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The socio-political crisis that Colombia has been going through for decades has made psychology an enormous task, namely: to think about the role it plays in the midst of these realities given in the country and in the contribution it has made and could make for its transformation. Starting from the proposals of Ignacio Martín Baró and Edgar Barrero Cuellar, this article tries to reflect on the psychology that Colombia needs, a psychology of the liberation that makes a decided commitment by a critical perspective and emancipating; which implies transcending its authoritarian epistemology, constructing theory from and for the people and deploying a transformative praxis that takes on three important tasks: to recover the historical memory, to deideologize the common sense and to promote the popular virtues.

There are a number of questions in the theory and practice of law: "Who is a child?" "When does childhood begin and end?", "What is the definition of the term 'child'?", "What does the concept of 'child' include and what is the content that makes it up?". In this vein, the aim of the article was to analyze the issue of children's rights, the discussion of which is still under debate and does not fully satisfy all parties involved. The authors used a set of methods including: logical, chronological and systematic approaches, comparative analysis, as well as the results of social surveys, literature analysis and statistical methods. As a result, the content and essence of such historical and legal terms as "Rushd", "adna sinn al-bulug", "murohiq" were clarified. The authors conclude that at present there is a disagreement among researchers in determining the legal status of the concept of "child" and in elaborating the definition of "child" itself, so one of the ways to solve this problem is the proposal to change the legal definition of the concept of "child" by expanding its scope and meanings.

The objective of the work was to analyze integration theories such as federalism, functionalism, neofunctionalism, the multilevel governance model and the interstate concept. Using the systemic-integral method, we analyze the main interpretations of modern integration models. The study also used special methods typical of international relations theory. The interstate concept is the most effective, because without denying the importance of integration, it focuses on the preservation of cultural and economic diversity. The experience of Poland, the Czech Republic, and the Baltic States, in particular Latvia, is a valuable integrating example for Ukraine. The results summarize that the countries analyzed received several advantages for the economic and military spheres through integration processes. It is concluded that in the experience of integration of the Balkans and the central-eastern countries, the importance of European integration processes is evident. The comparison of Ukraine and Latvia showed the importance of being a member of the North Atlantic Alliance for security guarantees and political consolidation. At the same time, the Czech Republic's accession to NATO has contributed to the reform and modernization of military affairs.

In this study, we analyze the political discourse of the United States and Europe in terms of linguistic approaches. Among the methods we use are systemic, structural, functional, content analysis, discourse analysis and thesaurus method. Its application took place within the theory of discourse. The study found that the main difference between the political discourses of Europe and the United States are the forms and means of communication, the formats of their distribution and the massive indicators of inclusion of the population (recipient of political discourse) in the communicative interaction. The difference is also the centralization and the levels at which the discourse develops. For example, the focus of political rhetoric on the institution of the U.S. presidency makes the presidential speech a reflection of public opinion. This is not typical of European countries, as pluralism of opinion is widespread there, communication takes place at local, regional, national, and supranational level. In addition, the European identity is in the process of being deeded. However, both discourses have in common the commitment to the values of democracy, but they manifest themselves differently.

The aim of the article was to identify the essence of the legal value of man within the natural concept of law. The article used methods and perspectives, such as: philosophical dialectics, analysis, synthesis, systemic, functional, historical, axiological and special-legal. It is substantiated that the knowledge of the value of a person within the natural-legal type of understanding is important for determining the criteria of normativity in the protection of human and civil rights and freedoms. The essence of the objectivist variety of the theory of natural law is that the image of law is associated with legal consciousness and is reflected in the active and creative human activity, based on the principles of freedom inherent in man from birth. It is concluded that, within the framework of the modern theory of natural law, the points of iusnaturalistic and legal are combined with the historical and sociological study of legal ideals, which leads to expanding the list of natural rights and including, in addition, not only inalienable human rights, but also, human rights of social, economic and political nature, which contribute, to the strengthening of human activity to realize and protect their needs and interests.

Throughout his works, Michel Foucault attempts to describe the mechanisms of power that are produced & reproduced in modernity. His approaches to this theme are critical, genealogical, & archeological. In Historia de la locura en la edad clasica (History of Mental Insanity in the Classical Age), Foucault uses genealogical elements from Friedrich Nietzche & Martin Heidegger, but also from Giambatista Vico, whose principal work was La Ciencia Nueva (The New Science). To investigate the irrational side of humans, Foucault's work took on an archeological dimension. Foucault's strength was not in his genealogical or archeological methods, but more in his intentional maps & unusual attention to repressed & repulsed problems. As a result, Foucault produced a theory of power in which power is a result of confrontational relations. M. Pflum

The article analyzes the migratory chains that constitute South American transvestites and trans women who reside in the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area during the period 2017-2019, paying special attention to the role of godmothers. The migratory projects of these people are produced becauseof the hostility and vulnerability they experience in their surroundings and have different instances. One of them is the migratory chains that refer to the social capital necessary to be able to leave the sending society and settle in the receiving society. In this way, South American transvestites/trans women constitute diverse migratory chains that can be characterized as horizontal and vertical, being the godmothers key actors in their diasporas. The focus of the article is qualitative and the method used is grounded theory. According to a theoretical sample consisting of 41 interviews, the information was analyzed usingAtlas.Ti.

Our representations of women have their origins in the myths of the past. According to Jung, myths are the symbolic expression of the collective unconscious that expresses itself through archetypes. Archetypes are thus images that pass across generations: instruments of collective thought. The main archetypes we deal with in this article are the Mother and the Anima, or men s feminine principle. Using Jung's concept of archetype to analyse women s iconographic representations allows us to combine the notion of the collective unconscious with that of social representations. Whereas Moscovici s theory of social representations offers us the possibility of analysing beliefs about women through history, Jung's perspective reveals us the possibility of analysing the myths constructed around women as part of the archetypes people use to give sense to reality.

The article examines the problem of determining the essence of the concept of "crime detection" in Russian law. For this purpose, the method of literature review was used and during the study the authors analyzed the normative legal acts of the Russian Federation, such as: the constitution of the Russian Federation, the Criminal Code of the Federation, the Code of Criminal Procedure and the Federal Law "on Operational Search Activity", the Federal Law "on police forces", interdepartmental and departmental normative legal acts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, among others, to determine the precise moment of detection of the crime phenomenon. Moreover, the article proposes to clarify the definition of the term "crime detection". It is concluded that it is advisable to distinguish the concepts of "crime detection" and other related concepts in practice and theory to avoid confusion.

The Covid -19 outbreak caused great uncertainty in whole companies' sectors and levels. In general, companies have been forced to make changes and adjustments to adapt to new needs. This research aims to provide managers and business directors some tools to reduce risks in decision-making and minimize economic and health losses in employees. By implementing emergency plans, risk management, creating trust, and effective communication between the different organization levels and areas. The research is inserted in the critical theory paradigm, an epistemological approach, a qualitative methodological perspective, and an evaluation and action research method. The theoretical foundation is based on the thinking of Armand V. Feigenbaum as a precursor of Total Quality Management (TQM) and project management to mitigate risks and emergencies. Finally, a set of reflections, evaluations, and proposals are showed as a conclusion to facilitate decision-making and companies' adaptability in crisis environments.

The purpose of the article is to identify the systemic interconnections of the main elements of the policy of financing green transformation and eco-innovation in the European Union EU, highlighting the main challenges and further strategic directions of development. EU policy in the field of green economy and innovation has been studied. Identified core economic systems for «green» finance. The policy of stimulation of eco-innovative activity in the EU and primary financing programs are considered. A scheme of the system of sustainable finance and eco-innovation in the EU has been elaborated, and the direct relations between the elements of this system have been clarified. The methodological basis of the article are the fundamental provisions of economic science, the theory of green finance and innovative development. Dialectical, systematic, logical and historical methods of scientific knowledge were used. The conclusions demonstrate the urgent need for a green transformation and the importance of developing a policy for financing eco-innovation activities in the EU.

The normative focus of the study of political behavior assumes that voters are rational & that all apply the same method of reasoning when they have to choose. Given the limitations of the normative view of voting theory, some authors have chosen to explain the voter's decision from a descriptive perspective. In this paper, we develop an adaptive model to describe the different decision-making processes that voters apply. Our ultimate goal is to identify rules that characterize the political behavior of individuals. To achieve this, we use a classification technique from the field of automatic learning: decision trees. At the empirical level, we have discovered that Spanish voters apply different decision processes chat are guided by the heuristic criterion of cost saving of information about the incumbent, the government's actions & the future of the country's economy. The decision trees obtained enable us to classify voters into four categories: ritualists, voters influenced by affective factors, those influenced by government performance & forward-looking voters. Adapted from the source document.

Nations aspire to achieve greater progress based on the combination of human, natural and institutional capital. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the fundamental theories on the role of the rule of law and how it relates to development. The hypothesis put forward is that a normative framework is required that must be respected by all. The method used is primarily descriptive and the data are from the Rule of Law Index and the Latinobarómetro Survey. The Rule of Law indicators consistently show that citizens, in general, achieve higher levels of well-being when there is adherence to the rule of law, which is consistent with what is established by theory. It concludes by pointing out the importance of favoring consistent policies and practices that should transcend the political and ideological level. The paper is structured as follows: the first part is a review of the literature; the second part highlights the methodology and data used; the third part deals with the discussion; finally, the conclusions of the case are presented.

This article analyzes the most influential posts on Facebook related to COVID-19, for the first two years of the pandemic, to explain how parasocial opinion leaders created echo chambers, in the Romanian public sphere, and to discuss the cumulative spillover effects these echo chambers had on society at large. A database of the 233,242 most influential posts in Romanian about COVID-19, from the first two years of the pandemic, is investigated using a mixed methods approach, to 1) verify statistically if issue-related echo chambers existed and 2) to describe, qualitatively, how they functioned. A special focus is devoted to trolling in the form of reactions to posts, such as haha reactions for messages about COVID-related deaths. Using the literature on parasocial interaction, inoculation theory, online disinhibition effect and echo chambers, the article shows how echo chambers supported trolling behavior, for radicalized Facebook users, how they polluted the public discussion and how they made dialog impossible for social groups that ended up identifying each other as the enemy. Based on these research results, the author proposes two policy recommendations for social platforms.