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Monografia jest rezultatem wysiłku intelektualnego, którego podjęli się wspólnie naukowcy z Mołdawii, Niemiec, Polski, Rumunii, Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki i Ukrainy podczas Międzynarodowej Konferencji Naukowej "Wspólne dziedzictwo kulturowe i językowe" w Jastrowiu w czerwcu 2019 roku. Na publikację składają się poszerzone wersje wypowiedzi zaprezentowanych podczas tego spotkania. Tom, który oddajemy do rąk Czytelnika, pomyślany jest jako zbiór zróżnicowanych spojrzeń na problematykę dziedzictwa. Języki i kultury Bukowiny stały się inspiracją dla analiz wychodzących poza tematykę tego regionu. Autorzy tekstów reprezentują różne perspektywy i dyscypliny naukowe: językoznawstwo, kulturoznawstwo, literaturoznawstwo, historię, politologię, socjologię, etnologię i historię sztuki. Do tomu zaproszono doświadczonych naukowców i młodych badaczy zajmujących się bogactwem językowym i kulturowym historycznej Bukowiny, obszaru karpackiego oraz Europy Środkowej. Książka składa się z trzech części. Część pierwsza obejmuje teksty poświęcone językowi rozumianemu jako dziedzictwo kulturowe. Część druga poświęcona jest pamięci dziedzictwa. Kolejna część prezentuje dziedzictwo kulturowe w działaniach społecznych i aktywności twórczej. ; This collective monograph comes as a result of intellectual work undertaken jointly by the American, German, Moldovan, Polish, Romanian and Ukrainian scholars who participated in the international conference entitled "Bukowina: Wspólne dziedzictwo kulturowe i językowe" (Bukovina: Common Cultural and Linguistic Heritage), held in Jastrowie, Poland, in June 2019. The present volume, which contains extended versions of their papers, is conceived as a collection providing different perspectives on the issue of cultural heritage. The cultures and languages of Bukovina have also inspired contributions which go beyond the issues of the region but are related to it in the geographical or cultural sense. The invited authors represent various perspectives and fields of study: linguistics, cultural studies, literary studies, history, political studies, sociology, ethnology and art history. The list of contributors includes experienced scholars and young promising researchers studying the cultural and linguistic richness of the historical Bukovina, the Carpathian region and Central Europe. The volume consists of three parts. The first one includes contributions on language as cultural heritage. The second part is devoted to the memory of heritage. Part three presents cultural heritage in social and creative activity. ; Publikacja przygotowana w ramach zadania: "Międzynarodowa konferencja naukowa Wspólne dziedzictwo kulturowe i językowe" – zadanie finansowane w ramach umowy 570/P-DUN/2019 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę. ; The work has been prepared in fulfilment of the task "Common Cultural and Linguistic Heritage – an international conference", financed under contract no. 570/P-DUN/2019 from the funds of the Minister of Science and Higher Education allocated for the dissemination of science.

The present volume aims at exploring the overall patterns of linguistic regionalism throughout Eastern Europe, casting also a comparative glance beyond this specific cultural setting into neighboring Western European regions. A wide array of aspects related to regional language designs are addressed, such as: linguistic rights, conflicting conceptualisations of linguistic regionalism, the role of the internet in identity modelling, the role of linguistics in language planning and research, etc. The volume is also designed to approach linguistic regionalism on a general theoretical level giving a critical assessment of Aleksandr Dulichenko's microlanguage paradigm. Case studies of individual projects as well as reports by regional language activist will provide the reader with glimpses of how regional language designs are set up and elaborated.

On the threshold of the 21st century when another 12 states joined the European Union a matter of multilingualism has been recently considered as a crucial factor with regard to European integration process. Having diverse society the UE has started to promote a phrase Unity in Diversity which in turn provides patronage for a number of cultural and education campaigns. Their aim is to prepare the European citizens for cultural integration and to help them to create a sense of European identity. The main assumption of the already taken actions is taking multilingualism as the pillar of the Union and presenting it as an example of equality regardless to citizens' nationality. The herby article reveals however, that the idea of unity in diversity – at least from the linguistic point of view – is practically impossible to accomplish especially in the face of such a strong position of English in the international arena as it has nowadays. What's more, inside Union in its administration structures the idea of equality is not observed. Due to purely practical and organisational reasons just one language is used – English. Also English is the foreign language that is taught most often in schools throughout the Europe. A question arises whether the idea of a multilingual Union is not a myth? ; On the threshold of the 21st century when another 12 states joined the European Union a matter of multilingualism has been recently considered as a crucial factor with regard to European integration process. Having diverse society the UE has started to promote a phrase Unity in Diversity which in turn provides patronage for a number of cultural and education campaigns. Their aim is to prepare the European citizens for cultural integration and to help them to create a sense of European identity. The main assumption of the already taken actions is taking multilingualism as the pillar of the Union and presenting it as an example of equality regardless to citizens' nationality. The herby article reveals however, that the idea of unity in diversity – at least from the linguistic point of view – is practically impossible to accomplish especially in the face of such a strong position of English in the international arena as it has nowadays. What's more, inside Union in its administration structures the idea of equality is not observed. Due to purely practical and organisational reasons just one language is used – English. Also English is the foreign language that is taught most often in schools throughout the Europe. A question arises whether the idea of a multilingual Union is not a myth?

ÖZETTÜRKİYE'NİN AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ'NE KATILIM SÜRECİ BAĞLAMINDA TÜRKİYE'DE KÜRTÇE DİL HAKLARI: AVRUPA ULUS-DEVLET MODELİ VE AZINLIK HAKLARINA ELEŞTİREL BİR YAKLAŞIMDil haklarının kaydadeğer bir şekilde uluslararası gündemi meşgul etmeye başladığı Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemden itibaren, uluslararası kuruluşlar ve Avrupa kuruluşları azınlıkların dil haklarının korunması üzerine önemli metinler yayınlamaktadır. Bu gelişme, 2000 yılından itibaren ivme kazanan Türkiye'nin Avrupa Birliği'ne katılım süreci sebebiyle Kürtçe dil haklarının güncel bir soruna dönüştüğü Türkiye'deki mevcut eğilime de denk düşmektedir. Bu çalışma, Avrupa diasporasındaki ve Türkiye'deki Kürt entelektüellerinin görüşlerini dahil ederek, bu sürecin Türkiye'deki Kürtçe dil hakları sorunu üzerindeki etkilerini incelemiştir. Avrupa diasporasında ve Türkiye'de ileri gelen Kürt entelektüelleriyle yapılan görüşmeler, bu sürece yönelik olarak Kürt dilsel topluluğunun takındığı farklı tutumları ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu sürecin incelenmesi, azınlıkların dil haklarının korunması üzerine uluslararası ve Avrupalı mekanizmaları da sınırlayan liberal ulus-devlet söylemine içkin çelişkiler üzerine bir analizi de ihtiva etmektedir. Bu inceleme, aynı zamanda, azınlıkların dil hakları üzerine uluslararası ve Avrupalı metinlerin, dilsel azınlık toplulukların beklentilerini neden karşılayamadığını da açıklamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmanın kuramsal iskeleti, dile özel bir atıfla, çoğunluk ve azınlık, birey ve topluluk, kamusal ve özel alanlar arasındaki ikili karşıtlıklar üzerine yapısökümcü bir analiz yardımıyla, dil haklarının sorunsallaştırılmasına hasredilmiştir. Böylece bu çalışma, Avrupa diasporasındaki ve Türkiye'deki Kürt entelektüellerinin Türkiye'deki Kürtçe dil hakları sorununa yönelik görüşlerini liberal ulus-devlet felsefesi ve azınlık hakları üzerine eleştirel bir analizle bağlantılandırarak, milliyetçi söyleme yönelik yakın dönem eleştirel yaklaşımlarla ilişki kurmaya çalışmıştır. ABSTRACTKURDISH LINGUISTIC RIGHTS IN TURKEY WITH REFERENCE TO TURKEY'S ACCESSION PROCESS TO THE EUROPEAN UNION: A CRITICAL APPROACH TO THE EUROPEAN MODEL OF NATION-STATE AND MINORITY RIGHTSInternational and European organisations have issued significant documents on the protection of the linguistic rights of minorities since the beginning of post-Cold War era, when the question of linguistic rights has started to remarkably occupy the international agenda. This development has been matched by a parallel trend in Turkey, where the Kurdish linguistic rights have become a topical issue since 2000 due to the acceleration of Turkey's accession process to the European Union. This study examines the implications of this process on the question of Kurdish linguistic rights in Turkey through the inclusion of the views of Kurdish intellectuals in European diaspora and Turkey. The interviews conducted with the prominent Kurdish intellectuals reveal the diversity of standpoints that the Kurdish linguistic community takes with regard to this process. The examination of this process also includes an analysis on the contradictions within the liberal nation-state discourse, which delimits the international and European mechanisms for the protection of the linguistic rights of minorities. This examination explains why the international and European documents on the linguistic rights of minorities cannot meet the expectations of the linguistic minority communities. In this sense, the theoretical backbone of this study is devoted to the problematisation of linguistic rights with the help of a deconstructivist analysis on the binary oppositions between the majority and the minority, between the individual and community, and between the public and private spheres with a special reference to language, which has been a significant constituent of the liberal nationalist discourse. Therefore, this study tries to become involved in contemporary critical approaches to the nationalist discourse through connecting the views of the Kurdish intellectuals in European diaspora and Turkey on the question of Kurdish linguistic rights in Turkey with a critical analysis on the liberal nation-state philosophy and minority rights.

Since Ukraine gaining independence in 1991, parties supporting close cooperation with the Russian Federation have been an integral part of the Ukrainian political scene. Nevertheless, after the Revolution of Dignity, the annexation of Crimea and the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war, it would seem that their influence will steadily decline. Nevertheless, the recent parliamentary election shows a reverse tendency, and the Opposition Platform - For Life, political party founded in 2018, headed by former members of the Party of Regions and persons closely connected to Vladimir Putin, managed to defeat national-democratic parties. In this paper, the Author tries to answer the question, using the theory of linguistic constructivism, how the Opposition Platform - For Life is regaining its influence in the new political reality in Ukraine, analyzing the genesis of pro-Russian parties since independence, their political programs and narratives in the media environment, which were and are created by pro-Russian parties. ; Od uzyskania niepodległości w roku 1991, partie popierające ścisłą współpracę z Federacją Rosyjską, stanowią nieodłączny element ukraińskiej sceny politycznej. Niemniej jednak, po rewolucji Godności, aneksji Krymu i trwającej nadal wojnie rosyjsko-ukraińskiej wydawać by się mogło, że ich wpływ będzie stabilnie malał. Mimo to, ostatnie wybory parlamentarne pokazują tendencję odwrotną, a utworzonej w roku 2018 partii Opozycyjna Platforma – Za Życie, na czele z byłymi członkami Partii Regionów i osobami przybliżonymi do Władimira Putina, udało się pokonać partie o charakterze narodowo-demokratycznym. Autorka próbuje odpowiedzieć na pytanie, posługując się teorią konstruktywizmu lingwistycznego, jak Opozycyjna Platforma – Za Życie odbudowuje wpływy w nowej rzeczywistości politycznej na Ukrainie, analizując genezę prorosyjskich partii od czasów uzyskania niepodległości, ich programy polityczne, jak i narracje w środowisku medialnym, które były i są tworzone przez prorosyjskie partie. ; С момента обретения Украиной независимости в 1991 году, партии, поддерживающие тесное сотрудничество с Российской Федерацией, стали неотъемлемой частью украинской политической сцены. После Революции достоинства, окуппации Крыма и продолжающейся российско-украинской войной, их влияние, как можно было предполагать, будет неуклонно снижаться. Однако, парламентские выборы 2019 г. демонстрируют обратную тенденцию, а созданной в 2018 году партии Оппозиционная платформа - За Жизнь, возглавляемая бывшими членами Партии регионов и людьми, близкими к Владимиру Путину, удалось победить национально-демократические партии. В данной статье предпринята попытка ответить на вопрос, используя теорию лингвистического конструктивизма, как Оппозиционная платформа - За Жизнь восстанавливает свое влияние в новой политической реальности в Украине, анализируя генезис пророссийских партий с момента обретения Украиной независимости, их политические программы и нарративы в медиасреде, которые создавались и дальше создаются пророссийскими партиями.

Przedmiotem omówienia są ankiety do Niemieckiego atlasu językowego, opracowane przez bibliotekarza pracującego w Marburgu – Georga Wenkera (1852–1911). Publikacja zawiera analizę językową tych ankiet (z 80 miejscowości) z terenu Mazur wschodnich – powiatów ełckiego, gołdapskiego, oleckiego. Choć ankiety służyły do eksploracji gwar niemieckich, to jednak udało się wskazać polskie cechy gwarowe, dzięki czemu było możliwe częściowe odtworzenie stanu gwar mazurskich w XIX wieku na terenie wysuniętym najdalej na wschód ówczesnych Prus Wschodnich. Ankiety to jedyny zbiór danych z tego czasu, dający szeroki ogląd gwar Mazur wschodnich, położonych na obszarze peryferycznym, przez długie lata znacznie oderwanym od polszczyzny ogólnej, mającym nikłe związki z polskim życiem kulturalnym i politycznym, na co dzień naznaczonym infiltracją języka niemieckiego. ; This book is devoted to the discussion of questionnaires for the German Linguistic Atlas (Deutscher Sprachatlas), designed by Georg Wenker (1852–1911), a librarian working in Marburg. The present study offers a linguistic analysis of replies to Wenker's questionnaire collected in eighty locations in eastern Mazuria – the Ełk, Gołdap and Olecko districts. Although the questionnaire had been designed to explore German dialects, it was possible to identify Polish dialectal features and to conduct a partial reconstruction of the state of Mazurian dialects of Polish in the easternmost part of the historical province of East Prussia in the nineteenth century. Wenker's survey material is a unique set of data from the period which provides a broad perspective on local dialects of eastern Mazuria, a peripheral area which had a limited contact with the general Polish language for a long time, did not have much connection with Polish cultural and political life, and was characterised by the penetration of the German language. ; Publikacja finansowana z subwencji na utrzymanie i rozwój potencjału badawczego Instytutu Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk. ; This work was financed from a subvention for maintaining and developing the research potential of the Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences.

The effectiveness of teaching the religion depends on the degree of the linguistic efficiency for the sender and for the recipient and by the degree of linguistic awareness of the religion instruction teacher i.e. his knowledge about mechanisms of the linguistic intercommunication. In the religious education transmission it seems essential to be perceiving language of the religious education by pupils. Amongst pupils and religion instruction teachers from primary schools and post-secondary a belief that the new manuals are adapted for the age and the level of the religious knowledge of pupils is dominating, they aren't proposing more serious linguistic problems concerning remarks. This belief results from the low-end acquaintance of the religious /terminology pupil's/ and of religion instruction teacher's /conformism/. Pupils of upper secondary schools are more conscious of their gaps in the knowledge of a language religious however the little percentage is only trying to make up for these gaps through the participation in active religious education /especially this beyond the school/.