In a totalitarian society, the journalist profession could not grow; that is why politics still takes precedence in Croatian journalism. The mass media are controlled by politics, although journalists have remained sociopolitical activists. This has stunted the professional development of the journalistic profession, so that Croatian journalists cannot separate truth from fallacy; they equate (accurate) facts & (truthful) opinion & conceive of commentaries as the ultimate subjective journalistic form. 1 Table, 1 Figure, 11 References. Adapted from the source document.
The media communication of risks is firmly rooted in the "transfer" paradigm of communication. Also, the preliminary research has confirmed the conclusions of the relevant studies that there is a need for adopting an ethics protocol on the communication of risks so that the public is able to reach a consensus on what constitutes acceptable risks through a democratic process of negotiation. The article includes the results of an analysis of the articles on hazardous waste from Croatian papers in the first half of 2004, since all Croatian counties should decide on their waste dump location by the end of the year. Furthermore, the contract with Slovenia regarding the nuclear plant Krsko obliges Croatia to keep its part of the bargain regarding the disposal of medium- & low-radioactive waste. The choice of the waste dump locations has turned into a political issue par excellence & the responsibility is occasionally shifted to the public. Research has shown that the media (for many citizens the sole source of information about the risks hazardous waste dumps entail) do not provide the information that would enable the public to make an informed decision on this issue. 11 References. Adapted from the source document.
This paper analyzes the grounds, origins, & manifestations of ethnic conflict in the area of former Yugoslavia on the basis of current psychological thought. Deriving from Allport' s "theory of prejudice," we outline the historic grounds, sociocultural diversity, & specific character of the particular social & political situation. Trying to find an answer to the crucial question of what is to be done, we distinguish between the four stages of conflict -- latency, manifestation, actualization, & consolidation -- as well as the three lines of action -- institutional solutions, influence of the mass media, & the process of political socialization. 12 References. Adapted from the source document.
In the wake of 11 September 2001 not only the scope & the goals of terrorism drastically expanded but also the circle of social groups & institutions it encroaches upon. The essence of the "classical" terrorism is aptly summarized by the old Chinese adage: "kill one, scare hundreds." The attack on the WTC altered these numbers not only for that attack but also for most terrorist attacks all over the world, so this aphorism might now run: "kill thousands, scare billions." If the classical terrorism was a sort of a "trio" whose participants were "terrorists & their victims & power." contemporary terrorism increasingly takes the font of a "quartet": "terrorists & their victims & power & mass media.". References. Adapted from the source document.
Stvaralaštvo se uvijek povezuje sa slobodnom ljudskom djelatnošću, s ljepotom, umjetnošću, ljudskom invencijom, itd. – ona je najčešće nešto prihvatljivo i dobro. Ali što se događa u vrijeme globalne manipulacije? Razvija li ovaj period nove tipove i forme stvaralaštva? Što će nam pokazati analiza rada globalne medijske manipulacije? Ideja članka je ukazati na tamnu stranu stvaralaštva u masovnim medijima. Masovni mediji smanjuju mogućnost kreativne aktivnosti u medijima dok istodobno razvijaju manipulativne oblike stvaralaštva. Ti oblici zahtijevaju da ih se ustanovi, objasni i komentira. ; Creativity is always associated with free human activity – with beauty, art, human inventions Most of the time it is something acceptable and good. But what happens in a time of global manipulation? Does the new time develop new types and forms of creativity? What will an analyses of global mass media manipulation performance reveal? The goal of the paper is to show a dark side of creativity in mass media. Mass media reduce the possibility of creative action in the media whilst they develop manipulative forms of creativity. These forms ought to be detected, explained, and commented. ; La créativité est toujours associée à l'activité libre de l'humain, à la beauté, à l'art, aux inventions humaines, etc. – elle est considérée la plupart du temps comme quelque chose d'acceptable et de bon. Or, que se passe-t-il en ces temps de manipulation globale ? Cette période développe-t-elle de nouveaux types et de nouvelles formes de créativité ? Que vont montrer les analyses sur les manipulations médiatiques auxquelles se sont livrés les acteurs mondiaux de l'univers des médias ? L'idée sous-jacente de cet article est de montrer le côté sombre de la créativité dans les médias de masse. Ces derniers réduisent la possibilité d'une action créative au sein des médias et développent en parallèle des formes manipulatoires concernant la créativité. Ces formes requièrent une identification, une explication et un commentaire. ; Die Kreativität wird stets mit der freien menschlichen Aktivität, mit der Schönheit, Kunst, den menschlichen Erfindungen usw. assoziiert – größtenteils mit etwas Akzeptablem und Gutem. Was geschieht aber in einer Zeit der globalen Manipulation? Entwickelt diese Periode neue Typen und Formen der Kreativität? Was werden uns die Analysen der Beobachtung der Medienmanipulation durch globale Spieler der Medienindustrie zeigen? Die Idee hinter dem Artikel ist es, die Schattenseiten der Kreativität in den Massenmedien aufzuzeigen. Die Massenmedien reduzieren die Möglichkeit des kreativen Handelns in den Medien. Zugleich entwickeln sie manipulative Formen der Kreativität. Diese Formen erfordern Feststellung, Erklärung und Kommentierung.
Različite su interpretacije govora mržnje. No, svaka od njih govor mržnje promišlja u kontekstu odnosa slobode govora i mogućih nesloboda uvjetovanih pravnim reguliranjem i sankcioniranjem. U ovom se radu želi krenuti od razmatranja mržnje same (dohvaćajući filozofijske dimenzije, društvene kontekste i političke doprinose u razvoju govora mržnje) te je na taj način promatrati u njezinim biološkim i kulturnim dimenzijama. Na konkretnim primjerima govora mržnje želi se pokazati isprepletenost biološkog i misaonog, kulturnog i tjelesnog te ideološkog i emotivnog. Analiza primjera govora mržnje, ostrašćenosti pojedinaca uronjenih u takvu vrstu psihološke i misaone nezrelosti, pokazuje važnost filozofijskih iskoraka u oskudnu stvarnost – iskoraka kojima je cilj o fenomenima davati filozofijski stav, ali i temeljne kriterije po kojima bi se orijentacijski mogla odrediti druga znanstvena istraživanja. ; Hate speech is interpreted in various ways. It is always analysed in the context of the relationship between freedom of speech and the possible lack of freedom caused by legal regulation and sanctioning of hate speech. In this paper we want to start from the consideration of hate itself (taking into account philosophical dimensions, social contexts and the contribution of politics to the development of hate speech) and in this way consider it in its biological and cultural dimensions. Using specific examples of hate speech, we aim to show the intertwining of the biological and the intellectual, the cultural and the physical, the ideological and the emotional. The analysis of some cases of hate speech and the passion of individuals involved in this psychological and intellectual immaturity makes clear how important it is for philosophy to lunge into this poor reality – steps taken to give philosophical views on these phenomena, but also basic criteria for possible orientation in other scientific research.
Tabloidization, sensationalism, the loss of credibility & professionalism, & the violations of ethic norms & standards have been increasingly evident in the Croatian mass media. The broadening of media freedoms is not accompanied by a sufficient level of responsibility regarding reporting; consequently, there is a sort of the media bullying whose victims are individuals or companies. Some of those whose privacy, honor & reputation have been violated send denials to the media, appeal to the journalist associations or seek justice through judicial bodies. In some cases the reports in question were a product of objective & professional reporting, while in others untruths were reported or facts manipulated. The authors analyze the major elements of the above phenomena in the media & the society & the possibilities of protecting the violated rights & interests within the framework of the existing regulations of the Republic of Croatia. Tables, Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.
What are today's mass media like? Are they objective enough or are consumers too fastidious? How topical are the issues of the freedom of the media, truth, & objectivity? The author has tried to provide the answers by looking into the norms & regulations in Croatia & abroad, beginning with the Code of Honor of the Croatian Assoc of Journalists, the documents of the Council of Europe & the famous First Amendment to the US Constitution. Civil society has set up many commissions, councils & committees with the aim of controlling mass media so that they would not only be a profit-amassing industry but would also conform to the fundamental demands that are put on journalism. A probe into the freedoms of American journalism shows that there are no all-inclusive recipes & that these freedoms must be fought for & won. The best way to secure the right to the freedom of speech is to consistently respect the standards of professional journalism. However, our experience & practice show that this aspect is most lacking. Particularly interesting is how these problems were noticed by Croatian journalist Frano Folnegovic & Bogoslav Sulek more than a century ago. Apart from the political restrictions & pressures, Croatian journalists do not pay enough attention to this respect for the standards of professional journalism, which can best be illustrated by the example of the catastrophe of that American plane near Dubrovnik, when some media reported not only that the plane had safely landed but published the late Secretary's statement. Only by strictly respecting professional standards, which may be achieved through constant improvement, study & research, the preconditions for objective & authentic reporting may be realized. 10 References. Adapted from the source document.
This paper analyzes the grounds, origins, & manifestations of ethnic conflict in the area of former Yugoslavia on the basis of current psychological thought. Deriving from Allport' s "theory of prejudice," we outline the historic grounds, sociocultural diversity, & specific character of the particular social & political situation. Trying to find an answer to the crucial question of what is to be done, we distinguish between the four stages of conflict -- latency, manifestation, actualization, & consolidation -- as well as the three lines of action -- institutional solutions, influence of the mass media, & the process of political socialization. 12 References. Adapted from the source document.
Nebojsa Blanusa's Ph. D. dissertation Uloga teorija zavjera u konstrukciji politicke zbilje u Hrvatskoj 1980.-2007. (The Role of Conspiracy Theories in the Construction of Political Reality in Croatia in the 1980-2007 Period), defended at the U of Zagreb in 2009, is presented, outlining its objectives, summarizing & commenting on its three major thematic parts, listing the topics of its nine chapters, & expressing some positive evaluative remarks in the concluding paragraph. The study applies the methods of discourse analysis to investigate the presence of political conspiracy theories in Croatian public life, & the mass media in particular, & a quantitative analysis of questionnaire data to assess the extent to which Croatian citizens subscribe to the view that conspiracy theory constructs the political reality in their country. Adapted from the source document.
The author analyzes the current trends of the globalization of trade, capital flow, mass media, communication, transport, tourism, & economic migrations. However, there is the backlash to the globalizing processes, ie, cultural particularism, which has mobilized archaic traditions & triggered violent outbreaks of hostilities. Political scientist Francis Fukuyama has pointed out that, today, the key challenges to liberal democracy are a miscellany of particularisms: religious fundamentalism, extremist nationalism & racism, & Asian authoritarian paternalism. Samuel Huntington also warns about the dangers of ethnic & cultural particularism. Within such a framework, the phenomenon of "ethnic cleansing" is only an extreme form of the trend that has marked the 20th century -- cultural homogenization as a reaction to the problems of multiethnic & multicultural communities. The author is of the opinion that this development need not represent an obstacle to dialogue & communication among cultures. Adapted from the source document.
Regulacija ili samoregulacija internetskih medija jedna je od ključnih dilema za suvremene digitalne medije i njihovu politiku djelovanja. To uključuje nove digitalno posredovane gatekeepere kao što su društveni mediji. Privatna pravila posrednika, poput "uvjeta korištenja" i politike sadržaja, u velikoj mjeri definiraju njihovo funkcioniranje i mogu se smatrati samoregulativnim mehanizmom. Internetski se posrednici sve više pozivaju da se uključe u izradu pravila korištenja i donošenje odluka o sadržaju. U ovom radu autori se fokusiraju na Twitter kao na jedan od najvećih i najznačajnijih internetskih izvora vijesti. Uvjeti korištenja i ostali dokumenti Twittera analiziraju se kao alati samoregulacije i kao kontekst unutar kojeg individualni korisnici i masovni mediji funkcioniraju, odnosno moraju funkcionirati u suvremenom digitalnom okruženju. Autori također promatraju kako je Twitter primijenio taj samoregulativni okvir u dva važna slučaja. ; The regulation or self-regulation of online media is one of the key dilemmas of contemporary digital media and policy environment. This includes the new digital intermediary gatekeepers such as social media. The private rules of intermediaries, such as their 'terms of service' and content policies, importantly define their functioning and are sometimes thought of as self-regulatory mechanisms. Online intermediaries are increasingly being called upon to engage in codes of conduct or decisions about content. We focus on Twitter as one of the largest and most relevant new gatekeepers because of its use as source of news. The terms and other documents of Twitter are analysed as tools of self-regulation, and as the context within which the individual users and mass media (must) function in today's digital environment. We also look at how Twitter has applied this framework in two high profile cases.
