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The essay first highlights certain basic features of the attitude of European immigrant countries toward the new (migrant) ethnic minorities in their midst, the attitude that at the same time is indicative of the existence of various forms of ethnicity in the development of the European nation-states. The differences in individual "national responses" regarding the existence of new ethnic communities reflect differences in understanding of the ethnic/national identity of individual countries. The author then addresses specifically the presence of the Muslim population in West European countries, the population that -- perhaps more than any other group of "aliens" -- is torn between the West European practice of racial & increasingly cultural discrimination & a universal Western belief in the tradition of liberalism, pluralism, & democracy. In connection with this, the role of Islam & the "Muslim" identity in the Muslim communities in West European countries are analyzed. 15 References. Adapted from the source document.

The essay first highlights certain basic features of the attitude of European immigrant countries toward the new (migrant) ethnic minorities in their midst, the attitude that at the same time is indicative of the existence of various forms of ethnicity in the development of the European nation-states. The differences in individual "national responses" regarding the existence of new ethnic communities reflect differences in understanding of the ethnic/national identity of individual countries. The author then addresses specifically the presence of the Muslim population in West European countries, the population that -- perhaps more than any other group of "aliens" -- is torn between the West European practice of racial & increasingly cultural discrimination & a universal Western belief in the tradition of liberalism, pluralism, & democracy. In connection with this, the role of Islam & the "Muslim" identity in the Muslim communities in West European countries are analyzed. 15 References. Adapted from the source document.

Banac, Ivo: Bakir Tanovic i problem zemljisnog vlasnistva u Bosni i Herecegovini. S. 7-8. Badrov, Zlatko: Nasilna promjena vlasnickih odnosa na privatnoj imovini izvrsena u razdoblju od 1918. do 1992. godine, na stetu bosnjacko-muslimanskog naroda u Bosni i Hercegovini. Podrivanje ekonomske snage bosnjaka ili ekonomski genocid nad bosnjacima. S. 89-91

It had undoubtedly been the inadequate political & legal structure of the ethnic status & relations in the Socialist Republic of Bosnia & Herzegovina as well the unwillingness of the political elites to make a compromise that created a rather favourable potential for destructive shaping of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian social conditions. Immediately before the outbreak of war in BH (1992-1995) the preconditions had been created for a comparatively peaceful settlement of the unresolved political issues within the republic. Taking into consideration that the international community had assumed to act as a mediator its role could have been very important. However, with its "pre-war" position to BH it did not take advantage of the opportunities that were offered to settle or simplify the internal Bosnian & Herzegovinian political disputes, but, on the contrary, it contributed to the outbreak of war, its destructiveness & long duration, getting itself into a rather awkward position. Map, References. Adapted from the source document.

The author points up the proverbial complexity of Yugoslavia & the inadequacy of its political structure, made up of six republics, five peoples, four languages, three religions, two alphabets, & one party. That is why the subjective orientations of its peoples went counter to its existence, leading to its disintegration following the first multiparty elections. Serbs & Montenegrins were its partisans & due, to a lack of democratic political culture, they launched the war for the preservation of Yugoslavia. The properties of the political culture of the peoples living on its territory had acted as trip-wires for that war, & defined its form, course, & intensity. The aggressors belong to the Eastern civilizational sphere, speak the Serbian language, write in the Cyrillic alphabet, are culturally tribally oriented, want to live in Yugoslavia & Greater Serbia (which would be socialist), & are adherents of repressive types of political culture. The victims belong to the Western civilizational sphere, are Catholics & Muslims, speak Croatian (Croato-Serbian), write in the Latin alphabet, are culturally communally oriented, & favor the participatory political culture. During the Serbian & Montenegrian aggression, two civil wars erupted in Bosnia & Herzegovina: (1) between the Muslims & the Croats & (2) between the Muslims. The participants of this war all swear their allegiance to the state of Bosnia & Herzegovina, but differ in their visions of its political structure. The Muslims wish for a unitarian state of Bosnia & Herzegovina, the Croats want it to be a federal state, & the Serbs are against any separate state of Bosnia & Herzegovina. 7 Tables, 15 References. Adapted from the source document.