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The article investigates the formal models as a method of analysis in international studies. The importance of this type of models in writing articles for world leading high-ranking journals from Scopus list is shown. The author reveals the main challenges of interdisciplinary synthesis related to the construction of formal models. The problem of identifying the actors of international relations is revealed, including the assessment of actor's involvement in a concrete international conflict (or process) in the context of the concepts of defensive and offensive realism, as well as of real and of latent (potential) power. The decrease in the influence of the state as the primary actor in international relations, and the increase of influence of new types of actors are shown, including international terrorist networks (led by IS), political parties, media and NGOs in the context of post-modernism, global business structures. At the national level, the main actors are illustrated both by the example of countries with a developed civil society and a market economy, and by that of the traditional non-Western society. The question of levels of analysis in international relations, as well as agent-structure problem are illustrated by concrete cases from modern international relations. The author describes a model of "nested" politics. The main types of models used in international studies (game theoretic, econometric, network analysis, simulation) are indicated as well as their shortcomings. Two kinds of simulation models - system dynamics and agent-based modeling are described. It is noted that the agent-based modeling is carried out mainly in the framework of the constructivist paradigm of international relations theory.

English: The object of this article is the communicational interpretation of the cathedral as architectural, religious and semiotic complex. On the basis of the definition for media in the characteristics of the cathedral are defined its two genealogical of each media components – content and form. The analysis of theoretical and empirical sources leads to determination of specter of four media functions - a) the cathedral as a media for the non-writing man; b) the cathedral as a proto-television, c) the cathedral as a prototype of the hypertext; d) the cathedral as a holographic library. The conclusion is that the cathedral from a communicational point of view is a crossmedia between spacious, plasticity and muse arts, between architecture, sculpture, music, drama, dance and literature. The cathedral "text" is a multimedia of expressive means for influence over all human senses.

This article examines the discourse of older people in the communication space of the Internet – the social network Vkontakte – through the prism of speech genres (RG). Science knows a large number of works on the topic of discourse, scientists do not lose interest in genre studies – the relevance of this work is due to the fact that earlier the issue of the discourse of older people on the social network VKontakte was not considered, and the features of the Internet texts of pensioners were not identified. This article contains a brief theoretical presentation of the research topic, in particular, the author relies on the scientific works of N.D. Arutyunova and M.M. Bakhtin, practical material and conclusions to the text analyzes carried out – the intentional component of the selected news entries and the dominant speech genres in the comments of older users to publications. The subject of the research is speech genres in the discourse of pensioners (based on comments to news publications). The goal is to identify the features of the discourse of older people on the VKontakte social network. The material for the work was the posts of the "News for pensioners" group on the topics "Politics" and "Medicine" and the comments of subscribers to them. The audience of the named group is 55+, subscribers prefer the lexeme "retired" to the definition of "elderly". The methodological basis of the research is made up of linguistic analyzes of texts – content and intent analysis; when describing RJ, the speech genre model developed by T.V. Shmeleva and the RJ formula by A. Vezhbitska were used. Thus, in the course of the study, a content analysis of the News for Seniors group, an intent analysis of publications was carried out, and the leading speech genres in the comments of older people were identified. In total, ten publications on the topics "Politics" and "Medicine" were considered (five on each topic), there were 200 comments to these news entries (114 – "Medicine", 86 – "Politics").

The purpose of this study is to analyze, using Indonesian media contents, images of China as an Alien and as a country pursuing a policy that is interpreted in Indonesia as anti-Islamic. The novelty of the study lies in the analysis of modern nationalist political imagination in the discursive space formed by the Indonesian media. The author comes to the conclusion that in this imaginary space negative images of China are formed, which subsequently circulate in it and are purposefully promoted with the aim of constructing the image of China in Indonesia as a universal ideological and political Other. The article shows that 1) the Indonesian nationalist imagination, through the media, actively reproduces negative images of China as a subject of the policy of assimilation of Muslim minorities on the territory of the PRC, 2) in the discourses of Indonesian expert and analytical communities, narratives are promoted about the authoritarian nature of the political regime of the PRC and its policies aimed at politicizing Islam and its subsequent integration into the functioning mechanism of this regime. Such a policy is interpreted in Indonesia as ideologically limiting the activities of Chinese Muslims and putting them under the control of communist ideology, which gives grounds to characterize the PRC as a political and ideological Other. Narratives that highlight the unresolved problems between the China state and Islamic communities play an important role in promoting the image of the PRC as an undemocratic and authoritarian state. The results of the study suggest that the evolution of anti-Chinese narratives and the further promotion in the Indonesian political imagination of the image of China as a universal Other and a state politically and ideologically alien to Islam will strengthen the legitimation of anti-Chinese phobias and stereotypes traditional for Indonesian society at both the political and religious levels.

The purpose of the article is to study the anxiety and fears expressed by users of local Internet communities of the VKontakte social network during the first wave of the coronavirus pandemic. The collection of primary sociological information was carried out using the content analysis procedure. The article presents the results of a qualitative analysis of the context of the use of the keyword "coronavirus". The manifestation of anxiety among community subscribers varied over the study period. At the first stage (the stage of denial), users of the social network doubted the reality of the impending danger. At the next stage (comprehension), there was an understanding of the seriousness of the situation. Awareness of the impending danger comes with the appearance of regular news about the statistics of morbidity and mortality among the inhabitants of the region. Lockdown, restrictive measures and information pressure of the media, seeking to correct the habitual behavior of people, led to the formation of collective fears among the population. The representation of medical and informational fears prevailed. The third stage (routinization) is characterized by a gradual decrease in the mention of the keyword and predominantly practice-oriented comments. A decline in the number of messages from users describing information and medical fears was recorded, at the same time, their anxiety about the economic consequences of the pandemic was revealed. Once the amount of information consumed is comparable to the daily experience of a person, the anxiety caused by the spread of the coronavirus pandemic decreases.

The article analyzes the intelectual and institutional history of communication and media studies in Croatia using a mixed methods approach. Content analysis of articles dealing with communication and media topics published in social science journals, as well as all articles in specialized media and communication journals in the period between 1969 and 2011, shows the intelectual history of the discipline, with the comparative position of Politicka misao in the theoretical and methodological development of the discipline. The sample includes 481 articles, consisting of all full original articles dealing with communication and media topics published in odd years. Included are articles published in social science journals -- Nase teme and Kulturni radnik (both discontinued in 1990), Politicka misao, Revija za sociologiju, Drustvena istrazivanja and Informatologia, and in scientific journals devoted exclusively to communication and media studies (all started after 1990) -- Medijska istrazivanja, Medianali, Medijske studije. Institutional approach was employed for increased understanding of processes which influenced the development of the academic discipline of communication and media studies in Croatia. Results show an increase in number, the diversity of topics, theoretical approaches, and the scientific quality of published articles, and highlight institutional problems in the development of the discipline. Adapted from the source document.

The problems of promotion of family values in the Russian mass media were analyzed in the article. Popularization of family values through the media should contribute to strengthening the family institution and become an effective tool in the fight against the demographic crisis. The results of the content analysis confirms that the media neglect of family problems. In this situation, promotion of family values among young people is ineffective.

В статье анализируется понятие информационной открытости государства и его основные компоненты. На основе этого анализа выявлены и обозначены недостающие шаги в действующих программах развития информационной открытости. C опорой на современные исследования в области психологии и менеджмента выявлено основное противоречие, возникающее в процессе развития любого государства в направлении информационной открытости, а именно, свободная работа средств массовой информации проанализирована как препятствие развитию информационной открытости общества.

Introduction. This paper analyzes how the journalists' professional identity is changing in the reality of hybrid media system. Understanding of journalists' professional identity is based upon the conclusion that information environment is building the journalists' characters today. The mixing of media and digital technologies leads to the hybridization of media in its basis. Journalist's activities within the present media system lead to contradictory and sometimes odd effects.Methodology and sources. The comparison and generalization of expert interviews, public opinion polls and official documents and media texts were applied. Content analyses of journalist's papers and discourse analysis of theoretical studies were also used to study the professional identity of journalists.Results and discussion. In this paper we try to answer how does the global digital environment affect the conditions, goals and effects of journalist's professional activities? How the journalist's professional activity changes? What characteristics of journalist should be included in the professional identity that appears in the hybrid media system? We consider such factors affecting political journalists' self-identification as recruiting organization and its founders' proximity to the power structures, pool of experts, party allegiance and journalist's skills including the level of technological equipment and understanding the modern network principles of the life of information.Conclusion. Due to the increasing amount of information social uncertainty is rising and it is becoming harder and harder to forecast media impact on the public consciousness. Studies among journalists in Russia, Europe and USA show that professional selfidentification is blurred within personal, professional and virtual roles and results in hybrid identity that sometimes consists of mutually exclusive values. It is possible to suggest that structure changes in professional identity structure will affect the components of professionalism in the future. ; Введение. Статья посвящена анализу особенностей профессиональной идентичности журналиста в контексте современной медиасистемы. Интеграция новых технологий в журналистику запустила процессы конвергенции способов доставки информации, а на сущностном уровне – гибридизации медиа. Концептуализация профессиональной идентичности журналиста обосновывается интерпретацией особенностей информационной среды как предпосылки и результата формирования личности журналиста в современных условиях. В связи с этим предлагается понятие «гибридная идентичность», означающее сочетание традиционных и новых журналистских практик, возникших в результате слияния журналистики с современными цифровыми технологиями.Методология и источники. В статье на основе дискурс-анализа теоретических и практических исследований Э. Чедвика, М. Кастельса, Д. Уивера, Н. Фентон, Э. Лаук, П. О'Доннел, Э. Холтона, Х. Орнебринга, анализа документов (докладов и отчетов ЮНЕСКО, Международного института прессы), опросов общественного мнения (ВЦИОМ), включенного наблюдения, контент-анализа англоязычных и русскоязычных текстов общественно-политических изданий моделируется профессиональная действительность современной журналистики и концептуализируется профессиональная идентичность журналиста.Результаты и обсуждение. Исследования в России, Европе и США показывают, что с размытием границ между сетевой, личной и корпоративной ролями профессиональная самоидентификация затрудняется и формируется гибридная идентичность, состоящая подчас из взаимоисключающих ценностных компонентов. Можно предположить, что трансформация структуры профессиональной идентичности неизбежно повлияет на составляющие профессионализма в будущем.Заключение. К факторам, влияющим на идентичность современного журналиста, можно отнести профессиональный контекст и специфику организации, в которой трудится журналист, а также технологический компонент, вынуждающий журналиста осваивать новые способы и платформы продвижения информации. В условиях гибридизации медиасистемы смешение традиционных ориентаций с новыми, возникшими в результате интеграции в журналистские практики цифровых технологий, приводит к формированию гибридной идентичности, характеризующейся парадоксальностью ценностных сочетаний.

Introduction. The article examines the image of artificial intelligence in the media and its reflection in 2010s. Coverage of the fast development of technology in the mass media requires careful analysis and systematic monitoring due to not fully determined socio-ethical ideas about the place and role of artificial intelligence in human life. The paper attempts to study what media had about artificial intelligence in the second decade of the 21st century.Methodology and sources. Based on the results of quantitative and qualitative studies of the texts of Russian and foreign media, semantic changes in the representation of artificial intelligence are analyzed. To collect empirical informa tion, we used the analysis of documents (reports and preparatory notes of UNESCO for the development of an ethical code of artificial intelligence), public opinion polls, content analysis of Russian and foreign media.Results and discussion. According to the results of the study, correlation between intensity of references to artificial intelligence on political and economic phenomena was noted. In particular, there is a connection with the growth of economic activity of investors in advanced technologies, the launch of innovative technologies in the sphere of consumption by large companies and the strategic programs of states.Conclusion. At the moment, artificial intelligence is seen as positive technology. Implementation of AI into social and professional spheres is irreversible. The negative consequences of the development of AI are considering as an unobvious hypothetical future. By the beginning of the third decade of the 21st century, the media discourse around AI expanded to such a state of uncertainty that it took action to establish an ethical framework for the development of technology. ; Введение. В статье рассматривается динамика отражения образа искусственного интеллекта в медиа 2010-х гг. Освещение быстрого развития технологии в средствах массовой информации требует тщательного анализа и систематического мониторинга в силу не сложившихся до конца общественно-этических представлений о месте и роли искусственного интеллекта в жизни человека. В работе делается попытка изучить, какими были представления медиа об искусственном интеллекте во втором десятилетии XXI в.Методология и источники. На основании результатов количественных и качественных исследований текстов российских и зарубежных медиа анализируются смысловые изменения репрезентации искусственного интеллекта. Теоретическими основами работы послужили представления о медиасистеме и развитии со временной гибридной медиасистемы Э. Чедвика, М. Кастельса, Д. Уивера и др. Для сбора эмпирической информации были использованы анализ документов (докладов и подготовительных записок ЮНЕСКО для разработки этического кодекса искусственного интеллекта), опросов общественного мнения (ВЦИОМ), контент-анализ англоязычных и русскоязычных материалов медиа.Результаты и обсуждение. По итогам исследования была отмечена зависимость характера и интенсивности упоминаний понятия «искусственный интеллект» от политико-экономических явлений. В частности, наблюдается связь с ростом экономической активности инвесторов в передовы х технологиях, запуском крупными компаниями инновационных технологий в сфере потребления и политическими программами государств.Заключение. В настоящий момент искусственный интеллект предстает как положительная технология, внедрение которой в социальные и профессиональные сферы необратимо. Негативные последствия развития данной технологии представляются как неочевидное гипотетическое будущее. К нача лу третьего десятилетия XXI в. медиадискурс вокруг искусственного интеллекта расширился до такого состояния неопределенности, когда потребовались действия по установлению этических рамок развития технологии.

Раздзел VII. Крытыка ў СМІ як частка медыякультуры ; Рассматривается предыстория создания медиаиндустрии в КНР и ее динамичное развитие после культурной революции, которое привело к переходу массмедиа к практике рыночных отношений, коммерциализации и маркетинговой стратегии, направленной на целевую аудиторию. Выявляются направления исследований медиаиндустрии. Обращается внимание на понимание медиаэкономики как прикладной дисциплины, на ее связь с политэкономией медиа и теорией коммуникаций. Эти исследования стоит проводить параллельно с изучением структурных реформ в экономике КНР, которые ведут к становлению полноценных медиапредприятий. ; This article discusses the background of the media industry creation in China and its dynamic development after the cultural revolution, which led to the transition of the mass media to the method of market relations, commercialization and marketing strategies aimed at the target audience. The research areas of the media industry are identified. Attention is drawn to the understanding of the media economy as an applied discipline, on its connection with the political economy of media and the theory of communications. These studies should be conducted in parallel with the study of structural reforms in the PRC economy, which are supposed to lead to the formation of full­fledged media enterprises.

Departing from the criticisms that have been raised towards the volume Comparing Media Systems (Hallin and Mancini, 2004) I'll try to discuss which consequences the adoption of the "concept" of system may imply for media studies, what its advantages are and what risks. The first part of the article is devoted to discussing how and when the notion of "system" has been used in political science starting from the work of Easton, Almond and Powell and many others. I'll try to highlight which are the main points of strength and weakness and which definitions have been used. Then I'll move to the field of communication studies: here I'll show how there has been a shift from the study of the effects of the message towards a more general approach linking the media to the surrounding context. I will focus mainly on the work of Blumler and Gurvitch who have been among the first scholars to use such a concept in political communication comparative research. Particular attention will be devoted to the discussion of the notion of "system" as deriving from system theory and functionalist approach. The last part of the text is devoted to discussing similarities and differences in the use that political scientists and media scholars have made of the concept of "system". Adapted from the source document.