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AbstractThere are currently available a variety of methodologies which aid the improvement of problematic situations which can legitimately claim to be grounded in systems approaches. These have emerged over many years and each methodology has unique features which enable it to be used successfully in particular types of situation. Recently several attempts have been made to structure this set of methodologies. In these contingency theories the nature of the problem and the characteristics of the methodologies are matched in such a way that the strengths and weaknesses of the methodologies are brought out.In this paper this theoretical work is extended by developing a methodology for methodology choice. In this methodology the insights provided by the contingency theories are used to support a set of procedures which enable an informed choice of systems‐based problem‐solving methodology to be made. Two examples of the use of the methodology are given to illustrate its potential as a means of improving the ability of systems theorists to intervene successfully in real‐world issues.

The series as a whole recognises that the nature of ethnography is contested, and takes this to be a sign of its strength and vitality. This second volume in the series focuses on debates and developments in methodology and the many ways in which ethnographic work interacts with education. The contributions to this volume are diverse and challenging. They indicate that ethnography is a rich field that has much to offer the study of education. Particular chapters are concerned with access to research sites, critical ethnography, text construction, dilemmas of researching different ethnic groups and or researching children, the influence of the researcher, writing ethnography, ethno-drama, and the concept of triangulation.

Realism is an approach to humanity which recognizes the real existence of social objects as well as physical objects. Thus realism does involve being realistic. But more importantly, it asserts that the things we are studying in social research have some prior existence and would continue to exist even if our knowledge of them was limited. Indeed, sometimes our knowledge is quite wrong, and realists assert that the real world will tend to constrain science so that wrong claims get challenged

A general sociological research procedure is presented in 4 classic points to which 2 often unexplicited basic steps are added: the initial transformation and the final transformation of information during research procedure. (Original abstract-amended)

Introduces a four-step procedure that attempts to make methodological assumptions in sociology more explicit: (1) using descriptive variables to characterize individuals in a given population; (2) choosing intelligently from among the individuals who constitute that population; (3) coding or recording the initial data by characterizing each individual in terms of the descriptive variables; & (4) explaining the methods of analysis used to treat & transform the data. Multimethodological analysis that uses this procedure should yield more stable results & should open the lines of communication between various sociological subdisciplines. 2 Photographs, 29 References. Adapted from the source document.

Intro -- CONTROL METHODOLOGY -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- Contents -- Preface -- About the Author -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: Control Activity -- 1.1. Activity -- 1.2. Control -- Chapter 2: Foundations of Control Methodology -- 2.1. Psychological, Sociological and Philosophical Foundations -- 2.2. Ethical and Aesthetical Foundations -- Chapter 3: Characteristics of Control Activity -- 3.1. Features of Control Activity -- 3.2. Principles of Control Activity -- Chapter 4: Logical Structure of Control Activity -- 4.1. Complex of Control Tasks -- 4.2. Types of Control -- 4.3. Subjects of Control -- 4.4. Methods of Control -- 4.5. Forms of Control -- 4.6. Control Means -- 4.7. Control Cycle and Control Functions -- 4.8. Control Mechanisms -- 4.9. Structure of Control Theory -- Chapter 5: Temporal Structure of Control Activity -- Conclusion -- References -- Index.

The CISG is now being applied extensively both by international arbitral tribunals and by domestic courts of its more than 70 member states. But do they also apply in in the same manner? Although Article 7 of the CISG underscores "the need to promote uniformity in its application", it gives little guidance as to how to achieve this goal. Each judge and arbitrator is influenced by the legal methodology of his home jurisdiction. Therefore it is somewhat of a paradox that whilst the number of Member States is constantly increasing so too is the threat of variation in application. In this book the most important issues of the CISG's methodology are analysed by leading experts from five continents. Whereas some authors provide a thorough analysis of the central topics of interpretation, others enter almost uncharted territories. (Quelle: Text Verlagseinband / Verlag)