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AbstractGrowing evidence indicates that our higher rational capacities depend on social interaction—that only through engaging with others do we acquire the ability to evaluate beliefs as true or false, or to reflect on and evaluate the reasons that support our beliefs. Up to now, however, we have had little understanding of how this works. Here we argue that a uniquely human socio-linguistic phenomenon which we call 'joint attention to mental content' (JAM) plays a key role. JAM is the ability to focus together in conversation on the content of our mental states, such as beliefs and reasons. In such conversations it can be made clear that our attitudes to beliefs or reasons may conflict—that what I think is true, you might think is false, or that what I think is a good reason for believing something, you might think is a bad reason. We argue that through JAM, children discover that mental contents can be evaluated under various attitudes, and that this discovery transforms their mind-reading and reasoning abilities.

Can there be 'narrow' mental content, that is entirely determined by the goings-on inside the head of the thinker? This book argues not, and defends instead a thoroughgoing externalism: the entanglement of our minds with the external world runs so deep that no internal component of mentality can easily be cordoned off.

At the time of writing (mid-May 2020), mental health charities around the world have experienced an unprecedented surge in demand. At the same time, record-high numbers of people are turning to social media to maintain personal connections due to restrictions on physical movement. But organizations like the mental health charity Mind and even the UK Government have expressed concerns about the possible strain on mental health that may come from spending more time online during COVID-19. These concerns are unsurprising, as debates about the link between heavy social media use and mental illness raged long before the pandemic. But our newly heightened reliance on platforms to replace face-to-face communication has created even more pressure for social media companies to heighten their safety measures and protect their most vulnerable users. To develop and enact these changes, social media companies are reliant on their content moderation workforces, but the COVID-19 pandemic has presented them with two related conundrums: (1) recent changes to content moderation workforces means platforms are likely to be less safe than they were before the pandemic and (2) some of the policies designed to make social media platforms safer for people's mental health are no longer possible to enforce. This Social Media + Society: 2K essay will address these two challenges in depth.

Content categories were developed and used to explore what mass media are saying about mental health problems. Radio and TV samples were found to carry larger percentages of relevant material than newspaper and magazine samples, and certain kinds of attitudes seemed to dominate in all media.

We examined the impact of media messages about mass shootings on participants' attitudes toward people with mental illness. In a randomized experiment, 293 college students were randomly assigned to read one of five news articles (i.e., one control article, four articles about mass shootings) and answer questions about attitudes toward people with mental illness. Groups significantly differed on attitudes related to perceived dangerousness/social distance and perceived discrimination/belief in recovery, but not insurance/treatment beliefs. The majority of news about mass shootings, even if the article does not mention mental illness or contains expert information, may contribute to negative attitudes.

Introduction. In modern philosophy of perception, the issue of the content of perceptual mental states is actively discussed, in particular the possibility of nonconceptual content is one of the most significant problem. Usually conceptual activity is attributed to thinking, and perception is intended to be non-conceptual. Such an approach may deprive perception of opportunity to serve as a basis for judgment. The paper analyzes Tye's theory of non-conceptual content of perceptual mental states, which does not deprive the perception of its epistemological function.Methodology and sources. Methodologically, the research work is based on philosophical analysis of modern theories of perception and results of cognitive research.Results and discussion. In accepted terminology, the content of perceptual mental states can be of three types: conceptual, non-conceptual detailed (fine-grained) and nonconceptual coarse (coarse-grained). Tye's position is that perceptual mental states have only the third kind of content. This approach faces a number of objections that are presented in this paper. The analysis of objections shows their surmount ability, thus, it can be concluded that the Tye's position of nonconceptual content can be considered as reasonable. The main result of the presented research is the presentation of additional grounds for the theory of non-conceptual content of perceptual mental states.Conclusion. The problem of the content of perceptual mental states is crucial for understanding the epistemological role of perception. The theory of non-conceptual content of perceptual mental states provides new insights into perception.

Abstract Background This paper is a part of the work of the group that carried out the report "The state of the mental health in Europe" (European Commission, DG Health and Consumer Protection, 2004) and deals with the mental health issues related to the migration in Europe. Methods The paper tries to describe the social, demographical and political context of the emigration in Europe and tries to indicate the needs and (mental) health problems of immigrants. A review of the literature concerning mental health risk in immigrant is also carried out. The work also faces the problem of the health policy toward immigrants and the access to health care services in Europe. Results Migration during the 1990s has been high and characterised by new migrations. Some countries in Europe, that have been traditionally exporters of migrants have shifted to become importers. Migration has been a key force in the demographic changes of the European population. The policy of closed borders do not stop migration, but rather seems to set up a new underclass of so-called "illegals" who are suppressed and highly exploited. In 2000 there were also 392.200 asylum applications. The reviewed literature among mental health risk in some immigrant groups in Europe concerns: 1) highest rate of schizophrenia; suicide; alcohol and drug abuse; access of psychiatric facilities; risk of anxiety and depression; mental health of EU immigrants once they returned to their country; early EU immigrants in today disadvantaged countries; refugees and mental health Due to the different condition of migration concerning variables as: motivation to migrations (e.g. settler, refugees, gastarbeiters); distance for the host culture; ability to develop mediating structures; legal residential status it is impossible to consider "migrants" as a homogeneous group concerning the risk for mental illness. In this sense, psychosocial studies should be undertaken to identify those factors which may under given conditions, imply an increased risk of psychiatric disorders and influence seeking for psychiatric care. Comments and Remarks Despite in the migrants some vulnerable groups were identified with respect to health problems, in many European countries there are migrants who fall outside the existing health and social services, something which is particularly true for asylum seekers and undocumented immigrants. In order to address these deficiencies, it is necessary to provide with an adequate financing and a continuity of the grants for research into the multicultural health demand. Finally, there is to highlight the importance of adopting an integrated approach to mental health .

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Transaction Introduction -- Acknowledgments -- Foreword -- Introduction -- Chapter One: Care as Culture -- THE FLUID WORLD OF MENTAL HEALTH CARE -- THE STATE-OF-THE-ART IN DIAGNOSIS -- SCHOOLS OF CARE AS CULTURES -- SO WHAT? -- How TO THINK ABOUT CULTURES OF HEALING -- WHAT WE MIGHT WISH FOR -- WHERE WE WILL COME OUT -- Chapter Two: Problems and Patients, 1844-1963 -- INSANITY, THE ASYLUMS, AND THE FIRST MEDICAL SPECIALTY -- DOCTORS FOR THE INSANE -- NERVE DOCTORS, A NEW DISEASE, AND THE DREAM OF SCIENCE -- URBANIZING PSYCHIATRY AND EXPANDING ITS SCOPE -- THE RISE OF NEW MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONS -- TREATING INSANITY: BASTION OF MEDICINE -- THE GREAT TRANSFORMATION: POST-WORLD WAR II CRUSADES FOR MENTAL HEALTH -- Chapter Three: The Faded Glory of Psychoanalysis -- DEFINING PSYCHOANALYSIS -- THE PSYCHOANALYTIC PROCESS -- PSYCHOANALYTIC ENCULTURATION -- BEING A PERSON IN PSYCHOANALYTIC CULTURE -- PSYCHOANALYTIC VALUES -- THE SCIENTIFIC POVERTY OF PSYCHOANALYSIS -- A CULTURE IN CHAOS -- Chapter Four: Behaviorism's Failed Imperialism -- PRINCIPLES OF BEHAVIORISM -- CULTURAL DISPARITIES -- THE BEHAVIORIST VIEW OF LIFE -- BEHAVIORIST VALUES -- THE SCIENTIFIC STATUS OF BEHAVIORISM -- BEHAVIOR THERAPY AND MENTALISM -- THE PLACE OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY -- CULTURE AND TEMPERAMENT -- Chapter Five: The Middlebrow Land of Cognitive Therapy -- BECK'S COGNITIVE THERAPY -- THE TAMING OF MIND -- THE VALUES OF COGNITIVE CULTURE -- THE SCIENTIFIC STATUS OF COGNITIVE THERAPY -- THE APPEAL OF COGNITIVE THERAPY -- EVALUATING COGNITIVE THERAPY -- COGNITIVE THERAPY AND CULTURAL CRITICISM -- Chapter Six: Biological Psychiatry's Confusion of Tongues -- HOW BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY RALLIED -- BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY'S CONCEPT OF MENTAL ILLNESS -- THE CLINICAL PRACTICE OF BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY

Background:Religious themes are commonly encountered in delusions and hallucinations associated with major mental disorders, and the form and content of presentation are significant in relation to both diagnosis and management.Aims:This study aimed to establish what is known about the frequency of occurrence of religious delusions (RD) and religious hallucinations (RH) and their inter-relationship.Methods:A review was undertaken of the quantitative empirical English literature on RD and RH.Results:A total of 55 relevant publications were identified. The lack of critical criteria for defining and classifying RD and RH makes comparisons between studies difficult, but prevalence clearly varies with time and place, and probably also according to personal religiosity. In particular, little is known about the content and frequency of RH and the relationship between RH and RD.Conclusion:Clearer research criteria are needed to facilitate future study of RD and RH, and more research is needed on the relationship between RD and RH.