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"This chapter examines the policy formulated by the West German Government to deal with the status of foreign workers in that country. It analyzes the provisions of relevant legal documents including international treaties and the German constitution. In particular, it studies the 1965 version of the Ausländergesetz (Aliens Act) as well as judicial interpretations of this Act handed down in specific cases. Of primary concern is the impact of the Ausländergesetz upon the following: (a) ability of the worker to obtain and renew residence and work permits, (b) his vulnerability to expulsion from Germany, (c) residency and citizenship status of parties to mixed marriages, (d) naturalization rights and (e) status of accompanying dependents. The discussion examines the ensuing debate on criticisms of the Ausländergesetz and cites alternative proposals which have been presented. It concludes by recognizing the difficult task lawmakers face in balancing domestic interests with those of foreign workers, but notes the urgency of dealing with the problem if serious social conflict is to be avoided." ((en))

Nationality laws always cover birthplace & bloodline & usually include marital status & residence. Each nation-state mixes these features & specifies techniques by which to acquire citizenship in particular ways. Differences & similarities in nationality law among 25 states (EU states, Australia, Canada, the US, Israel, Mexico, Russian, & South Africa) are analyzed, taking legal tradition & disconnection between territory & constituted population into consideration. Over the last two centuries, historical traditions were modified when contradictions occurred in the application of traditional law. Convergences in nationality laws have occurred because of the need to stabilize borders, pursue democratic values, & deal with immigration. More inclusive (jus soli) regimes have become slightly more restrictive & blood-based descent (jus sanguinis) regimes less restrictive. Four state types are described. 14 References. M. Pflum

Provides a historical study of central state management of immigrant incorporation. The author's premise is that changing ideas about ethnic minorities & US immigration policy influenced the state's efforts to shape the status & rights of immigrants. Reviewed are the constitutional origins of immigrant status & citizenship, starting with the first English colonists in the 17th century; movement toward national immigration policies beginning in 1875 is addressed. Early regulatory mechanisms were based on race & national origin, but this trend was reversed starting in the 1940s with the rescinding of exclusionary laws & the expansion of social rights & entitlements to include immigrants. The author concludes with a discussion of avenues for further research. 118 References. J. R. Callahan

Provides a historical study of central state management of immigrant incorporation. The author's premise is that changing ideas about ethnic minorities & US immigration policy influenced the state's efforts to shape the status & rights of immigrants. Reviewed are the constitutional origins of immigrant status & citizenship, starting with the first English colonists in the 17th century; movement toward national immigration policies beginning in 1875 is addressed. Early regulatory mechanisms were based on race & national origin, but this trend was reversed starting in the 1940s with the rescinding of exclusionary laws & the expansion of social rights & entitlements to include immigrants. The author concludes with a discussion of avenues for further research. 118 References. J. R. Callahan

An exploration of how states incorporate indigenous legal traditions into laws of the wider state focuses on common law, customary law, & self-government. Different internal logics & moral/political implications of the three modes of incorporation are detailed. Common law is not a law per se but a kind of social situation that affects broader laws. More status is given to indigenous law when it is incorporated as a separate system of customary law, & the most status is accorded in situations where self-government is the basis for recognizing indigenous laws; however, greater status does not guarantee more or preferable rights to indigenous people. Customary incorporation usually involves the legal right to maintain usage of traditional lands while common law incorporation tends to produce stronger property rights in the form of collective freehold ownership. Variations among states are discussed, noting the emphasis on the self-government mode in the US & Canada, & preference for customary incorporation & common law incorporation in South Africa & Australia respectively. Mechanisms that led to different modes of incorporation are explored. J. Lindroth

To identify the ethical standards for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), its role in developing & promoting the concept of temporary protection in Western Europe for Bosnian refugees is examined. It is asserted that temporary protection failed legally, ethically, & politically. The policy is also viewed as a failure in principle, with the UNHCR departing from obligations related to refugee treatment & protection. The legal & ethical framework that should govern the UNHCR is discussed in terms of a code of conduct & pragmatic concerns, arguing that there must be a balance struck between principles & pragmatism. Highlighted is the need to separate organizational interests from functional goals. A call is made for Western European adherence to human rights principles in the refugee/immigration realm before turning to the arguments proffered to justify the temporary protection policy. Some historical background to the temporary protection policy is provided. Temporary protection generated ambiguity with respect to the status of Bosnian refugees & the relevance & content of the 1951 Convention, which governs refugee issues. Deficiencies of protection are discussed in terms of the denial of rights. The UNHCR's problematic role in the development of international refugee law is then contemplated, suggesting that its temporary protection proposal was less about refugee law than about preserving the 1951 Convention. In this light, it is argued that the populace of the Western European states must be committed to the moral values underpinning any international refugee law. Two ways that temporary protection might have enhanced refugee protection in Europe are offered, acknowledging their failure upon closer scrutiny. Although temporary protection failed in Western Europe, it did provide some benefits to refugees in the South. Noting that the UNHCR is perpetually underfunded, it is contended that the Commissioner ought to be consistent & impartial. Ultimately, the UNHCR's temporary protection proposal failed because it did not promote the moral values underlying human rights. J. Zendejas

Die Autorin befaßt sich mit dem Konstrukt des "sozialen Milieu", das zwischen Individuum und Gesellschaft vermitteln, zur Beschreibung der Folgen von Transformationsprozesses dienen kann. Das Wende-Klischee von der DDR als einer uniformierten, wenig oder kaum lebensweltlich differenzierten Gesellschaft habe der Realität in der DDR und der Transformation nicht standgehalten. Sie präsentiert Ergebnisse verschiedener Studien (SINUS, Concret etc.) sowie Literaturbefunde zu Trends in den sozialen Milieus in der Bundesrepublik. Deutlich, so ein Fazit, werden Unterschiede zwischen den bisherigen sozialen Milieus in West- und Ostdeutschland. Einige der soziale Milieus in den neuen Bundesländern unterliegen zudem einer deutlichen Dynamik (status- und karriereorientiertes Milieu etc.). (rk)

Ist die Gewalttätigkeit junger Menschen, wie sie sich in Hoyerswerda, Rostock, in Fußballstadien etc. artikuliert, nur ein Übergangsphänomen, das gekommen ist und wieder gehen wird? Ist diese Gewalt als Episode oder als biographische Verankerung zu sehen? Ausgehend von dieser Basisfrage analysiert der Autor die Konditionen, unter denen sich gewaltförmiges Verhalten junger Menschen zu entwickeln scheint. Der Autor analysiert die Krise der "klassischen Sozialisationsagenturen", erörtert Status und Alltagserfahrung junger Menschen und beschreibt Aspekte des Gruppenverhaltens und der Entstehung von Gewalt. Die Suchbewegungen junger Menschen werden angesichts der gesellschaftlichen Individualisierungsprozesse weiter zunehmen, so ein Fazit der Analyse. Der beschwichtigende Vergleich auf die nur vorübergehende Protesthaltung der Halbstarken, der 68er-Generation etc. sei nur dann zulässig, wenn man unterstelle, daß die Integrationswege in die Erwachsenengesellschaft heute ebenso dauerhaft seien. Dies müsse aber bezweifelt werden. (rk)