaged in the implementation of diplomatic correspondence. The prospect of identification of the author on the basis of other sources is important to clarify the hypothesis of identifying M. Senai with such Crimean Tatar author as Dzhanmuhammed. The Chronıcle's plot consists of the diary notes on the military expeditions, eyewitness accounts (including those of the author). The author of the work focuses the historical events of 1648-1651 covering the Crimean Tatar-Ukrainian-Polish relations. The bulk of the official documents used by Senai was narrow. Details and brevity in the coverage of events indicates that certain materials were available to the author, while others were unavailable. The aesthetic peculiarities of the Chronicle are also notable as well as historical. The author created the vivid images of the central characters in the writing Islam Geray, Sefer Gazi aga and Tugay bey. The work is characterized by the use of various expressive means for the purpose of idealization of the images and emotional perception of characters and events.

Este ensayo considera el tema de sabotaje en Hitchcock, en especial su película británica Sabotaje, en términos de la teoría silogística de Manuel Asensi. También analiza temas subversivos semejantes en dos obras contemporáneas, Malditos bastardos de Quentin Tarantino y Volver de Pedro Almodóvar. Los sabotajes literales en la película de Hitchcock (la colocación de bombas en relación con el cine) se combinan con la matanza de un esposo (tratándole como un pedazo de carne) para figurar un cine radical no solo como un arte anti-aurético (en el sentido del arte mecánicamente reproducido de Walter Benjamin) sino también como un texto atético, en términos de Asensi, para desconstruir el silogismo entimemático que informa el modelo del mundo (la sociedad y la política son como una obra artística de formas puras) al fondo del fascismo histórico. Malditos bastardos y Volver van más allá de Sabotaje de Hitchcock al ofrecer un hospedaje al subalterno en pos de los silogismos saboteados. La crítica como sabotaje nos ayuda a ver la dimensión subversiva de estas y otras películas. Al mismo tiempo, el análisis de los sabotajes cinematográficos pone en relieve el impacto político de la teoría de Asensi de la crítica como sabotaje.El fondo teórico de este artículo es el libro Crítica y sabotaje de Manuel Asensi que demuestra que las obras literarias y fílmicas tienen una función performativa. Son discursos que modelizan sujetos en el mundo. Tales modelizaciones ocurren de una manera inconsciente puesto que cada discurso contiene un silogismo que implica un modelo del mundo. La crítica como sabotaje es un instrumento para revelar estos silogismos modelizantes escondidos en las obras. Algunos textos como las películas estudiadas en este artículo explícitamente sabotean los modelos del mundo que históricamente han servido para reprimirnos, de modo que la crítica como sabotaje se une a la visión de Walter Benjamin del arte nuevo capaz de estallar el aura (los valores del culto inseparables del fascismo) asociado con el arte clásico. El cine para Benjamin, siendo un arte mecánicamente reproducido, ténia esta potencia explosiva. Es precisamente la misma visión saboteadora que encontramos en las películas analizadas en este ensayo ; This essay considers the theme of sabotage in Hitchcock, especially in his British film Sabotage, in terms of Manuel Asensi's syllogistic theory. It also analyzes similar subversive themes in two contemporary movies, Quentin Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds and Pedro Almodóvar's Volver. The literal sabotage in Hitchcock's film (the placement of bombs in relation to cinema) is combined with the murder of the husband (treating him like a piece of meat) in order to constitute a figure of radical cinema not only as anti-auretic art (in the sense of the work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction according to Walter Benjamin) but also, in terms of Manuel Asensi, as an athtetic text in which the enthymematic syllogism which informs the fascist model of the world (society and politics are like an artistic work based on pure forms) is deconstructed. Inglourious Basterds and Volver go further than Hitchcock's Sabotaje by offering hospitality to the subaltern in the wake of sabotaged syllogisms. Criticism as sabotage allows us to see the subversive dimension of these and other films. At the same time, an analysis of cinematic sabotages may serve to illuminate the political impact of Asensi's theory of criticism as sabotage.The theoretical base of this article is Manuel Asensi's book Crítica y sabotaje which demonstrates that literary and film works have a performative function. They are discourses which modelize subjects in the world. Such modelizations occur unconsciously inasmuch as each discourse contains a syllogism which implies a model of the world. Criticism as sabotage is an instrument for revealing these hidden modelizing syllogisms in works. Some texts such as the films studied in this article explicitly sabotage the models of the world that historically have served to repress us, in such a way that criticism as sabotage joins with the Walter Benjamin's vision of a new art that would be capable of exploding the aura (the cult values inseparable from fascism) associated with classic art. As a mechanically reproduced art, cinema for Benjamin possessed this explosive potential. This is precisely the same sabotaging vision that we find in the films analyzed in this essay.

Introduction Hepatic veno-occlusive disease, also called sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (VOD/SOS), is a potentially life-threatening complication of conditioning for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and is associated with patient and transplant-related risk factors, such as prior therapies, underlying diagnoses, and conditioning regimen. Unpredictable in its occurrence and severity, VOD/SOS is clinically characterized by painful hepatomegaly, hyperbilirubinemia, ascites, and weight gain. Overall estimated prevalence is 14% post-HSCT, while rates in some high-risk populations (eg, osteopetrosis or prior gemtuzumab ozogamicin) are >60% (Wadleigh M et al. Blood . 2003;102:1578-82; Corbacioglu S et al. Bone Marrow Transplant . 2006;38:547-53). Evidence suggests that defibrotide stabilizes endothelial cells, with direct and endothelial-cell mediated restoration of the thrombo-fibrinolytic balance. Defibrotide is approved in the European Union for the treatment of severe hepatic VOD/SOS in patients receiving HSCT, and is available in the United States through an expanded-access study. In a previously reported randomized clinical trial, defibrotide prophylaxis for VOD/SOS in high-risk pediatric patients undergoing HSCT reduced the overall incidence of VOD/SOS by day +30 post-HSCT. Here we report novel subgroup analyses of VOD/SOS incidence from this trial in patients with specific VOD/SOS risk factors at baseline. Methods This was a phase 3, multicenter, open-label, randomized, controlled trial in patients aged 5% weight gain. Patients were randomized to standard care with or without defibrotide prophylaxis dosed at 25 mg/kg/day in 4 divided infusions of 6.25 mg/kg. Osteopetrosis was a stratification variable. Defibrotide began the same day as HSCT conditioning and continued for 30 days post-HSCT, or ≥14 days for patients discharged from hospital before day +30 post-HSCT. Control patients who developed VOD/SOS received defibrotide treatment. The primary endpoint was incidence of VOD/SOS at day +30 post-HSCT. Results The intent-to-treat population included 356 patients: 180 randomized to defibrotide prophylaxis and 176 in the control group. Mean (SD) age was 6.6 (5.3) years, and 40.7% of patients were female. Demographic and clinical characteristics, including VOD/SOS risk factors (Table), were well-matched in the defibrotide and control groups. The most common risk factors among all patients were conditioning with busulfan and melphalan (58%), preexisting liver disease (27%), and second myeloablative transplantation (13%). VOD/SOS occurred by day +30 post-HSCT in 22 (12%) patients in the defibrotide prophylaxis group vs 35 (20%) patients in the control group. For the stratification variable, osteopetrosis, rates of VOD/SOS were 14% in the defibrotide prophylaxis arm and 67% in the control arm (Table). Differences in rates of VOD/SOS were lowest for adrenoleukodystrophy (no cases) and prior abdominal irradiation (11% vs 13%, respectively) (Table). Conclusions Across risk-factor subgroups, the rate of VOD/SOS was lower in patients receiving defibrotide compared with controls (except adrenoleukodystrophy: no VOD/SOS in either group). In particular, rates of VOD/SOS by day +30 were reduced by ≥50% in the defibrotide arm vs the control arm among patients with osteopetrosis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, second myeloablative transplantation, and prior gemtuzumab treatment. Although the total numbers of patients with these risk factors were small, these between-group differences are of clinical interest and should be further explored. | Risk Factor | Defibrotide (n=180) | Control (n=176) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Total n | VOD/SOS incidence (n=22; 12.2%) n (%*) | Total n | VOD/SOS incidence (n=35; 20.0%) n (%*) | | Adrenoleukodystrophy | 1 | 0 (0) | 1 | 0 (0) | | Osteopetrosis | 7 | 1 (14) | 6 | 4 (67) | | Prior abdominal irradiation | 9 | 1 (11) | 8 | 1 (13) | | Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis | 10 | 0 (0) | 15 | 6 (40) | | Prior gemtuzumab | 11 | 2 (18) | 5 | 2 (40) | | Allogeneic HSCT for leukemia | 17 | 2 (12) | 11 | 2 (18) | | Second myeloablative transplantation | 25 | 2 (8) | 23 | 4 (17) | | Pre-existing liver disease | 41 | 6 (15) | 54 | 12 (22) | | Busulfan/melphalan conditioning | 106 | 15 (14) | 99 | 17 (17) | * *Percent of patients with VOD/SOS. Table. Support: Jazz Pharmaceuticals Disclosures Corbacioglu: Gentium S.p.A.: Consultancy, Honoraria. Off Label Use: Defibrotide is an investigational treatment for hepatic veno-occlusive disease/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome in the United States. Bader: Amgen: Consultancy; Medac: Other: Institutional grants; Neovii: Other: Institutional grants; Riemser: Other: Institutional grants; Novartis: Consultancy; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy.

Aim of the work is to research the pathomorphosis of nonneoplastic thyroid diseases in residents of Precarpathian endemic goiter region. Materials and methods. The analysis of archive date of histopathological examinations of surgical specimens of patients operated for thyroid pathology in Lviv Regional Clinical Hospital and Military Medical Centre of West region in the period from 2000 to 2002 (1377 cases) and from 2010 to 2012 (1874 cases) was made. Results and discussion. Among total number of patients operated for thyroid diseases in 2000-2002 years compared to 2010-2012 years particularly the number of patients with multinodular nontoxic goiter, focal thyroiditis and de Quervain's thyroiditis was increased and number of patients with diffuse toxic goiter, diffuse nontoxic goiter and autoimmune Hashimoto's thyroiditis was decreased. Among all patients operated for thyroid pathology the ratio of men to women was 1:10 in 2000-2002 years and 1:8 in 2010-2012 years. The highest quantity of operated patients was among women and men in the age group 45-59 years. Among the total operated on thyroid pathology are frequent cases of combination in one patient several thyroid diseases: 29,2 % in 2000- 2002 years and 23,8 % in 2010-2012 years. Conclusions. In residents of Precarpathian endemic goiter region operated on thyroid pathology in 2000-2002 years compared 2010-2012 years signs of pathomorphosis of nonneoplastic thyroid diseases were revealed. Among the total operated on thyroid pathology dominated women compared to men. Cases of combination of several thyroid diseases in one patient are frequent. ; Цель работы. Изучить патоморфоз неопухолевых заболеваний щитовидной железы (ЩЖ) у жителей Прикарпатского эндемического зобного региона. Материалы и методы. Проведен анализ архивных результатов патогистологических исследований операционного материала больных, оперированных по поводу болезней ЩЖ во Львовской областной клинической больнице и Военном медицинском клиническом центре Западного региона за период с 2000 по 2002 год (1377 случаев) и с 2010 по 2012 год (1874 случаев). Результаты и обсуждение. В 2010-2012 годах по сравнению с 2000-2002 годами среди общего количества больных, оперированных по поводу тиреоидной патологии, увеличилась доля многоузлового нетоксичного зоба, фокального тиреоидита, тиреоидита де Кервена и снизилась доля диффузного токсического и диффузного нетоксического зоба, аутоимунного тиреоидита Хашимото. Среди общего количества оперированных по поводу тиреоидной патологии соотношение мужчин и женщин составляло 1:10 в 2000-2002 годах и 1:8 в 2010-2012 годы. Наибольшее количество оперированных по поводу тиреоидной патологии как среди женщин так и среди мужчин было в возрастной группе 45-59 лет. Среди общего количества оперированных по поводу тиреоидной патологи часто встречались случаи сочетаний у одного больного нескольких заболеваний ЩЖ: 29,2% случаев в 2000- 2002 годах и 23,8% случаев в 2010-2012 годах. Выводы. У жителей Прикарпатского эндемического зобного региона, оперированных по поводу заболеваний ЩЖ в 2000-2002 и 2010-2012 годах, выявлены проявления патоморфоза неопухолевых заболеваний ЩЖ. Среди общего количества оперированных по поводу тиреоидной патологии преобладали женщины. Часто встречались случаи нескольких заболеваний ЩЖ у одного пациента. ; Мета роботи – вивчити патоморфоз непухлинних захворювань щитоподібної залози (ЩЗ) у мешканців Прикарпатського ендемічного зобного регіону. Матеріали та методи. Проведено аналіз архіву результатів патогістологічних досліджень операційного матеріалу хворих, оперованих із приводу тиреоїдної патології у Львівській обласній клінічній лікарні та Військовому медичному клінічному центрі Західного регіону за період з 2000 по 2002 рік за (1377 випадків) та з 2010 по 2012 рік (1874 випадки). Результати та обговорення. 2010-2012 роками порівняно з 2000-2002 роками серед загального числа хворих, оперованих із приводу тиреоїдної патології, зросла частка багатовузлового нетоксичного зоба, фокального тиреоїдиту, тиреоїдиту де Кервена та зменшилася частка дифузного токсичного та дифузного нетоксичного зоба, автоімунного тиреоїдиту Хашімото. Серед загального числа оперованих із приводу тиреоїдної патології співвідношення чоловіків і жінок складало 1:10 2000- 2002 роками та 1:8 2010-2012 роками. Найбільшою кількість оперованих із приводу тиреоїдної патології як серед жінок так і серед чоловіків була у віковій групі 45-59 років. Серед загального числа оперованих із приводу тиреоїдної патології частими є випадки поєднання в одного пацієнта декількох захворювань ЩЗ: 29,2% 2000-2002 роками та 23,8% випадків 2010-2012 роками. Висновки. У мешканців Прикарпатського ендемічного зобного регіону, оперованих із приводу тиреоїдної патології 2000-2002 і 2010-2012 роками, виявлено прояви патоморфозу непухлинних захворювань ЩЗ. Серед загального числа оперованих із приводу тиреоїдної патології переважали жінки. Частими є випадки поєднання декількох захворювань ЩЗ в одного пацієнта.

Актуальность и цели. В эпоху информационного общества огромную значимость приобретает имиджево-репутационная политика, выступающая неотъемлемым компонентом культурного пространства, а ее исследование приобретает все более актуальный характер. В статье рассмотрена эволюция научных взглядов на теории лидерства, позволившая выявить отличия традиционных теорий лидерства от современных. Сделан акцент на российском региональном политическом лидерстве, которое формировалось в довольно сложных условиях трансформации общества под влиянием большого количества факторов социально-политического формата, преобразовательных процессов общенационального и местного уровня. Цель работы заключается в исследовании проблемного пространства лидерства изменений. В целом статья посвящена исследованию проблемного пространства лидерства как источника конкурентного преимущества. Материалы и методы. Теоретической и методологической основой исследования явились фундаментальные положения теории менеджмента, а также труды отечественных и зарубежных ученых по проблемам лидерства и имиджево-репутационных преобразований. Исследование основано на методологии научного познания и системном подходе. При постановке и решении конкретных задач использовались широко известные и многократно апробированные методы сравнения, анализа, синтеза, аналогии, детализации, дедукции и др. Результаты. Опираясь на труды известных ученых в области теории менеджмента, к основным теориям лидерства следует отнести: теорию черт личности, ситуативную теорию, теорию определяющей роли последователей. Доказано, что во все более непредсказуемой и конкурентной современной динамичной экономике хозяйствующим субъектам требуется новая качественная форма лидерства (креативное, инновационное, результативное, проектное, трансформационное, ответственное, харизматическое, политическое и др.). В статье в контексте рассматриваемой тематики лидерство глав администрации субъектов Российской Федерации приобретает все большую актуальность и значимость в развитии современной теории управления. Это обусловило необходимость разработки авторами концепции политического лидерства и механизма формирования стратегии имиджево-репутационных преобразований территории. Выводы. Отмечая тесную связь репутации территории с ее имиджем и учитывая тот факт, что положительный имидж и положительная репутация становятся важным условием обеспечения устойчивого экономического успеха и повышения конкурентного преимущества, обоснованы необходимость и целесообразность формирования стратегии имиджево-репутационных преобразований территории. ; Background. In the information society age a great importance is gained by the image and reputation policy acting as an integral component of the cultural space, and its research gains a more actual character. The article considers the evolution of scientific views on the theory of leadership, which allows to reveal differences between traditional theories of leadership and the modern ones. The emphasis is placed on the Russian regional political leadership which was formed in quite difficult conditions of transformation of the society under the influence of a large number of social and political factors, converting processes of the national and local levels. The purpose of the work consists in researching the problem space of leadership of changes. In general, the article is devoted to the research of the problem space of leadership as a source of competitive advantages. Materials and methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research included fundamental provisions of the theory of management, and also works by Russian and foreign scientists on the problems of leadership and image and reputation transformations. The research was based on the methodology of scientific knowledge and the system approach. When setting and solving the specific tasks the authors used the generally recognized and repeatedly approved methods of comparison, analysis, synthesis, analogy, specification, deduction etc. Results. Relying on the works by famous scientists in the field of the theory of management, the main theories of leadership should include: the theory of lines of the personality, the situational theory, the theory of the defining role of followers. It is proved that in the more and more unpredictable and competitive modern dynamic economy the entities need a new qualitative form of leadership (creative, innovative, productive, design, transformational, responsible, charismatic, political, etc.). In terms of the subject area considered in the article, the leadership of heads of administration of the Russian Federation's subjects gains the increased relevance and importance in development of the modern theory of management. It caused a need to develop a concept of political leadership and a mechanism of formation of the strategy of image and reputation transformations in the territory. Conclusions. Noting a close connection of reputation of the territory with its image and considering the fact that a positive image and positive reputation become an important condition of ensuring a steady economic success and growth of competitive advantages, the authors substantiated the need and expediency of formation of the strategy of image and reputation transformations of the territory.

Введение: е статье рассматриеаются дискуссионные еопросы законода­тельной регламентации и енедрения е практику идей юеенальной юстиции. Цель: аетор анализирует имеющиеся е юридической литературе позиции относитель­но понятия юеенальной юстиции, а также практику ее реализации е уголоеном судопроизеодстее России. Методы: методологическую осноеу данного исследо-еания состаеляет соеокупность методое научного познания, среди которых ее-дущее место занимает диалектический метод. В статье использоеаны такие общенаучные методы исследоеания, как анализ и синтез, а также частно-научные методы исследоеания: сраенительно-праеоеой, формально-юридический, технико-юридический. Результаты: аетором подчеркиеается, что е России на несоеершеннолетних распространяются общие конституционные праеила за­щиты их прае, а также дополнительные гарантии, обуслоеленные социальными, психофизиологическими, еозрастными особенностями подросткое. В этой сеязи показана преемстеенность глае 32 УПК РСФСР и 50 УПК РФ, формироеание по­следней с учетом международно-праеоеых стандартое отпраеления праеосудия по делам о преступлениях несоеершеннолетних. Дано понятие юеенальной юсти­ции, показаны ее аспекты (напраеления): администратиеное; гражданско-праеоеое; гражданско-процессуальное; уголоено-праеоеое; уголоено-процессуаль-ное; уголоено-исполнительное. Показаны роль и значение дружестеенного к ре­бенку праеосудия. Аетором подеергнуто критике сущестеующее е литературе и общестее непраеильное отождестеление есей юеенальной юстиции с ее семейно-праеоеым аспектом. Показан еред такого подхода к пониманию юеенальной юс­тиции. Аетором дана характеристика положительного опыта по реализации идей юеенальной юстиции е сфере уголоеного судопроизеодстеа, имеющегося е настоящее еремя е России, и, е частности, Пермском крае. Выводы: е еесьма широкую систему государстеенных и негосударстеенных органое и учреждений, осущестеляющих деятельность по обеспечению прае, сеобод и законных интере-сое несоеершеннолетнего также еходят прокуроры, следоеатели, адеокаты, должностные лица пенитенциарных учреждений. Центральным зееном юееналь-ной юстиции, безуслоено, яеляется суд. В настоящее еремя е России необходимо заниматься еопросами дальнейшего углубления специализации судей, прокуророе, следоеателей, дознаеателей, адеокатое по рассмотрению уголоеных дел, поеы-шением их кеалификации, созданием специализироеанных судебных состаеое, по­строением четкой системы езаимодейстеия и сотрудничестеа суда с социаль­ными службами. Юеенальная юстиция как межотраслееой институт, требует единого подхода е регламентации разных отраслей материального и процессу­ального праеа, и, е частности, уголоено-процессуального законодательстеа. ; Introduction: The article studies debatable issues of the legislative regulation and practical implementation of the juvenile justice ideas. Purpose: the author analyses the positions described in the law literature concerning the notion of the juvenile jus­tice, and the practice of its realization in the criminal court process of Russia. Methods: the methodological basis of this research is the complex of the scientific cognition methods, and the dialectical method takes the leading role among them. In the article, such general scientific methods as analysis and synthesis are used, as well as the specif­ic scientific methods: comparative legal method, formal juridical method, juridical technical method. Results: The author emphasizes that in Russia, the minors are cov­ered by the general constitutional rules of their rights protection, and also by additional guarantees conditioned by the social, psycho-physiological and age-related features of the teenagers. In connection with that, the succession is shown of Article 32 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR and Article 50 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, and the formation f the latter in reliance with the interna­tional legal standards of the juvenile justice. The notion of the juvenile justice is given, and its aspects (focus areas) are shown: administrative, civil, civil procedural, criminal, criminal procedural, criminal penal. The role and meaning of the child-friendly justice are shown. The author criticizes the adopted in literature and society incorrect identifi­cation of the whole juvenile justice with its family aspect. The harm of this approach to understanding the juvenile justice is shown. The author gives characteristics of the posi­tive experience of the juvenile justice ideas realization in criminal procedure existing in Russia at the moment, and in particular in the Perm region. Conclusions: the particu­larly wide system of the state and non-state bodies and establishments involved into the activities of protecting the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of the juveniles is also presented by the prosecutors, investigators, lawyers, officials of the penal institu­tions. The center link of the juvenile justice is obviously the court. At present, Russia needs to deepen the specialization of the judges, prosecutors, investigators, inquiry of­ficers, lawyers for criminal cases, to organize their further training, to create special­ized court teams, to build a clear system of cooperation and joint action of the court with the social services. The juvenile justice as the multi-branch institution requires a unified approach to the regulation of the different branches of the material and proce­dural law, and in particular of the criminal procedural legislation.

Undoubtedly, the twenty-first century has witnessed rapid changes and developments in the information world. As science and technology develop, sharing information and knowledge has been accelerated. Digital tools are of paramount importance and play an important role in the production and sharing of this information. The world has become a global village by means of digital tools. Digital skills are also an important sub-dimension of lifelong learning. Within this context, our teachers to educate the people of our age are required to acquire and use these skills throughout their lives in order to catch our era in which the information production and sharing are accelerated. The aim of this study is to assess digital competence of teachers within the context of lifelong learning and in the light of the twenty-first century skills. Scope of this study includes teachers in service at high school and junior high school in Diyarbakır, during the spring semester of 2014-2015 academic years. The sample of the study consisted of 286 teachers randomly selected from the population. One of the descriptive research models, survey model has been used in this study. As data collection tool, a scale developed by researchers was used. Developed scale consists of 30 items and three-dimensional. SPSS software was used for analysing the data. In data analysis, digital qualifications of teachers was both examined overall and compared in terms of gender, level of education, branch, school type, institutions, seniority and whether to take computer lessons or courses variables. According to the results obtained, it was observed that teachers have digital qualifications at 'Adequate level ( =3,5)', male teachers are more qualified than female teachers and having studied computing either in university or another institution significantly increases digital qualifications. The results obtained were compared with similar studies in literature and the following suggestions were developed: 1- Teachers, especially senior teachers, should participate in in-service training in line with the teacher's profile required by the 21st century. 2- Universities should renew their programs according to the needs of the era and should teach especially prospective teachers "learning to learn." 3- In this field, more detailed, more versatile studies on larger samples should be carried out and the findings should be presented to the attention of policy-makers in particular. ÖzetYirmi birinci yüzyıl hiç kuşkusuz bilgi dünyasında hızlı değişme ve gelişmelere sahne olmaktadır. Bilim ve teknolojinin gelişmesi ile bilgi üretimi ve bilginin paylaşımı hızlanmıştır. Bu bilgi üretimi ve paylaşımında dijital araçlar önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Dijital araçlar vasıtasıyla dünya küresel bir köy halini almıştır. Yirmi birinci yüzyıl becerileri arasında dijital beceriler önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Dijital beceriler aynı zamanda hayat boyu öğrenmenin de önemli bir alt boyutudur. Bu bağlamda bilgi üretiminin ve paylaşımın hızlandığı çağımızı yakalamak için çağımızın insanını yetiştirecek öğretmenlerimizin bu becerileri edinmeleri ve hayat boyunca kullanmaları gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı öğretmenlerin yirmi birinci yüzyıl becerileri ışığında ve hayat boyu öğrenme bağlamında dijital yeterliliklerinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmada betimsel araştırma modellerinden tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini 2015-2015 eğitim öğretim yılı bahar döneminde Diyarbakır ili merkez ilçelerinde görev yapan ortaokul ve lise öğretmenleri oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini ise bu evrenden rastgele seçilen 286 öğretmen oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada ölçme aracı olarak araştırmacılara tarafından geliştirilen 30 maddeden oluşan bir ölçek kullanılmıştır. Verilerin çözümlenmesinde SPSS Statistic 22 programı kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde öğretmenlerin dijital yeterlilikleri hem genel olarak hem de cinsiyet , eğitim durumu, branş, okul türü, mezuniyet, bilgisayar dersi/kursu alma ve kıdem değişkenlerine göre incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre öğretmenlerin ölçek ortalamasından 3,5 ortalama elde ederek dijital yeterliliklerinin yeterli düzeyde oldukları, cinsiyet bakımından erkek öğretmenlerin kadın öğretmenlere göre daha yeterli oldukları, lisans dersi olarak veya kurs ile bilgisayar dersi almanın dijital yeterlilikleri önemli ölçüde arttırdığı tespit edilmiştir.Elde edilen sonuçlar alan yazındaki benzer çalışmalarla karşılaştırılmış ve tespit edilen eksikliklerle ilgili öğretmenler, üniversitelere ve milli eğitim bakanlığına yönelik aşağıdaki öneriler geliştirilmiştir.1-Öğretmenler, özellikle kıdemli olanalar 21. Yüzyılın ihtiyacı olan öğretmen profili doğrultusunda hizmet içi eğitime tabi tutulmalı ve çağın gereklerine göre donatılmalıdırlar. Milli eğitim bakanlığı bu konuda üniversitelerin ilgili bölümlerinde ve öğretim üyelerinden profesyonel destek almalıdır. 2-Üniversiteler programlarını çağın ihtiyaçlarına göre yenilemeli ve özellikle öğretmen adaylarını "öğrenmeyi öğrenme" alışkanlığı kazandırmalıdır. 3-Bu alanda daha ayrıntılı, çok yönlü ve geniş katılımlı çalışmalar yapılmalı ve özellikle politika yapıcıların dikkatine sunulmalıdır.

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias, especialista en Fitopatología).- Colegio de Postgraduados, 2014. ; Para conocer la situación actual del cultivo de cacao, se aplicaron encuestas a productores de cacao en 45 localidades de ocho municipios y dos regiones del estado de Chiapas. El 14.7% de los entrevistados indicó tener cacao de almendra blanca. La edad promedio de los productores fue de 59 años y el 56% no completó su instrucción primaria. El 16.5% de los encuestados realiza otras actividades económicas complementarias a la producción de cacao y el 44% tiene otro cultivo para poder subsistir. La unidad de producción promedio fue de 2.6 hectáreas por productor. El 45.9% realiza las actividades de cultivo del cacao empleándose a sí mismo o con mano de obra familiar. El 19.3% de las unidades productivas está bajo la responsabilidad de mujeres. El 60.6% de los entrevistados manifestó pertenecer a una asociación agrícola. El 31.2% ha recibido apoyo económico por parte del gobierno y el 53.2% ha sido beneficiado con asesoría técnica. El 60.5% de los productores vende el cacao a intermediarios a $30.00 por kilogramo de grano de cacao seco. El rendimiento promedio es de 118 kilogramos por hectárea. La moniliasis causada por Moniliophthora roreri (Cif y Par.) Evans et al. y la mancha negra (Phytophthora capsici Leonian) son las enfermedades más importantes en el cultivo. Los barrenadores Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabricius), Xylosandrus morigerus (Blandford) y el salivazo (Clastoptera laenata Fowler) resultaron ser los insectos plaga más frecuentes. Para corroborar las enfermedades en el cacao, se realizaron visitas a 44 sitios cultivados con cacao en nueve municipios y dos regiones del estado de Chiapas, México. Se realizó la identificación morfológica, molecular y pruebas de patogenicidad correspondientes. En campo se evaluó la incidencia y severidad de las enfermedades. Los resultados indicaron que la principal enfermedad es la moniliasis (Moniliophthora roreri [Cif and Par.) Evans et al.], con una incidencia de 52.83% y severidad de 31.3%, seguida de mancha negra (Phytophthora capsici Leonian) con 7.34% y 2.44%; antracnosis (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc.) en hojas con incidencia de 16.45% y 0.38% de severidad y en frutos con incidencia de 5.55% y 0.73% de severidad; agallas asociadas a Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. con16.45% de incidencia y 1.25% de severidad; y manchas foliares pequeñas (Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl) y (Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc. con incidencia de 1.91% y 0.06% de severidad. _______________ PHYTOSANITARY DIAGNOSTICS OF COCOA (Theobroma cacao L.) IN CHIAPAS. ABSTRACT: To know the current status of cocoa, surveys were applied to cocoa farmers in 45 villages of eight municipalities and two regions of the state of Chiapas. 14.7% of the respondents indicated having white almond cocoa. The average age of farmers was 59 years and 56% did not complete primary education. The 16.5% of the respondents makes complementary economic activities to the production of cocoa and 44% have another crop in order to survive. The production unit averaged 2.6 hectares per farmer. 45.9% makes cocoa farming activities being employed himself or using family manpower. The 19.3% of the production units is under the responsibility of women. 60.6% of respondents expressed belong to an agricultural association. 31.2% has received financial support from the government and 53.2% has benefited from technical advice. 60.5% of cocoa producers sold to intermediaries at $ 30.00 per kilogram of dry cocoa beans. The average yield is 118 kg per hectare. Moniliasis caused by Moniliophthora roreri (Cif and Par.) Evans et al., and black spot (Phytophthora capsici Leonian) are the most important diseases in the crop. Borers Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabricius), Xylosandrus morigerus (Blandford) and spittlebugs (Clastoptera laenata Fowler) turned out to be the most common insect pests. To corroborate the diseases in the cultivation of cocoa, visits to 44 sites with cacao grown in nine municipalities and two regions of the state of Chiapas, Mexico were made. Morphological, molecular and pathogenicity tests corresponding identification was made. Field incidence and severity of disease was evaluated. The results indicated that the primary disease is moniliasis (Moniliophthora roreri [Cif and Par.) Evans et al.], with an incidence of 52.83% and severity of 31.3%, followed by black spot (Phytophthora capsici Leonian) with 7 an incidence of 7.34 % and severity of 2.44%, anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc.) sheets incidence of 16.45% and 0.38% severity in incidence fruits of 5.55% and 0.73% severity, Fusarium solani associated with galls (Mart .) Sacc. incidence of 16.45% and 1.25% severity, small leaf spot (Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl) and (Fusarium equiseti (Corda) .) incidence of 1.91% and 06% severity.

Demirtaş, A. Okan (Dogus Author) ; Bu tez, Oluşum romanı türünün ortak özelliklerinin süregelen modernizm, postmodernizm ve sömürgecilik sonrası akımlarının etkisi ile zaman içerisindeki sürekli değişimini göstermektedir. Ayrıca, bu tez, dönemlerinin ünlü yazarlarından olan James Joyce, Jeanette Winterson ve Jamaica Kincaid'in türün gelişimine sağladıkları yenilikçi katkılarını göstermektedir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Özellikle, James Joye'un A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man adlı romanı, Jeanette Winterson'ın Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit adlı romanı ve Jamaica Kincaid'in Annie John adlı romanı ele alınmıştır. Genel hatları ile bu tezde, türün modern çağın etkisi altında geçirdiği yapısal ve içeriksel değişimlere odaklanılmıştır. Joyce'un künstlerroman kahramanının entelektüel /sanatsal gelişimini meydana çıkarmak adına uyguladığı "bilinç-akışı" tekniği dâhil edilmiştir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, oluşum romanı türünün ortak özelliklerinin modernizmin etkisi altında değişimleri sunulmaktadır. İkinci olarak, modernizmden postmodernizme geçiş esnasında, Winterson'ın türün temasal ve yapısal sınırlarını nasıl aştığı gösterilmektedir. Postmodernizmin ortaya çıkması ile birlikte, Winterson'ın feminist ve lezbiyen kadın kahramanın gelişimini işleyen kadın oluşum romanı türünün meşrulaştırarak türü nasıl politikleştirdiği incelenmektedir. Son olarak, sömürgecilik sonrası dönemin etkisi altında, türün gelişimi adına yaptığı temasal ve yapısal katkıları ile Kincaid'in türü nasıl sömürgecilikten çıkardığı netleştirilmiştir. Buna ek olarak bu tez "madun oluşabilir mi? (gelişebilir mi?)" sorusuna Kincaid'in Annie John adlı romanını ölçü alarak cevap vermektedir. ; his thesis demonstrates the constant formation of the common denominators of the genre of Bildungsroman over the years under the impact of the ongoing movements of modernism, postmodernism and postcolonialism. Moreover, this thesis underlines the innovative contributions of famous writers belong to those eras such as James Joyce, Jeanette Winterson and Jamaica Kincaid to the formation of the genre. To this end, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce, Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit by Jeanette Winterson, and Annie John by Jamaica Kincaid have been chosen. Mainly, this thesis has focused on the structural and contextual formation the genre experiences in modern era with the steam-of-consciousness technique used by James Joyce in order to surface the intellectual/artistic development of the Künstlerroman hero. To this end, the formations seen in the common denominators of Bildungsroman under the impact of modernism will be presented. Secondarily, during the transition from modernism to post-modernism, how Winterson transgresses the structural and thematic boundaries of the genre will be demonstrated. With the emergence of postmodernism, how Winterson politicizes the genre by legitimizing the female Bildungsroman (Frauenromane), narrating the formation of a feminist, lesbian heroine will be examined. Finally, under the impact of post-colonialism, with her thematic and structural contributions to the formation of the genre, how Kincaid "decolonizes" the genre has been clarified. Moreover, this thesis answers the question of "can the subaltern sich bilden?" by holding Kincaid's novel Annie John as a measure. ; ABSTRACT, I -- ÖZET, II -- DEDICATION, III -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, IV -- TABLE OF CONTENTS, V -- 1. INTRODUCTION, 1 -- 1.1. The Aim of This Study, 1 -- 1.2. Introduction, 3 -- 2. VICTORIAN BILDUNGSROMAN, 8 -- 2.1. The Origin of the Genre, 8 -- 2.1.1. The Debate on Definition, 9 -- 2.1.2. The Traditional Bildungsroman and Its Common Denominators, 11 -- 2.2. Sub-genres of Bildungsroman, 16 -- 2.2.1. Entwicklungsroman, 16 -- 2.2.2. Erziehungsroman, 17 -- 2.2.3. Künstlerroman, 17 -- 3. MODERNISTBILDUNGSROMAN, 19 -- 3.1. New Frames of Bildungsroman and the Trials of a Bildungsroman Hero/ine, 22 -- 3.2. James Joyce and the Modernist Bildungsroman/Künstlerroman, 24 -- 3.2.1. Stream-of-Consciousness Technique, 25 -- 3.2.2. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Künstlerroman, 28 -- 3.2.2.1. Intellectual Development of a Young Artist, 29 -- 3.2.2.4. Transition into Adulthood & Self-Imposed Exile, 39 -- 4. POSTMODERNIST BILDUNGSROMAN, 46 -- 4.1. From Modernism to Postmodernism, 46 -- 4.2. The Postmodern Female Bildungsroman, Frauenromane, 48 -- 4.2.1. Female Bildungsroman vs. "Traditional" (Male) Bildungsroman, 49 -- 4.2.2. Against the Women's Coming-of-age, 51 -- 4.3. Jeanette Winterson and Crossing Boundaries of Bildungsroman, 54 -- 4.3.1. Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit and the Bildungsroman Heroine, 57 -- 4.3.1.1. Feminist Bildungsroman, 58 -- 4.3.1.1.1. Matriarchy over Patriarchy, 59 -- 4.3.1.2. Homosexual/Lesbian Heroine, 61 -- 5. POST-COLONIAL BILDUNGSROMAN, 70 -- 5.1. Deconstruction of Bildungsroman, 70 -- 5.1.1. Deconstruction of the Genre "Anti" Bildungsroman, 72 -- 5.2. Jamaica Kincaid and a Postcolonial Bildungsroman, 79 -- 5.2.1. Annie John as a Postcolonial Heroine, 81 -- 5.2.1.1. Mother-Daughter relationship, 84 -- 5.2.1.2. Decolonization of the genre, 86 -- CONCLUSION, 91 -- WORKS CITED, 96

The present study focuses on the traditional visual Xiyu-Signs of various ethnic groups with the example of Xinjiang in northwest China, along the ancient path of the Silk Road. The research should be understood as an experiment to a systematic presentation of the symbolic visual world in Xinjiang and therefore in a broader sense as an experiment to preserve the endangered Xiyu-Cultural Heritage. Due to the profound change in China and the Go-West-Strategy of China's economic programme an efficient way must be found to bring modernization and tradition in harmony. This study describes, analyses and evaluates exemplarily, how signs and symbols of knowledge and culture have been mixed between eastern and western cultures along the Silk Road in Xinjiang. It displays how they have been transferred and how far the Xiyu-Culture reflects, that Xinjiang was a meeting point of eastern and western cultures. In the process of my research three main questions arose: Firstly, what can the experience model of the ancient Silk Road contribute to the understanding of cultural development in today's information age? Secondly, what does cultural diversity mean for communication in Xinjiang? Is there an increase of media technology in the field of visual communication because of international influences? Thirdly, how can Xinjiang benefit from the opportunities given by the Go-West-Strategy of China's economic programme in an increasingly globalized world and find a balance between culture and economic prosperity? Therefore, this study uses a method that integrates a cultural-anthropological perspective. Characteristics of the traditional visual Xiyu-Signs, their significance for the ethnic groups in Xinjiang and cultural exchanges between Europe and Asia are discussed based on a field work, and the particular influence of trade and transport routes is presented. The visual signs of the Xiyu-Culture are shown from the time before the Islamization to today's Islamic period. The research shows that the signs are not place-bound cultural phenomena or local tradition; they are rather influenced by regional, national and international cultures consciously or unconsciously. They are a result of cultural communication. Finally the signs of Xiyu-Culture of Xinjiang are thoroughly researched with the Go-West-Strategy of the Chinese government. Economic development brings to Xinjiang not only modernization and prosperity, but also a cultural and ecological imbalance. Mankind formed everything into structure, what he perceives around him, with signs. The Xiyu-Signs create a visual structure. The Xiyu-Culture still has influence on the lifestyle of the ethnic groups in Xinjiang. Today, the confrontation between the traditional Xiyu-Culture and economic development has led to a serious conflict in Xinjiang. This study is a critical interpretation of the current situation of Xiyu-Culture and the Chinese economic program in Xinjiang. It also contributes to the analysis of the hitherto insufficiently recognized interactions between history, culture, politics and economics of cultural globalization in Xinjiang. ; Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die traditionellen Xiyü-Zeichen im Visuellen verschiedener Volksgruppen am Beispiel Xinjiangs im Nordwesten Chinas, wo einst die alte Seidenstraße entlangführte. Die Untersuchung versteht sich als ein Versuch der systematischen Darstellung der symbolischen Bildwelt in Xinjiang und damit im weiteren Sinne auch als ein Versuch, das Xiyü-Kulturerbe zu bewahren, das angesichts des tiefgreifenden Wandels in China und der Go-West-Strategie des chinesischen Wirtschaftsprogramms, welches sich auf die weiten Westgebiete Chinas bezieht, in Gefahr geraten ist. Es muss ein Weg gefunden werden, Modernisierung und Tradition in Einklang zu bringen. Diese Studie beschreibt, analysiert und bewertet exemplarisch, wie sich Zeichen und Symbole des Wissens und der Kultur entlang der Seidenstraße in Xinjiang zwischen den östlichen und westlichen Kulturen vermischt haben, wie sie übertragen wurden und inwieweit die Xiyü-Kultur reflektiert, dass Xinjiang ein Treffpunkt zwischen östlichen und westlichen Einflüssen war. In der Annährung an dieses Forschungsziel werden drei Hauptfragen zusammengefasst: Erstens, was kann das Erfahrungsmodell der alten Seidenstraße zum Verständnis der kulturellen Entwicklung im heutigen Informationszeitalter beitragen? Zweitens, was bedeutet Vielfalt für die kulturelle Kommunikation in Xinjiang? Steigen die Medienereignisse der visuellen Kommunikation und die internationalen Einflüsse an? Drittens, wie kann Xinjiang die Chancen der Go-West-Strategie des chinesischen Wirtschaftsprogramms in einer zunehmend globalisierten Welt nutzen und in der zukünftigen weltwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung wieder Vitalität zeigen? Um sich auf diese Weise den Antworten zu nähern, verwendet diese Studie einen Ansatz, der eine kulturanthropologische Perspektive integriert. Auf Grundlage einer Feldstudie werden Eigenschaften der traditionellen visuellen Xiyü-Zeichen, ihre Bedeutung für die ethnischen Volksgruppen Xinjiangs und den kulturellen Austausch zwischen Europa und Asien diskutiert und der besondere Einfluss von Handel und Verkehrswegen aufgezeigt. Die visuellen Zeichenformen der Xiyü-Kultur wurden von der Zeit vor der Islamisierung bis hin zur heutigen islamischen Zeit dargestellt. Die Forschung zeigt, dass die Zeichen kein ortsgebundenes Kulturphänomen oder eine lokale Tradition sind, vielmehr werden sie von regionalen, nationalen und internationalen Kulturkreisen bewusst oder unbewusst beeinflusst. Sie sind ein Ergebnis kultureller Kommunikation. Schließlich setzt sich die Studie mit den Zeichen der Xiyü-Kultur Xinjiangs in Relation mit der Go-West-Strategie der chinesischen Regierung auseinander. Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung bringt für Xinjiang nicht nur Modernisierung und Wohlstand, sondern auch ein kulturelles und ökologisches Ungleichgewicht. Der Mensch strukturiert alles, was er in seiner Umgebung wahrnimmt, mit Zeichen. Die Xiyü-Zeichen schaffen eine visuelle Strukturierung. Die Xiyü-Kultur hat nach wie vor Einfluss auf die Lebensweise der ethnischen Gruppen in Xinjiang. Heute hat die Konfrontation zwischen der traditionellen Xiyü-Kultur und der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung zu einem ernsthaften Konflikt in Xinjiang geführt. Diese Studie versteht sich als eine kritische Interpretation der aktuellen Situation der Xiyü-Kultur bzw. des chinesischen Wirtschaftsprogramms in Xinjiang. Sie will darüber hinaus einen Beitrag leisten zur Analyse der bislang nur unzureichend erfassten Wechselwirkungen zwischen Geschichte, Kultur, Politik und Wirtschaft in der kulturellen Globalisierung in Xinjiang.

The study that concerns us on this occasion was held in the village of Laredo Conache province of Trujillo in the department of La Libertad district. Its main objective was to describe the cultural significance of human development that adolescents Conache. The methodology was qualitative through ethnography, specifically Spradley approach, which allowed us to analyze cultural domains, make taxonomic and cultural issues analysis to get to the bottom of the meaning attributed to adolescent human development was used. The identified, analyzed and interpreted cultural domains was five: meaning of human development for adolescent girls, models of human development, problems of adolescent preventing human development, reasons for adolescents to achieve human development and places where teens can develop. The results of taxonomic analysis and issues surrounding cultural significance that adolescents attribute to their human development, human development that we obtained for them "is to have opportunities." One form of human development "is to comply with what one intends" among the problems that hinder its development identified "become mothers at an early age." Among the reasons for reaching their development: "It is to be happy" and finally, where they can develop, to which they. The main conclusion of this study was that the cultural significance of the teenagers on their human development is bound to be favorable to achieve the proposed conditions; ie have opportunities generated by their family, school or government. Teenage opportunities related to education and the achievement of goals. Therefore, human development for them is centered on education and their personal aspirations realized. They value the skills and enter the labor market, so that the influence of urbanity is present between their perceptions. However, they do not rule the whole of a country's own territory and engage in agriculture or animal husbandry tasks, but as complementary. This demonstrates and confirms the new rurality approach where town and country meet in its phenomena, in this case determining the meaning of adolescents in relation to their human development. ; El estudio que nos compete en esta oportunidad se realizó en el caserío Conache del distrito Laredo, provincia de Trujillo del departamento de La Libertad. Tuvo como objetivo principal describir el significado cultural de desarrollo humano que tienen las adolescentes de Conache. La metodología empleada fue cualitativa a través de la etnografía, específicamente se utilizó el planteamiento de Spradley, el cual nos permitió analizar dominios culturales, hacer análisis taxonómico y de temas culturales para llegar al fondo del significado que las adolescentes atribuyen a su desarrollo humano. Los dominios culturales identificados, analizados e interpretados fueron cinco: significado del desarrollo humano para las mujeres adolescentes, formas de desarrollo humano, problemas de las adolescentes que impiden su desarrollo humano, razones de las adolescentes para alcanzar el desarrollo humano y lugares donde las adolescentes pueden desarrollarse. Entre los resultados de análisis taxonómico y temas, en torno al significado cultural que las adolescentes atribuyen a su desarrollo humano, obtuvimos que desarrollo humano para ellas "es tener oportunidades". Una de las forma de desarrollo humano "es cumplir con lo que uno se propone", entre los problemas que impiden su desarrollo identificaron "ser madres a temprana edad". Entre las razones para alcanzar su desarrollo: "es ser feliz" y, por último, lugares donde puedan desarrollarse, a lo que ellas contestaron: "en cualquier lugar donde haya universidad". La principal conclusión de este estudio fue que el significado cultural de las adolescentes sobre su desarrollo humano está vinculado a tener condiciones favorables para lograr lo que se proponen; es decir, tener oportunidades generadas por su familia, la escuela o el gobierno. Las adolescentes relacionan las oportunidades con la educación y el cumplimiento de metas. Por tanto, el desarrollo humano para ellas se centra en la educación y en sus aspiraciones personales realizadas. Valoran las competencias profesionales y la inserción al mercado laboral, por lo que la influencia de la urbanidad se hace presente entre sus percepciones. Sin embargo, no descartan del todo las faenas propias de un territorio rural como dedicarse a la agricultura o crianza de animales, pero a modo complementario. Ello evidencia y corrobora el enfoque de nueva ruralidad donde el campo y la ciudad confluyen en sus fenómenos, en este caso determinando el significado de las adolescentes en relación a su desarrollo humano. ; Tesis

Violence and its faces are also the engine of human history. The violence that is witnessed today in Ibero-American cultures includes its genesis in social inequality and in the prevailing capitalist mode of production. The state of violence is produced by social inequalities that have marked the history of humanity since its inception. However, the natural world itself also manifests itself in a violent way as everything comes into being in the universe and life is always fighting against the woman. Globally we live in the age of knowledge, information and violence that is increasingly more extraordinary and uncontrollable by normal (dominant) political and economic means. I believe that the extravagance and malaise caused by violence can be investigated in addition to statistical metrics and bureaucratic prescriptions related to violence. I consider it important to undertake a radical investigation of the current 'state of violence' of humankind, seeking to understand and interpret violence in its various facets, and therefore, it imposes a more intuitive than analytical method, which also requires one. sospecha and radical inquiry. ; La violencia y sus rostros también constituyen el motor de la historia de la humanidad. La violencia que se presencia hoy en las culturas ibero-americanas encuentra su génesis en la desigualdad social y en el modo de producción capitalista imperante. El estado de violencia es producido por desigualdades sociales que marcan la historia de la humanidad desde su inicio. No obstante, el propio mundo natural también se manifiesta de manera violenta en la medida en que todo se encuentra en 'lucha' en el universo y la vida es un perenne combate contra la muerte. Globalmente vivimos en la edad del conocimiento, de la información y de la violencia cada vez más extraña e incontrolable por los medios políticos-económicos normales (dominantes). Creo que la extrañeza y el malestar causados por la violencia pueden ser investigados más allá de las metrificaciones estadísticas y de las prescripciones burocráticas relacionadas con la violencia. Considero importante emprender una investigación radical del 'estado de violencia' actual de la humanidad, buscando comprender e interpretar la violencia en sus diversas facetas, y por eso, se impone la pose de un método más intuitivo que analítico, lo que también requiere de una actitud de sospecha y de indagación radical. ; A violência e suas faces constituem também o motor da história da humanidade. A violência que se presencia hoje nas culturas ibero-americanas encontra a sua gênese na desigualdade social e no modo de produção capitalista imperante. O estado de violência é produzido por desigualdades sociais que marcam a história da humanidade desde os seus primórdios. Entretanto, o próprio mundo natural também se manifesta de modo violento na medida em que tudo se encontra em "luta" no universo e a vida é uma perene luta contra a morte. Globalmente vivemos na idade do conhecimento, da informação e da violência cada vez mais estranha e incontrolável pelos meios político-econômicos normais (dominantes). Acredito que a estranheza e o mal-estar causados pela violência podem ser investigados para além das metrificações estatísticas e das prescrições burocráticas relativas à violência. Considero importante empreender uma investigação radical do "estado de violência" atual da humanidade, procurando-se compreender e interpretar a violência em suas diversas faces, e por isso se impõe a posse de um método mais intuitivo do que analítico, o que também requer a atitude da suspeita e da indagação radical. ; A violência e suas faces constituem também o motor da história da humanidade. A violência que se presencia hoje nas culturas ibero-americanas encontra a sua gênese na desigualdade social e no modo de produção capitalista imperante. O estado de violência é produzido por desigualdades sociais que marcam a história da humanidade desde os seus primórdios. Entretanto, o próprio mundo natural também se manifesta de modo violento na medida em que tudo se encontra em "luta" no universo e a vida é uma perene luta contra a morte. Globalmente vivemos na idade do conhecimento, da informação e da violência cada vez mais estranha e incontrolável pelos meios político-econômicos normais (dominantes). Acredito que a estranheza e o mal-estar causados pela violência podem ser investigados para além das metrificações estatísticas e das prescrições burocráticas relativas à violência. Considero importante empreender uma investigação radical do "estado de violência" atual da humanidade, procurando-se compreender e interpretar a violência em suas diversas faces, e por isso se impõe a posse de um método mais intuitivo do que analítico, o que também requer a atitude da suspeita e da indagação radical.

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to critically explore the impact of anti-social behaviour orders (ASBOs) on young people with mild learning disabilities. In an attempt to identify why young people (under the age of 18) with learning disabilities are exposed to the criminal justice system, an emerging body of evidence is considered. The research provides an insight into some of the difficulties vulnerable young people may encounter, such as receiving unrealistic prohibitions and the lack of support provided after receiving a court order. The research also highlights the lack of professional awareness and understanding of learning disabilities and considers the level of training available to professionals. The paper closes with a discussion of the themes identified from the literature reviewed and some of the changes proposed by the coalition government regarding the future of the criminal justice system.


Design/methodology/approach
– Although a strict systematic review of the literature was not required for the literature review, a less rigorous systematic approach was employed. When searching for literature, the general principles and guidelines of the Cochrane Collaboration were employed, this included inclusion and exclusion criteria. The eligibility criteria guided the focus of the literature review and determined the relevance of the research. During the literature review it was recognised that much of the research is discussion/review based, and currently there is a limited amount of empirical research available. An eco-systems perspective was employed to consider the connections between young people, the environment and anti-social behaviour (ASB).


Findings
– The findings from the literature review, illustrate a growing body of evidence which suggests that young people with learning disabilities have been "caught up" in ASB measures. It is positive that more recently, there has been a much needed focus on early identification and diversion away from the criminal justice system, for those with mental health conditions and learning disabilities. The research findings presented by Cant and Standen, and Talbot, provide possible explanations as to why vulnerable young people are made subject to ASBOs. Indeed this lack of sufficient training has not gone unnoticed by other researchers.


Research limitations/implications
– Although the author is aware of the valuable insight qualitative research can provide, the methodological limitations raise questions regarding the validity of the research the author has considered, especially as most of the research the author has drawn upon is based on exploratory approaches. Nevertheless, the concurring themes drawn from the research findings raise much curiosity around the potential links between disability awareness training and the identification of young people with mild learning disabilities.


Practical implications
– Despite the governments recent proposal to abolish the ASBO and introduce a new approach to tackling ASB, it appears unclear as to how the new measures will differ from the existing ones. The recent proposed measures are set out in the Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014. Although the accompanying guidance for frontline professionals clearly sets out the need for early intervention, which sits alongside a new menu of ASB powers, including the Criminal Behaviour Order (which seems very similar to the ASBO), it is disappointing that the guidance does not give any direction of how new measures will impact on young people with learning disabilities.


Social implications
– Although the ASBO was not initially designed to target children and young people, it is clear from the literature that certain families and young people are often singled out and labelled as "anti-social". It is unsurprising, that children and young people from poor families, with low educational attainment, limited employment opportunities and live in the most marginalised and deprived communities are amongst those who are singled out as being particularly problematic.


Originality/value
– The research findings have helped me to understand some of the potential difficulties vulnerable young people may encounter if they come into contact with the criminal justice system. As there appears to be a lack of empirical research available which considers the connections between learning disabilities and ASBOs, further research within this area of practice would be beneficial. The research invites an alternative perspective which adds to the existing literature.