The article is written in the scientific polemic genre and it is a continuation of the discussion that began earlier in the professional environment. The author defends the position to give more attention to culture layers of the 20th during conducting an archaeological excavation. The problem is the uncertainty of the cultural deposits' status of the 20th century. The purpose of the article is to determine the 20th century culture deposits historical value. Research methodology. Common-scientific methods are used. The typological method is also used, in particular, for 20th century culture deposits classification. The scientific novelty lies in the first, in Ukrainian historiography, attempt to argue a historical value of the 20th-century cultural layers. Conclusion. The modern culture deposits' historical value is in that they are at least a historical source and also an epoch monument. In addition to scientific, individual artifacts or complexes on cultural layers of modern times can have artistic, aesthetic, museum, tourist, anthropological, ethnographic, national, political, ideological, economic, social value.
The article is an analysis of the mobbing problem occurrence among children adolescents, establishing the causes of a school environment the main characteristics of the concept and finding ways to prevent mobbing. The method of studying the problem of mobbing in children in the school environment explains to us the root causes of its occurrence, reveals the very essence of its appearance, as well as the manifestations of mobbing in middle school age children from their peers.In a deeper analysis of the problem of mobbing, we identified the main aspects of preventing this phenomenon, also developed a methodological plan for the prevention of mobbing in schools, and developed and described preventive measures to prevent manifestations among middle school children for teachers and parents who have and can influence students or their children in the context of this issue. The findings of this paper reflect the state of the problem of mobbing in the current educational process in Ukraine, taking into account the actualization of its manifestations due to the large number of displaced persons, including middle-aged children, from temporarily occupied territories during the Russian armed aggression against our country. The processes taking place in our extremes and in the world are inevitable for society as a whole, and so the challenge we face requires more detailed consideration of the issue of mobbing among adolescents of schools, the urgent response to its present manifestations, and addressing these issues, specifics of personal approaches to middle school children in each case. Analyzing the problem of mobbing among children in school, especially middle school children, we have come to the conclusion that the multiplicity of influence factors determines the direction of the study of the problem and gives this problem a new special approach, taking into account many points, and obliges us to solve the problem of mobbing the school, so that it does not persecute a person who is primarily a person, in adolescence and adulthood.
Burial monuments are an important element of the spiritual culture of the Przeworsk population of the Western Buh region. The main type of burials was cremation in an urn or earthen pit. The cremation rite had dominated throughout its existence, but there are cases of inhumation burials. Borrowing from the Celts, the population of the Przeworsk culture buried weapons, ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2022, № 1 143 jewelry, personal items and pottery. Almost all items were intentionally damaged. There are cases of intentional damage to small items: brooches, spurs, scissors, pins, needles, etc.One of these burial complexes was discovered by the so-called «black diggers» and transferred to the Lviv Regional Council «History and Local Lore Museum».The burial complex contained a ritually bent double-edged sword, a shield handle and a spearhead, which were connected to each other, an iron brooches and a ritually damaged shield boss. The four iron spurs were connected in pairs.The funeral rite and the items found in the burial have numerous analogies on the monuments of the Przeworsk culture in Poland and Western Ukraine. Among the total number of burials of the Przeworsk culture, burials with swords stand out. Obviously, the presence of a sword is an evidence of the high social status of its owner.The set of features of the material found in the burial allows us to confidently date it to the phase C1a—C2 of the Late Roman period (middle — end of the 3rd century AD). The advance of the bearers of the Przeworsk culture to the south and east in this chronological period was accompanied by local military conflicts. In any case, the Przeworsk population in the region of the Western Buh was an integral part of ethnic and cultural processes that lasted throughout the 3rd century.The formation of the source base of funerary monuments of the Przeworsk culture in the future will make it possible to identify certain regional features in topography, funeral inventory and ritual actions. Given that the ...
The article is devoted to the analysis of the Ukrainian diaspora organizations ethnocultural activity peculiarities in the Russian Federation (RF), the beginning of which is connected with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the proclamation of Ukraine"s independence (1991). The author connects their appearance with the growth of national consciousness, which was based on the idea of Ukraine"s independence. This idea has always been perceived extremely negatively and cautiously by the ruling class of Russia, as well as by a significant number of Russians, at all times when Ukrainians were under the imperial roof. Even in the conditions of the total crisis at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, when the systemic disintegration of the USSR began, the Communist Party leadership constantly kept the "Ukrainian question" in view. This is confirmed, in particular, by the termination in 1989 of the magazine "Ukrainian Question", the publication of which was organized by the Moscow branch of the "Ukrainian Helsinki Union". A similar fate befell a number of other Ukrainian communities already in modern Russia. Among them are the two largest all-Russian diaspora organizations of Ukrainians in Russia: the Union of Ukrainians of Russia (ESD) and the Federal National-Cultural Autonomy "Ukrainians of Russia" (FNKAUR). The analysis below shows that their activities were carried out in accordance with Russian legislation, in particular the Federal Law of Russia "On National and Cultural Autonomy" and was aimed at organizing and conducting ethnocultural work among Ukrainians. However, Putin's leadership found "evidence of political activity" from both ESD and FNKAUR and banned their activities by court order. In fact, the main reasons for the author's cessation are the independence policy of modern Ukraine and the leaders of Ukrainian diasporas, their "disobedience" to pursue Russia's state imperial policy among Ukrainians, and their unwillingness to ignore the ethnocultural needs of Ukrainians. Currently, there is no all-Russian organization of Ukrainians in Russia. Activists of the Ukrainian diaspora have repeatedly, and since 2014, tried to register at least one of them, but they are constantly denied on the grounds that they will allegedly "glorify Bandera" and negatively affect Ukrainian-Russian relations. In fact, the reason is different, namely, in the traditional imperialism not only of Russia's ruling class, but also of a significant number of Russians who do not see a Russian neo-empire without Ukraine. This Russian propaganda cliché penetrated deeply not only into the consciousness of Russians, but also distorted the national consciousness of a significant number of Ukrainians in Russia, who cease to identify themselves as Ukrainians. The article emphasizes that the deidentification of our compatriots is based on persecution, harassment, contempt, not only the Kremlin authorities, but also a significant number of Russians towards Ukrainians in Russia.
The article deals with the problem of anthropological dimension of man in the philosophy of late modernity, shows the philosophical and political determinants of this period. The late modernity of any society is an intense and controversial process. The key to social theory today is the question under which political institutions creative action is possible. Creative political action is intended to produce new, more effective rules for the functioning of society, an action that enables social progress, social development and modernization. Late modern is related to the changes that took place in the world in the last quarter of the twentieth century, especially in the progressive western countries.It is emphasized that the same political importance only in the process of meeting the needs of the individual, the political is interpreted as a symbolic sphere of simulations and the creation of meanings to satisfy the interests of the individual. It is up to the individual to determine themselves, taking all the appropriate risks. Society, as if taking responsibility for the value-normative determination of the individual, leaving him alone with the problem of self-determination in social systems that contradict each other not only in content but also in the principles of their construction. The intensification of the search for the meaning of life at the individual and personal level is a characteristic feature of the development of society in the late modern era.One of the tools for modernizing social governance and society in general should be information technology. In the late modern world, the individual has access to any kind of information. It should be noted that this makes it possible to lead the humanistic orientation of the development of society, that is, the comprehensive development of each person as a component of society. Also marked political and philosophical determinants of correlation of a person and society in situation of postmodern are also determined.Key words: modernization, late modernity, values, social changes, individual, socio-cultural risks. ; У статті поставлена проблема антропологічного виміру людини в філософії пізнього модерну, показано філософсько – політичні детермінанти даного періоду. Пізній модерн будь-якого суспільства є інтенсивним і суперечливим процесом. Ключовим для соціальної теорії сьогодні є питання, за яких політичних інституцій можлива творча дія. Творча політична дія покликана продукувати нові, більш ефективні правила функціонування соціуму, це дія, яка уможливлює суспільний поступ, соцієтальний розвиток та модернізацію. Виокремлено, що саме ж політичне набуває значення лише в процесі забезпечення потреб окремого індивіда, політичне тлумачиться як символічна сфера симуляцій та творення смислів для задоволення інтересів окремої людини. Індивід має самостійно визначатися щодо них, беручи на себе всі належні ризики. Суспільство ніби зняло з себе відповідальність за ціннісно-нормативну визначеність індивіда, залишивши його наодинці з проблемою самовизначення у соціальних системах, що суперечать один одному не тільки за змістом, але й за принципами своєї побудови.Одним з інструментів модернізації соціального управління та суспільства загалом безперечно повинні стати інформаційні технології. В умовах пізнього модерну індивід має доступ до будь якого роду інформації.Ключові слова: модернізація,пізній модерн, цінності, соціальні зміни,особистість, соціокультурні ризики.The article deals with the problem of anthropological dimension of man in the philosophy of late modernity, shows the philosophical and political determinants of this period. The late modernity of any society is an intense and controversial process. The key to social theory today is the question under which political institutions creative action is possible. Creative political action is intended to produce new, more effective rules for the functioning of society, an action that enables social progress, social development and modernization. Late modern is related to the changes that took place in the world in the last quarter of the twentieth century, especially in the progressive western countries.It is emphasized that the same political importance only in the process of meeting the needs of the individual, the political is interpreted as a symbolic sphere of simulations and the creation of meanings to satisfy the interests of the individual. It is up to the individual to determine themselves, taking all the appropriate risks. Society, as if taking responsibility for the value-normative determination of the individual, leaving him alone with the problem of self-determination in social systems that contradict each other not only in content but also in the principles of their construction. The intensification of the search for the meaning of life at the individual and personal level is a characteristic feature of the development of society in the late modern era.One of the tools for modernizing social governance and society in general should be information technology. In the late modern world, the individual has access to any kind of information. It should be noted that this makes it possible to lead the humanistic orientation of the development of society, that is, the comprehensive development of each person as a component of society. Also marked political and philosophical determinants of correlation of a person and society in situation of postmodern are also determined.Key words: modernization, late modernity, values, social changes, individual, socio-cultural risks.
The article is devoted to the problems of discrimination, especially one of them - age discrimination. Discrimination is recognized as a situation in which a person and / or group of persons on their grounds is restricted in recognizing, exercising or exercising their rights and freedoms in any form. The case of Schwitzgebel v. Switzerland was analyzed, the essence of which was that an unmarried woman of a certain age was denied the adoption of a second child. She was denied due to the government's legal policy on family matters. The applicant's age was crucial in rejecting her application by the domestic authorities. The applicant could claim that she had been the victim of a difference in treatment compared to younger single women, who could have been entitled to adopt a second child under the same circumstances. The denial of her request pursued the legitimate aim of protecting the welfare and rights of the child. Thus, the European Court of Human Rights has quite rejected the motives of age discrimination. It has been proven that age discrimination is not an independent sign of discrimination. Quite often this happens in addition to gender motives. In the case of Carvalho Pinto de Sousa Morais v. Portugal, which amounts to improper medical intervention by a medical court, the applicant's age was presumed. The National Court held that sexuality and social life were not as important to the applicant at her age as to men of the same age. The European Court of Human Rights was therefore obliged to accept the grounds of age and other discrimination. Paragraph 141 of the Manual of Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Protocol No. 12 to the Convention also states that age is a "different status" for the purposes of Article 14. However, it should be noted that the ECtHR seldom recognizes age as a sign of discrimination. In general, the analysis of the European Court of Human Rights indicates the following: there are very few decisions on age discrimination; The Convention for the Protection of ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the reality of Ukrainian women. Strong movement restriction, social isolation, the disinclination of the health care system have caused stress and intense emotional fear reaction for their lives and future, future and health of their relatives and children. A survey conducted in the UK has shown that men are more likely to get worse symptoms and die from COVID-19. Other researches, which took place in different countries around the world, have shown that women are more worried, anxious and scared about the consequences of the spread of the coronavirus. The article highlights the actual women's fears during the COVID-19 pandemic. It analyses the relationship of women's emotional state to different fears and state/trait anxiety. The aim of the article is to determine the influence of special terms during the COVID-19 pandemic on the intensity of women fears depending on age and having children. Participants (n=140) were asked to complete the Questionnaire of Actual Specific Fears (Ju. Shherbatyh), the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the visual/verbal analogue fear 'here and now' scale. The comparative analysis of two age-band groups has shown that there is no significant difference in the intensity of specific fears and anxiety for 25-44 and 45-60 age groups. It was found that women who have children are rather more worried about not getting ill with some disease, have much higher values of fear 'here and now' and fear of heights as opposed to women who do not have children. The present study shows with what fears were women affected by during quarantine restrictions and the spread of the coronavirus. The article emphasizes the importance of the women psychological state, especially women who have children. It is obvious that additional researches are needed; they should explore specific fears connected with children and COVID-19. Further searches are seen in developing a system of psychological support for people who feel fear during the spread of different diseases and new probable pandemics.
У статті висвітлено особливості становлення художньо-промислової освіти на Галичині в хронологічних межах кінця ХІХ – першої половини ХХ століття. З'ясовано вплив європейської суспільної думки на розвиток ремісничо-мистецьких шкіл. Розкрито тенденції розвитку народного мистецтва на Галичині та входження його в європейський художній простір. Узагальнено передумови, що визначили поступ художньо-промислової освіти галицького краю. ; The article highlights the features of formation of Art and Industry Education in Galicia in chronological limits of the late nineteenth – early twentieth century. The author determined basic directions of professional training for artistic and industrial areas, such as: wood processing, decoration of wooden products, weaving, carpet weaving and ceramics. The results of the study revealed cross-cultural relationships that were embodied in the development of the folk arts, on the other hand, multiplying its best examples of European fine arts. The article raised speculation that the development of art education of Galicia influenced the European art traditions. Folk Art of the land enriched with sources of classical European art and also influenced its development. To understand the mutual influences of cultures for the development of art education of Galicia it is important to assess the contribution of members of the European Union (that was the part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire) in training for artistic and industrial schools and promotion of Galician art in Europe. The development of industry and technology has led to demands in the labor market for skilled workers of artistic and industrial areas. The territorial boundaries of Galicia, favorable geographical location, age tradition of folk culture are crucial regarding growth of the art schools. It should be noted that this region was famous of folk artists crafts, artisans. Professional family traditions passed down from generation to generation. These factors are used in network planning of art schools, so they were the pioneers of activities in the centers of traditional culture. It was found out the influence of European public opinion on the development of craft and art schools. Society, uniting people for cultural, professional orientation promoted the art education, promotion of folk art as in Galicia and abroad. The trends of folk art in Galicia and its entry into the European art space are revealed. The conditions that determined the progress of art and industrial education of Galician region: socio-economic (rapid development of industry, technology, intercultural communication); labor market needs in trained specialists in the art and the industrial sector; availability of teaching staff with artistic and industrial education are overviewed.
Based on the analysis of historical events, the article examines the dynamics of changes in the forms and methods of diplomacy of the New Age. The historical preconditions for the emergence of new forms of diplomacy, its legalization and institutionalization are analyzed. Based on the study of modern world events, examples of forms and methods of diplomacy of the beginning of the XXI century are given: public, economic, cultural, informational, network, regional, ideological, climatic and other types of diplomacy. Particular attention is paid to the consequences of the introduction of the systems of international relations for the diplomatic service of Westphalia and Vienna, the origins of the formation of the system of diplomatic embassies of the Middle Ages and their further development, secret diplomacy and more. Based on the study of transformation processes in Europe in the period under study, specific historical events that had a direct impact on the formation of forms of diplomacy and the foundations of diplomatic law, protocol and etiquette are presented. It is argued that the diplomatic trends of the New Age period were the emergence of a new form of diplomacy – economic, departure from marriage diplomacy and the transition from bilateral relations to a new form of communication at the level of international organizations. The development of economic diplomacy was facilitated by the ideology of the possibility of resolving military conflicts by economic means, by establishing foreign economic relations. In addition to classical diplomacy, ideology and religion continue to play an important role in the development of diplomatic tools and forms of diplomacy, being independent diplomatic tools. New geographical discoveries and colonization stimulate world trade, encourage the search for new forms of communication and communication. The emergence of new opportunities for the dissemination of information - printing presses, led to the intensification of the dissemination of information and encourages a new rethinking of the methods of diplomacy of this period. ; На основі аналізу історичних подій в статті досліджено динаміку змін форм та методів дипломатії доби Нового часу. Проаналізовано історичні передумови виникнення нових форм дипломатії, її легалізації та інституалізації. На основі дослідження сучасних світових подій наводяться приклади форм та методів дипломатії початку ХХІ століття: публічна, економічна, культурна, інформаційна, мережева, регіональна, ідеологічна, кліматична та інші види дипломатії. Особлива увага приділена наслідкам впровадження для дипломатичної служби Вестфальської та Віденської систем міжнародних відносин, витоків формування системи дипломатичних посольств періоду Середньовіччя та їх подальшого розвитку, таємній дипломатії тощо. На основі вивчення трансформаційних процесів в Європі в період, що вивчається, наводяться конкретні історичні події, що мали безпосередній вплив на становлення форм дипломатії та основ дипломатичного права, протоколу та етикету. Обстоюється думка, що дипломатичними трендами періоду доби Нового Часу стали виникнення нової форми дипломатії – економічної, відходу від шлюбної дипломатії та переходу від двосторонніх відносин до нової форми спілкування на рівні міжнародних організацій. Розвитку економічної дипломатія сприяла ідеологія щодо можливості врегулювання військових конфліктів економічними методами, шляхом встановлення зовнішньоекономічних зв'язків. Окрім класичної дипломатії, ідеологія й релігія продовжують грати важливу роль в розвитку дипломатичного інструментарію та форм дипломатії, уявляючи собою самостійні дипломатичні інструменти. Нові географічні відкриття та колонізація стимулюють світову торгівлю, спонукають до пошуків нових форм комунікації та спілкування. Поява нових можливостей розповсюдження інформації – друкарських станків, призвели до інтенсифікації розповсюдження інформації та спонукає по новому переосмислити методи дипломатії вказаного періоду.
In the interwar years, Lithuania faced a wide range of military threats, for two decades the nation did not maintain any diplomatic or economic relations with its neighbouring state Poland, which had occupied her historic capital Vilnius, while the relations with Germany remained tense over the Klaipėda Region. The security situation took a turn for the worse in 1939–1940 with the threat from the USSR coming to the front after the annihilation of Poland, however Lithuania was forced to sign the mutual assistance treaty and permit the entry of 20 thousand strong Red Army troops into its territory. Hence, a small state of Lithuania was locked in by the hostile states that surpassed her in strength by several or many orders of magnitude. The Lithuanian armed forces were compelled to seek unconventional solutions for the organisation of national defence. This research, aimed at the identification of measures undertaken by the Lithuanian armed forces for the purpose of the enhancement of its military capabilities and the increase of countermobility facilities as part of its territorial defence system, is based on the analysis of archival sources. The Lithuanian army prepared several operation plans in 1936–1940: No. 1 "V" (Germany), No. 2 "V+L" (Germany + Poland), No. 3 "L" (Poland) and, on the basis of the latter, "R" (The Reds / Russia / The East – the meaning of letter R is not definite). The documents constituting plan No. 1 "V" (Germany) have been selected for the purpose of the analysis of territorial defence since they have come down to us intact while the documents pertaining to plan "R" were destroyed in July 1940. The degree of detail of plan No. 1 "V" (kept at the Lithuanian Central State Archives under f. 929 and f. 561) allows for a highly accurate reconstruction of the development and functionality of territorial defence during the interwar period and of the connections between territorial and regular military units in the event of war. We can conclude that the Lithuanian army, on the strength of the system of territorial defence (integrated into the overall national armed defence plans) as revealed in our research, hoped to slow down the penetration of enemy forces into Lithuania using these countermobility measures and thereby to "buy" time for the mobilisation and consolidation of its regular forces, whilst the action of guerrilla territorial units in the areas taken up by enemy was supposed to restrict enemy actions and withdraw as many soldiers from the rear zone of the front for protection purposes. In the rear area, the Lithuanian territorial units had to release, to the extent possible, their regular troops from the functions of defence and the maintenance of order. It was expected that defeat would be avoided in the event of war with a more powerful enemy due to the synergy of action of territorial and regular forces. There was a clear understanding that the outcome of the war would be determined not by the Lithuanian armed forces but by the success of the Allies (the cases of Belgium and Serbia in the First World War were regarded as examples for Lithuania in the upcoming war). The objective was to persist and survive, i.e. to preserve the nucleus of military forces and the government and proceed with guerrilla warfare in the occupied territories so that in the wake of an all-out war there would be a basis for the reconstitution of the Lithuanian state within its ethnographic boundaries.
In the interwar years, Lithuania faced a wide range of military threats, for two decades the nation did not maintain any diplomatic or economic relations with its neighbouring state Poland, which had occupied her historic capital Vilnius, while the relations with Germany remained tense over the Klaipėda Region. The security situation took a turn for the worse in 1939–1940 with the threat from the USSR coming to the front after the annihilation of Poland, however Lithuania was forced to sign the mutual assistance treaty and permit the entry of 20 thousand strong Red Army troops into its territory. Hence, a small state of Lithuania was locked in by the hostile states that surpassed her in strength by several or many orders of magnitude. The Lithuanian armed forces were compelled to seek unconventional solutions for the organisation of national defence.This research, aimed at the identification of measures undertaken by the Lithuanian armed forces for the purpose of the enhancement of its military capabilities and the increase of countermobility facilities as part of its territorial defence system, is based on the analysis of archival sources. The Lithuanian army prepared several operation plans in 1936–1940: No. 1 "V" (Germany), No. 2 "V+L" (Germany + Poland), No. 3 "L" (Poland) and, on the basis of the latter, "R" (The Reds / Russia / The East – the meaning of letter R is not definite). The documents constituting plan No. 1 "V" (Germany) have been selected for the purpose of the analysis of territorial defence since they have come down to us intact while the documents pertaining to plan "R" were destroyed in July 1940. The degree of detail of plan No. 1 "V" (kept at the Lithuanian Central State Archives under f. 929 and f. 561) allows for a highly accurate reconstruction of the development and functionality of territorial defence during the interwar period and of the connections between territorial and regular military units in the event of war.We can conclude that the Lithuanian army, on the strength of the system of territorial defence (integrated into the overall national armed defence plans) as revealed in our research, hoped to slow down the penetration of enemy forces into Lithuania using these countermobility measures and thereby to "buy" time for the mobilisation and consolidation of its regular forces, whilst the action of guerrilla territorial units in the areas taken up by enemy was supposed to restrict enemy actions and withdraw as many soldiers from the rear zone of the front for protection purposes. In the rear area, the Lithuanian territorial units had to release, to the extent possible, their regular troops from the functions of defence and the maintenance of order. It was expected that defeat would be avoided in the event of war with a more powerful enemy due to the synergy of action of territorial and regular forces. There was a clear understanding that the outcome of the war would be determined not by the Lithuanian armed forces but by the success of the Allies (the cases of Belgium and Serbia in the First World War were regarded as examples for Lithuania in the upcoming war). The objective was to persist and survive, i.e. to preserve the nucleus of military forces and the government and proceed with guerrilla warfare in the occupied territories so that in the wake of an all-out war there would be a basis for the reconstitution of the Lithuanian state within its ethnographic boundaries. ; У статті проаналізовано проблему територіальної оборони у Литві в період між двома світовими війнами, у контексті національної безпеки Литви. Литва отримала багатий досвід партизанського спротиву в часи Війни за незалежність 1919 – 1920 рр. і конфлікту з Польщею у 1921 – 1923 рр. Завдячуючи такому досвіду, в країні була розроблена доволі унікальна система територіальної оборони, основою якої стала структура Союзу стрільців Литви (далі – ССЛ). На випадок війни організовані загони стрільців-партизан мали діяти поруч з частинами регулярної армії. Воєнна доктрина Литви спиралася на синергію дій регулярних військ, формувань територіальної оборони і допомоги союзників – потужних держав регіону.
In the interwar years, Lithuania faced a wide range of military threats, for two decades the nation did not maintain any diplomatic or economic relations with its neighbouring state Poland, which had occupied her historic capital Vilnius, while the relations with Germany remained tense over the Klaipėda Region. The security situation took a turn for the worse in 1939–1940 with the threat from the USSR coming to the front after the annihilation of Poland, however Lithuania was forced to sign the mutual assistance treaty and permit the entry of 20 thousand strong Red Army troops into its territory. Hence, a small state of Lithuania was locked in by the hostile states that surpassed her in strength by several or many orders of magnitude. The Lithuanian armed forces were compelled to seek unconventional solutions for the organisation of national defence. This research, aimed at the identification of measures undertaken by the Lithuanian armed forces for the purpose of the enhancement of its military capabilities and the increase of countermobility facilities as part of its territorial defence system, is based on the analysis of archival sources. The Lithuanian army prepared several operation plans in 1936–1940: No. 1 "V" (Germany), No. 2 "V+L" (Germany + Poland), No. 3 "L" (Poland) and, on the basis of the latter, "R" (The Reds / Russia / The East – the meaning of letter R is not definite). The documents constituting plan No. 1 "V" (Germany) have been selected for the purpose of the analysis of territorial defence since they have come down to us intact while the documents pertaining to plan "R" were destroyed in July 1940. The degree of detail of plan No. 1 "V" (kept at the Lithuanian Central State Archives under f. 929 and f. 561) allows for a highly accurate reconstruction of the development and functionality of territorial defence during the interwar period and of the connections between territorial and regular military units in the event of war. We can conclude that the Lithuanian army, on the strength of the system of territorial defence (integrated into the overall national armed defence plans) as revealed in our research, hoped to slow down the penetration of enemy forces into Lithuania using these countermobility measures and thereby to "buy" time for the mobilisation and consolidation of its regular forces, whilst the action of guerrilla territorial units in the areas taken up by enemy was supposed to restrict enemy actions and withdraw as many soldiers from the rear zone of the front for protection purposes. In the rear area, the Lithuanian territorial units had to release, to the extent possible, their regular troops from the functions of defence and the maintenance of order. It was expected that defeat would be avoided in the event of war with a more powerful enemy due to the synergy of action of territorial and regular forces. There was a clear understanding that the outcome of the war would be determined not by the Lithuanian armed forces but by the success of the Allies (the cases of Belgium and Serbia in the First World War were regarded as examples for Lithuania in the upcoming war). The objective was to persist and survive, i.e. to preserve the nucleus of military forces and the government and proceed with guerrilla warfare in the occupied territories so that in the wake of an all-out war there would be a basis for the reconstitution of the Lithuanian state within its ethnographic boundaries.
In the interwar years, Lithuania faced a wide range of military threats, for two decades the nation did not maintain any diplomatic or economic relations with its neighbouring state Poland, which had occupied her historic capital Vilnius, while the relations with Germany remained tense over the Klaipėda Region. The security situation took a turn for the worse in 1939–1940 with the threat from the USSR coming to the front after the annihilation of Poland, however Lithuania was forced to sign the mutual assistance treaty and permit the entry of 20 thousand strong Red Army troops into its territory. Hence, a small state of Lithuania was locked in by the hostile states that surpassed her in strength by several or many orders of magnitude. The Lithuanian armed forces were compelled to seek unconventional solutions for the organisation of national defence.This research, aimed at the identification of measures undertaken by the Lithuanian armed forces for the purpose of the enhancement of its military capabilities and the increase of countermobility facilities as part of its territorial defence system, is based on the analysis of archival sources. The Lithuanian army prepared several operation plans in 1936–1940: No. 1 "V" (Germany), No. 2 "V+L" (Germany + Poland), No. 3 "L" (Poland) and, on the basis of the latter, "R" (The Reds / Russia / The East – the meaning of letter R is not definite). The documents constituting plan No. 1 "V" (Germany) have been selected for the purpose of the analysis of territorial defence since they have come down to us intact while the documents pertaining to plan "R" were destroyed in July 1940. The degree of detail of plan No. 1 "V" (kept at the Lithuanian Central State Archives under f. 929 and f. 561) allows for a highly accurate reconstruction of the development and functionality of territorial defence during the interwar period and of the connections between territorial and regular military units in the event of war.We can conclude that the Lithuanian army, on the strength of the system of territorial defence (integrated into the overall national armed defence plans) as revealed in our research, hoped to slow down the penetration of enemy forces into Lithuania using these countermobility measures and thereby to "buy" time for the mobilisation and consolidation of its regular forces, whilst the action of guerrilla territorial units in the areas taken up by enemy was supposed to restrict enemy actions and withdraw as many soldiers from the rear zone of the front for protection purposes. In the rear area, the Lithuanian territorial units had to release, to the extent possible, their regular troops from the functions of defence and the maintenance of order. It was expected that defeat would be avoided in the event of war with a more powerful enemy due to the synergy of action of territorial and regular forces. There was a clear understanding that the outcome of the war would be determined not by the Lithuanian armed forces but by the success of the Allies (the cases of Belgium and Serbia in the First World War were regarded as examples for Lithuania in the upcoming war). The objective was to persist and survive, i.e. to preserve the nucleus of military forces and the government and proceed with guerrilla warfare in the occupied territories so that in the wake of an all-out war there would be a basis for the reconstitution of the Lithuanian state within its ethnographic boundaries. ; У статті проаналізовано проблему територіальної оборони у Литві в період між двома світовими війнами, у контексті національної безпеки Литви. Литва отримала багатий досвід партизанського спротиву в часи Війни за незалежність 1919 – 1920 рр. і конфлікту з Польщею у 1921 – 1923 рр. Завдячуючи такому досвіду, в країні була розроблена доволі унікальна система територіальної оборони, основою якої стала структура Союзу стрільців Литви (далі – ССЛ). На випадок війни організовані загони стрільців-партизан мали діяти поруч з частинами регулярної армії. Воєнна доктрина Литви спиралася на синергію дій регулярних військ, формувань територіальної оборони і допомоги союзників – потужних держав регіону.
The science of the judiciary clearly outlines the problem of appellate review of court decisions. However, the ambiguity of the scientific perception of this issue is due to the fact that the concept of «appellate review» is embedded in quite different interpretations, which differ both in the point of view of scientific research and the results of theoretical developments.The special scientific literature does not distinguish between the concepts of «appellate proceedings» and «appellate review», in fact equating them. The appellate review is a special, independent, control function, which is carried out for the implementation of the appellate court procedural powers to review a court decision that has not entered into force.At the same time, an appellate review (appellate proceedings) is a stage of review of a court decision that has not entered into force by the appellate court for the purpose of uniform and correct application of substantive and procedural law on the basis of an appeal.The appellate review of the case is an institution of procedural law, on the basis of which and on the basis of the rule of law is the review of court decisions that have not entered into force, in order to the fact of violation of substantive and (or) procedural law.Keywords: appellate appeal, appellate review of the case, appellate complaint, provision of law, institute of law, court of appeal ; Сучасний етап реформування організації судових органів та наповнення їх діяльності новітніми процесуальними інструментами стало можливим із прийняттям змін до Конституції України від 2 червня 2016 р. (щодо правосуддя). На цій підставі одним із способів перевірки судових рішень визначено забезпечення апеляційного перегляду справи. Тому апеляційний перегляд справи розглянуто у новітньому форматі законодавства як стадію перевірки судового рішення, яке не набрало законної сили, судом апеляційної інстанції з метою однакового і правильного застосування норм матеріального і процесуального права на підставі поданої заінтересованою особою апеляційної скарги. Проведено авторське дослідження апеляційного перегляду справи з точки зору оновлення понятійного апарату та співставлено поняття«забезпечення права на апеляційний перегляд справи», «апеляційний перегляд справи», «апеляційне оскарження», а на цій основі та з використанням актуальних напрацювань дослідників у галузі теорії права сформульовано авторську дефініцію поняття «апеляційний перегляд справи».Ключові слова: апеляційне оскарження, апеляційний перегляд справи, апеляційна скарга, забезпечення права, інститут права, суд апеляційної інстанції
