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Examines the "jus in bello" prohibition against injuring and killing innocents; argues that only individuals who actively and directly engage in conflict may be classified as combatants, only "unjustifiable combatants" waging a war of aggression can be targeted, and all others are noncombatants. Noncombatants include the aggressor nation's military, political elite, munitions workers, and others; issues include morality, self-defense, national defense, and retribution.

Analyzed is the changing impact of products liability risk on individuals, firms, & institutions. Rules of products liability have changed repeatedly through history; currently, lawsuit can be brought under rules of express or implied warranty, strict liability torts, or torts of negligence involving improper design, manufacture, or assembly, failure to test for defects, failure to warn of dangerous characteristics, deceptive advertising, inadequate instructions for use, or failure to foresee possible dangers in product use. Several elements have combined to produce a recent increase in the frequency & severity of such litigation, including new developments in the law, new consciousness of product claims, public concern for product safety, & even the increased number of products in use. Thirteen proposals for reducing the burden of such litigation on society are assessed. Modified HA.