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Managed to achieve minor results in the development of the conceptual and methodological framework, and the implementation of legal monitoring in the mechanism of making and implementing laws. This process stimulates the development of a new direction in legal science, which is designed to provide practice necessary knowledge and recommendations on organization and conduction of legal monitoring.The issues of methodological support of the monitoring process in the scale that can give noticeable results, need priority attention. The monitoring should cover all stages of legal rulemaking: public authorities, local governments, all sectors of socio-economic life of the country and the law enforcement system. Considerations on the methodology of legal monitoring are reduced to the formation of positive theoretical knowledge about the development of the concepts, objectives, principles, actors, stages, methods and the like.Assessment as an essential component of legal monitoring, on the one hand, is an important and, at least in some areas, the traditional element of the sociology of law. On the other hand, it is also an essential part of legislative methodology. Unlike legislative drafting, it rather includes the material, substantial aspects of the legislation than its formal aspects and primarily concerns the relationship between normative contents and their consequences in social reality, in «real world».Methodological support evaluation of the effectiveness of legal acts in the process of legal monitoring should be based on both General criteria and specific indicators, reflecting the parameters of implementation of regulatory requirements. Legal parameters of efficiency are caused by a number of factors: the historical aspect; time space; development of public relations in relation to the measurement of the legal reality, of economic development; terms of the mechanism of legal regulation.Legal monitoring contributes to the development of effective legislation. This defines the urgency of developing its methodology, because of its scientific validity and accuracy, largely depends the accuracy and reliability of the results of legal monitoring. The relevance, comprehensiveness, scientific validity and feasibility of regulations are the main ideological principles of the legal monitoring. The basis for these principles is the combination of theoretical legal science, positive experience in legislative drafting and quality assurance of the assessment regulations. In this regard, it is necessary to create an automated system of legal monitoring to establish organizational and logical structure of the work at a higher level of Analytics and evaluation.The system of monitoring of normative legal acts and practice of their application is becoming a key issue of providing adequate awareness among parliamentarians and the public about necessary limits to the improvement of the legislation. ; Висвітлено методологічні принципи моніторингу нормативно-правових актів. Обґрун­товано, що правовий моніторинг є обов'язковим елементом методологічного та раціональ­ного підходу до законотворчості. З'ясовано, що актуальність, комплексність, наукова обґрунтованість і доцільність нормативно-правових актів є основними методологічними принци­пами правового моніторингу.Виявлено, що основою реалізації методологічних принципів є поєднання теоретичних вимог правової науки, позитивного досвіду законотворчої роботи та забезпечення якості оцінювання нормативно-правових актів.Важливою методологічною умовою правового моніторингу є вироблення і неодмінна умова дотримання єдиного понятійного апарату. Запропоновано перевіряти конституційно-правову природу та виявляти основні дефекти соціального змісту як на рівні системи права загалом, так і на рівні окремих нормативно-правових актів.

The importation of live birds, mammals, reptiles, fish and amphibians into the United States is a growing problem to law enforcement agencies of the Federal and State governments. Importation of the above types of animals into the U.S. is supervised by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife of the U.S. Department of the Interior. The function is of a regulatory nature: 1) to insure that no prohibited species enter the United States; 2) to enforce compliance with certain Federal Acts such as a) the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, b) the Lacey Act, Title 18 USC, Sec. 42, 43 and 44, c) the Bald and Golden Eagle Act; 3) to assist in the enforcement of State laws and regulations concerned with entry of undesirable species of wildlife not afforded Federal prohibition. Restricted species of birds and mammals prohibited entry into the U.S. by Federal laws are: Birds: java sparrow, Padda oryzivora; Sudan dioch, Quelea quelea; rosy pastor, Sturnus roseus; and the red-whiskered bulbul, Pycnonotus jococus; Mammals: mongoose; any species of the genera Atilax, Cynictis, Helogale, Herpestes, Ichneumia, Mungos, and Suricata; bats of the genus Pteropus; multimammate rat of the genus Mastomys; the East Indian wild dog of the genus Cuon. The abovenamed birds and mammals were declared undesirable for entry into the U.S. because of their destructive habits to agriculture and our native wildlife.

AbstractSystem avoidance is a concept that individual contact with the criminal legal system causes avoidance of other social institutions. Negative attitudes about the criminal legal system and subsequent mistrust in healthcare systems or providers have only been studied in adults. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the association between healthcare utilization and youth-reported negative criminal legal attitudes stratified by gender and race in adolescents. Adolescents from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study self-reported attitudes involving legal cynicism, police legitimacy, and healthcare utilization. Logistic regressions were estimated to examine the associations between youth-reported criminal legal attitudes involving legal cynicism and police legitimacy, healthcare utilization, and sociodemographics. Only among non-white girls were negative criminal legal attitudes significantly associated with reduced likelihood of healthcare utilization during the previous 12 months (aOR = 0.55, p ≤ 0.01). Negative criminal legal attitudes in non-white girls reduced the odds of healthcare utilization, which supports the concept of system avoidance of institutions. This has implications for policymakers as they enact laws on crime and surveillance, especially in minority communities, as views on the criminal legal institution can impact other facets of life. More research is needed to directly explore this relationship beyond cross-sectional studies.

AbstractOlder adults are at elevated risk of reducing labor supply due to poor health, partly because of high rates of symptoms that may be alleviated by medical marijuana. Yet, surprisingly little is known about how this group responds to medical marijuana laws (MMLs). We quantify the effects of state medical marijuana laws on the health and labor supply of adults age 51 and older, focusing on the 55 percent with one or more medical conditions with symptoms that may respond to medical marijuana. We use longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study to estimate event study and differences‐in‐differences regression models. Three principle findings emerge from our analysis. First, active state medical marijuana laws lead to lower pain and better self‐assessed health among older adults. Second, state medical marijuana laws lead to increases in older adult labor supply, with effects concentrated on the intensive margin. Third, the effects of MMLs are largest among older adults with a health condition that would qualify for legal medical marijuana use under current state laws. Findings highlight the role of health policy in supporting work among older adults and the importance of including older adults in assessments of state medical marijuana laws.

This research paper explores the relationship among education, legal discourse, and racism. From the Critical Discourse Analysis perspective, the authors analyze the three general laws of education in Colombia, and the juridical and political texts that support them. This analysis aims at revealing the discursive structures and strategies used to represent the indigenous people between 1870 and 1994. The authors argue that there has been an attempt to invisibilize the representation of indigenous people as social actors in the country. Moreover, when represented, they have been portrayed as uncivilized, savage, dispossessed individuals, and even inhuman. The ideal of education that the three laws outline is presented as a homogenizing option that seeks, through actions such as reducing, evangelizing or civilizing, to get them out of the deficient condition in which they find themselves and lead them on the path of development and social, economic and cultural progress, arguments presented as common ideals. ; Este artículo de investigación explora la relación entre educación, discurso legal y racismo. Desde los estudios críticos del discurso, se analizan las tres leyes generales de educación de Colombia y los textos jurídicos y políticos que las sustentan, con el objetivo de develar las estructuras y estrategias discursivas empleadas para representar a los indígenas a lo largo del periodo comprendido entre 1870 y 1994. Se argumenta que ha habido una invisibilización en la representación de los indígenas como actores sociales del país y que cuando se han representado ha sido como sujetos carentes: salvajes, incivilizados e incluso inhumanos. El ideal de educación que trazan las tres leyes se presenta como una opción homogeneizadora que busca, mediante acciones como reducir, evangelizar o civilizar, sacarlos de la deficitaria condición en que se encuentran y conducirlos por la senda del desarrollo y el progreso social, económico y cultural, argumentos presentados como ideales comunes. ; Este artigo de pesquisa ...

This study aims to obtain a description of Refugee Handling from Abroad in accordance with Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016 concerning Handling of Refugees from Abroad. As a country that recognizes, respects and upholds human rights, Indonesia therefore recognizes and respects the right to security from refugees and asylum seekers. Therefore the government of the Republic of Indonesia made regulations regarding the legal protection of refugees and asylum seekers.

From a documentary methodology close to legal hermeneutics, the article examines the problems of gender inequality; in particular, the study focuses on the problems of gender inequality in the Ukrainian National Police. The concepts and main stages of formation and development of gender policy in Ukraine are analyzed. The factors contributing to the emergence of gender inequality in the Ukrainian National Police have been studied. These include, firstly, the unequal position of women and men in society due to gender stereotypes. The article analyzes the components, characteristics, and functions of the mechanism for ensuring gender equality in the Ukrainian National Police. Particular attention is paid to the legal basis for ensuring gender equality in the activities of the Ukrainian National Police. To this end, the normative framework aimed at ensuring gender equality in the Ukrainian National Police was analyzed. It is concluded that, despite significant changes in the content of the laws to establish the principle of gender equality, there is still a long way to go to achieve effective equality.

The article analyzes scientific discussions on optimization of the procedural status ofperson subjected to criminal prosecution and against whom state case is formed. Appropriateterminology which is used in international legal acts and in foreign legislation is considered.The conventionality of the usage of any legal terms and the priority of the substantive meaningand human rights in law in comparison to their formal expression is emphasized. ; Анализируются ведущиеся в последние годы научные дискуссии об оптимиза-ции процессуального статуса лица, подвергающегося уголовному преследованию ив отношении которого формируется государственное обвинение. Рассматриваетсясоответствующая терминология, используемая в международных правовых актах ив зарубежном законодательстве. Подчеркивается условность употребления в законелюбых терминов и необходимость приоритета содержательного, правозащитногосмысла нормативных предписаний в сравнении с их формальным выражением.

4.3. Thomas Aquinas, Nature and Natural Law -- 5. From Principles to Norms: The Role of Science -- Chapter 2 -- Non-State Actors and Human Rights: Their Double Role in International Law -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Non-State Actors and the Role of Law -- 2.1. The Problem of Personhood -- 2.2. Non-State Actors as Legal Persons -- 3. Legal Persons: Positive and Negative Aspects -- 3.1. Positive Aspects and Non-state Actors -- 4. NGOs Role as Public Conscience: The Litmus Test of the Relevance of Legal Systems -- 4.1. Non-State Actors and Global Governance -- 4.2. The World Social Forum

Bird keeping is deeply rooted in Indonesian culture and markets selling large numbers of birds are found across the country. We examined bird markets in Mataram on the island of Lombok. Across five market visits, 10,326 birds of 108 species were observed, with 18 of these species being nationally protected and 10 having been assessed as globally threatened by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Observed protected species, as well as non-protected species with no or exceeded harvest quotas accounted for a total of 8,586 (83.1%) illegally traded birds. In terms of trade volume, 80.8% (n=8,347) of the recorded Indonesian birds were native to Lombok, suggesting that many of the birds for sale were sourced locally. However, 63% (n=65) of the encountered Indonesian species were not native to Lombok, confirming previously described intra-national bird trade flows between the Indonesian islands. We found a strong positive relation between a species' body size and its asking price. Current legislation in Indonesia is sufficient to eradicate the open trade in illegally sourced and/or protected species. Improved enforcement of these laws, in combination with strategic demand reduction efforts, is needed to curb illegal and unsustainable bird trade in the country.

Legal protection for consumers in an electronic commerce transaction in Indonesia is crucial for the development of the society's economy. The aim of this research is to know how is the legal protection for online transaction users is in Indonesia. The method of study is the juridicial-normative method. The data collection is done through literature study. The research results show that the legal protection in the Electronic Transaction Agreement in Indonesia is regulated in Articles 47 and 48 of the Governmental Decree, No. 82 of 2012 regarding the Establishment of the Electronic System and Transaction. Legal protection for the society is written in Article 46 of the Constitution No. 11 of 2008 regarding Electronic Information and Transaction and Article 62 of the Constitution No. 8 of 1999 regarding Consumer Protection. Legal protection towards consumers in electronic transaction in Indonesia is regulated strictly both in the aspects of criminal and civil laws.

Since roman times, wetlands were considered, in general terms, to be areas of scarce value and unhealthy places; hence the public authorities ordered them to be drained and converted en masse into farmland. Their pejorative conception, together with the generalised rejection by the rulers and public opinion, led the legislator of the time to develop various actions aimed at their eradication, the continuity of which would be perfectly defined in nineteenth- century spanish water legislation. Indeed, both the Water Laws of 1866/1879 and the Ports Law of 1880, through various concessions, exemptions and other dispensations, managed to encourage, throughout the peninsular geography, numerous projects for the drying up and drainage of land, which undoubtedly contributed to the socio-economic development of the country. ; Desde época romana las zonas húmedas o humedales eran consideradas, en términos generales, áreas de escaso valor amén de enclaves insalubres; de ahí que los poderes públicos ordenaran su desecación y conversión masiva en tierras de labor. Su concepción peyorativa unida al rechazo generalizado por parte de los gobernantes y opinión pública, llevó al legislador de la época a desarrollar diversas acciones encaminadas a su erradicación, cuya continuidad quedaría perfectamente definidas en la legislación decimonónica española de aguas. En efecto, tanto las Leyes de Aguas de 1866 y 1879, como la Ley de Puertos de 1880, a través de diversas concesiones, exenciones y demás dispensas, lograron incentivar, por toda la geografía peninsular, numerosos proyectos de desecación y saneamiento de terrenos que, sin duda alguna, contribuyeron al desarrollo socioeconómico del país.

Desde época romana las zonas húmedas o humedales eran consideradas, en términos generales, áreas de escaso valor amén de enclaves insalubres; de ahí que los poderes públicos ordenaran su desecación y conversión masiva en tierras de labor. Su concepción peyorativa unida al rechazo generalizado por parte de los gobernantes y opinión pública, llevó al legislador de la época a desarrollar diversas acciones encaminadas a su erradicación, cuya continuidad quedaría perfectamente definidas en la legislación decimonónica española de aguas. En efecto, tanto las Leyes de Aguas de 1866 y 1879, como la Ley de Puertos de 1880, a través de diversas concesiones, exenciones y demás dispensas, lograron incentivar, por toda la geografía peninsular, numerosos proyectos de desecación y saneamiento de terrenos que, sin duda alguna, contribuyeron al desarrollo socioeconómico del país. ; Since roman times, wetlands were considered, in general terms, to be areas of scarce value and unhealthy places; hence the public authorities ordered them to be drained and converted en masse into farmland. Their pejorative conception, together with the generalised rejection by the rulers and public opinion, led the legislator of the time to develop various actions aimed at their eradication, the continuity of which would be perfectly defined in nineteenth- century spanish water legislation. Indeed, both the Water Laws of 1866/1879 and the Ports Law of 1880, through various concessions, exemptions and other dispensations, managed to encourage, throughout the peninsular geography, numerous projects for the drying up and drainage of land, which undoubtedly contributed to the socio-economic development of the country.