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Este ensaio analisa a mudança política de longo prazo que teve início com a revolução de independência na América Hispânica: a experiência republicana do século XIX. A adoção do princípio de soberania popular para fundar e legitimar o governo e a autoridade, comum para quase todas as tentativas de conformação de novas comunidades políticas após a ruptura da ordem monárquica espanhola, trouxe mudanças decisivas nas normas, nas instituições e nas práticas políticas. Para analisar tais mudanças, este ensaio recorre à categoria de "cidadania" como lente de observação que permite o questionamento sobre a participação política e as formas de inclusão/exclusão na república. Na base de uma ampla bibliografia disponível sobre o assunto, são explorados traços e tendências compartilhados em relação com a instituição da cidadania em três de suas fases mais estudadas até hoje: a eleitoral, a das armas e a que se refere à opinião pública. ; Este ensayo reflexiona sobre el cambio político de largo plazo que se inaugura con la revolución de independencia en Hispanoamérica: la experiencia republicana del siglo XIX. La adopción del principio de la soberanía popular para fundar y legitimar el gobierno y la autoridad, que fue común a casi todos los intentos de conformación de nuevas comunidades políticas después del estallido del orden monárquico español, trajo cambios decisivos en las normas, las instituciones y las prácticas políticas. Para analizar esos cambios, este ensayo recurre a la categoría de "ciudadanía" como una lente de observación que permite preguntarse sobre la participación política y las formas de inclusión/ exclusión en la república. En base a una amplia bibliografía disponible sobre esta cuestión, se exploran rasgos y tendencias compartidas en relación con la institución de la ciudadanía en tres de sus facetas más estudiadas hasta el momento: la electoral, la de las armas y la que refiere a la opinión pública. ; The purpose of this paper is to reflect upon the vast and long-term political change triggered by the fall of the Spanish Empire and the wars of independence in Spanish America. After the revolutions, attempts at nation building followed different directions, but all the new polities in the making adopted republican forms of government based on the principle of popular sovereignty. This "republican experiment" entailed a radical change in political norms and institutions, as well as in political practices. By resorting to the category of "citizenship", this essay focuses on one aspect of that vast political transformation, which pertains to political participation and to the borders of inclusion and exclusion from the polity. On the basis of the recent literature on these topics, it explores the institution of citizenship in nineteenth-century Spanish America.

Executive Council Thirty-Fourth Ordinary Session 7 – 8 February 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; The African Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF) was created in 1991 in response to the shortage of capacity to build indigenous human and institutional capacity to promote sustainable development in Africa. The Foundation was designed to serve as a coordinating mechanism for donor support to capacity building in Africa, through the pooling of resources and a common governance and reporting system. To date, 40 African countries have become members of ACBF. ACBF has, however, continued to avail its support to all African countries regardless of their membership status. In recognition of its effective support to African countries, ACBF was designated by African Heads of States and Government a Specialized Agency of the African Union by Decision Assembly/AU/Dec.621 (XXVIII) of the 28th Assembly in January 2017.

Serbia's Law on Planning and Building has imposed the topics of energy efficiency in building sector, requiring adequate policy making and providing a starting point for improvement of the current situation in this field. Considering the fact that there are more than 3.200.000 housing units without any statistical classification a need arose for establishing a national building typology as a starting point for further decision making and appropriate activities definition regarding the existing housing stock.After joining EU TABULA (Typology Approach for Building Stock Energy Assessment) project, methodologies and approaches of the European countries have been analysed providing a common experience, at the same illustrating a need for identification and classification of local characteristics. In order to obtain adequate data a comprehensive survey has been conducted, providing a starting point for creation of typology. The National Typology has identified typical "model" buildings and defined the levels of improvement ranging from standard (according to the current law) to the low-energy level. The paper explains the methodology, procedures and local characteristics of the process and gives an insight in the activity describing the problems and potentials of the approach. ; Serbia's Law on Planning and Building has imposed the topics of energy efficiency in building sector, requiring adequate policy making and providing a starting point for improvement of the current situation in this field. Considering the fact that there are more than 3.200.000 housing units without any statistical classification a need arose for establishing a national building typology as a starting point for further decision making and appropriate activities definition regarding the existing housing stock.After joining EU TABULA (Typology Approach for Building Stock Energy Assessment) project, methodologies and approaches of the European countries have been analysed providing a common experience, at the same illustrating a need for identification and classification of local characteristics. In order to obtain adequate data a comprehensive survey has been conducted, providing a starting point for creation of typology. The National Typology has identified typical "model" buildings and defined the levels of improvement ranging from standard (according to the current law) to the low-energy level. The paper explains the methodology, procedures and local characteristics of the process and gives an insight in the activity describing the problems and potentials of the approach.

The transformations which took place in the Brazilian rural sector under the military regime can be seen as part of a nation-building project. Policies of agrarian modernization, the bureaucratization of power in the hinterland, and the extension of social benefits to the rural population, all interact to foster a new social identity. This argument is developed through a case study which analyzes changes in local economics and politics

Raymond Aron's treaty is one of the three pivotal works that set the canon for the realist theory in international relations. The founding act of the realist school was performed by E. H. Carr's The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939 his manifesto against the idealistic utopias of collective security, yet the first step toward the elaboration of a theory was carried Out by Hans Morgenthau in his Politics Among Nations, published in 1948. The ultimate -- although conceivably not the last -- effort in this direction was made forty years later, by Kenneth Waltz's Theory of International Politics. Amidst the two, Paix et guerre entre les nations embodies the transition between the classical school, indebted to history, law and philosophy, and the structuralist avant-garde. Adapted from the source document.

The original forms of social organisation show the close interdependence between political and religious systems. The religious pregnancy attributed to the phenomenon of nationality is part of that scenery of genealogical proximity between the political and the religious. The founding myths through which nationalities legitimize and consecrate themselves are just one of the various ways of conferring religious dimension to the national reality. Being a creation of modern times, the national spirit follows and spreads at the same time that the process of secularization of the already been designated. ; As formas originárias de organização social mostram a estreita interdependência entre sistemas políticos e sistemas religiosos. A pregnância religiosa atribuída ao fenómeno da nacionalidade insere-se nesse cenário de proximidade genealógica do político e do teológico. Os mitos fundadores com que as nacionalidades se legitimam e sacralizam são apenas uma das várias maneiras de conferir dimensão religiosa à realidade nacional. Sendo uma criação dos tempos modernos, o espírito nacional acompanha e difunde-se ao mesmo tempo que se intensifica o processo de secularização da sociedade ocidental. Assume, de modo paradoxal, o estatuto de "Deus da Modernidade" como já foi designado.

The original forms of social organisation show the close interdependence between political and religious systems. The religious pregnancy attributed to the phenomenon of nationality is part of that scenery of genealogical proximity between the political and the religious. The founding myths through which nationalities legitimize and consecrate themselves are just one of the various ways of conferring religious dimension to the national reality. Being a creation of modern times, the national spirit follows and spreads at the same time that the process of secularization of the already been designated. ; As formas originárias de organização social mostram a estreita interdependência entre sistemas políticos e sistemas religiosos. A pregnância religiosa atribuída ao fenómeno da nacionalidade insere-se nesse cenário de proximidade genealógica do político e do teológico. Os mitos fundadores com que as nacionalidades se legitimam e sacralizam são apenas uma das várias maneiras de conferir dimensão religiosa à realidade nacional. Sendo uma criação dos tempos modernos, o espírito nacional acompanha e difunde-se ao mesmo tempo que se intensifica o processo de secularização da sociedade ocidental. Assume, de modo paradoxal, o estatuto de "Deus da Modernidade" como já foi designado.