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The term Red Militarism, coined in the early years of Soviet Russia, was recently used following the USSR invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. Presented is an overview of the Red Militarism debate from its beginnings through most recent usage. The USSR debate ended when Trotsky left the country; it was revived again by Stalin with his Red Army purges. Recent manifestations of Red Militarism occurred in the ideological split between the Communist parties of the USSR & China, with both sides making accusations. Militarism is further examined in the context of the socialism proclaimed by leftist juntas in Third World countries, & found to be a more coherent development than usually imagined. The rise of the militarism phenomenon in more advanced socialist countries, notably the USSR, is linked to the fact that these states are ruled by bureaucratic elites. Red Militarism must be constantly denounced & opposed if the historical cause of the labor movement is to be preserved. Modified HA.

THE LITERATURE ON PRIMITIVE MILITARISM CONTAINS INCONSISTENCIES INVOLVING WRIGHT'S CONCLUSION THAT MORE PRIMITIVE PEOPLE WERE LESS WARLIKE AND RUSSELL'S THAT PRIMITIVE MILITARISM WAS RELATEDTO PERSONALITY AND NOT TO CULTURE. TO RESOLVE THE INCONSISTENCY THIS STUDY LOOKS AT PRIMITIVE MILITARISM IN RELATION TO OTHER VARIABLES PROVIDED IN TEXTOR'S CROSS-CULTURAL SUMARY OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDIES

A review of the literature on primitive militarism revealed some inconsistency between Q. Wright's conclusion that more primitive people were less warlike (A STUDY OF WAR, Chicago, Ill: U of Chicago Press, 1965) & E. W. Russell's conclusion that primitive militarism was related to personality but not to culture ("Factors of Human Aggression," Behavior Science Notes, 1972, 7, 275-312). In an attempt to resolve this inconsistency, the present study was designed to view militarism in relation to other variables provided in R. B. Textor's cross-cultural summary of anthropological studies (A CROSS-CULTURAL SUMMARY, New Haven, Conn: Human Relations Area Files, 1967). Primitive militarism was related to geographical region, cultural development, personal discipline, sexual repression, & narcissism. The anthropological correlates of militarism among primitive societies were similar to the psychological correlates of militarism among modern individuals. Primitive militarism emerged as a function of both culture & personality. The anthropological findings, like those from modern attitude studies, suggested 3 basic variables contributing to war in primitive cultures as well as modern societies: Private property, frustrated personality, & egoistic morality. 1 Table. Modified HA.

A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON PRIMITIVE MILITARISM REVEALED SOME INCONSISTENCY BETWEEN WRIGHT'S CONCLUSION THAT MORE PRIMITIVE PEOPLE WERE LESS WARLIKE AND RUSSELL'S CONCLUSION THAT PRIMITIVE MILITARISM WAS RELATED TO PERSONALITY BUT NOT TO CULTURE. IN ORDER TO TRY TO RESOLUE THIS INCONSISTENCY, THE PRESENT STUDY WAS DESIGNED TO LOOK AT PRIMITIVE MILITARISM IN RELATION TO OTHER VARIABLES.

Red Militarism, a term coined in the early years of Soviet Russia during the debate about the future organization of armed force in a socialist society, became a renewed charge after the USSR invasion into Afghanistan at the end of 1979. This article aims to give an overview of the debate about Red Militarism from the beginnings up to most recent writings. In the USSR, the debate terminated when Trotsky left the country, and was briefly revived in the thirties when Stalin used the issue to denounce and purge the Red Army. The theoretical underpinnings of this debate are evaluated and used to consider more recent manifestations of Red Militarism. The ideological split between the Communist Parties of the Soviet Union and China has led, inter alia, to mutual accusations of militarism. The Soviet charges of 'Social Militarism' in China are scrutinized in order to understand how Soviet analysts of today conceptualize and measure Red Militarism. The conclusion is that definitions of this kind are also appli cable to the Soviet Union itself. Leftist Juntas in a number of Third World countries are also examined by a variety of authors with respect to the question whether their proclaimed socialism fits into any attitude which ought to be labelled militarism. The conclusions suggested by more elaborated studies are that the militarism phenomenon is also in its socialist variation a more coherent develop ment than usually imagined. In the more advanced systems of 'real socialism', notably the USSR, the explanation for the rise of the phenomenon is heavily linked with the assessment of these states being ruled by bureaucratic elites. According to the specifics of this interpretation, the question about the expansionist and imperialist nature of Red Militarism is answered in a negative way.

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