The article surveys the work of Russian and foreign researchers, which aims at defining such concepts as "ethnic group," "nation" and "people" in the context of nation-building in a heterogeneous society. The article briefly describes the main features of nation-building as they are seen from the standpoint of nationalism, multiculturalism, politics of identity and republican citizenship. The author offers an approach to interpreting nation-building in Singapore on the basis of analyzed concepts and viewpoints.Key words: nation-building, ethnicity, nation, nationalism, multiculturalism, politics of identity, republican citizenship, Singapore ; В статье дан реферативный обзор работ отечественных и зарубежных исследователей, посвященных вопросам определения таких понятий, как «этнос», «нация» и «народ», в контексте проблемы нациестроительства в гетерогенном обществе. Кратко изложены основные особенности нациестроительства с позиций национализма, мультикультурализма, политики идентичности и республиканского гражданства. На основе проанализированных концепций сделана попытка определить подход к проблеме нациестроительства в Сингапуре.Ключевые слова: нациестроительство, этнос, нация, национализм, мультикультурализм, политика идентичности, республиканское гражданство, Сингапур.
Kazakhstan, like most of the multi-ethnic post-Soviet states, in the course of state building, faced the problem of rallying the peoples living in the Republic. Two interrelated projects were being implemented on the political agenda of Kazakhstan: the construction of state institutions and the formation of a civil nation. In a multi-ethnic state, the project of a civil nation is difficult due to the attempts of the titular ethnic group to obtain additional advantages, which causes tension in interethnic relations. The identification of the population, often, occurs by ethnicity, therefore, the policy of civic identity in Kazakhstan is opposed to the "Kazakhization" of language, culture, and social practices. Nevertheless, the process of unification of the nation is successfully developing in the Republic, initiated by the political elite of Kazakhstan. Achievement of national unity was declared a strategic priority in the development of the country. The article analyzes the factors affecting collective identity in the Republic of Kazakhstan: demographic diversity, language policy, state symbols. The article concludes that Kazakhstan is building its statehood based on the domination of the Kazakh ethnic elite, while pursuing a policy of uniting different ethnic groups into a single Kazakh nation. ; Казахстан, как и большинство полиэтничных постсоветских государств, в ходе государственного строительства столкнулся с проблемой сплочения народов, проживающих в Республике. В политической повестке Казахстана реализовывались два взаимосвязанных проекта: строительство институтов государства и формирование гражданской нации. В полиэтничном государстве проект гражданской нации затруднен из-за попыток титульного этноса к получению дополнительных преимуществ, что вызывает напряженность в межэтнических отношениях. Идентификация населения, нередко, происходит по этнической принадлежности, поэтому политике гражданской идентичности в Казахстане противопоставляется «казахизация» языка, культуры, социальных практик. Тем не менее, в Республике успешно развивается процесс объединения нации, инициатором которого является политическая элита Казахстана. Стратегическим приоритетом в развитии страны было заявлено достижение национального единства. В статье проанализированы факторы, влияющие на коллективную идентичность в Республике Казахстан: демографическое разнообразие, языковая политика, государственные символы. В статье сделан вывод о том, что Казахстан строит свою государственность, основываясь на доминировании казахской этнической элиты, при этом проводя политику объединения разных этносов в единую казахстанскую нацию.
Acta Slavica Estonica is an international series of publications on current issues of Russian and other Slavic languages, literatures and cultures. This volume is part of the subseries Studia Russica Helsingiensia et Tartuensia, XIV, and unites scholars from Estonia, Finland, Russia, Ukraine, Germany, and Canada who belong to the tradition of the Tartu Lotman school. This collective monograph explores the development of national myth on the basis of a variety of materials from Russian culture, beginning from the Late Middle Ages and finishing with the Soviet epoch. The main part of the study is devoted to the Imperial period — the epoch during which the notion of nation arises. Analyzing the mechanisms used to construct national ideology, the authors especially stress the participation of literature and art in nation building: the role of the press, theatre, writers and their works in their dependence upon historical matters and political conjuncture.
The review analyses one of the most recent works by Serhii Plokhii, a renowned Ukrainian historian. In The Cossack Myth, Plokhii provides a complex analysis of the political and intellectual mechanisms involved in the construction of the Ukrainian nation, which served as a major impetus for the destruction of the Russian Empire in 1917 and the Soviet Union in 1991. Plokhii speculates that the source of the ideas that stimulated these processes was an anonymous essay from the beginning of the 19th century entitled The History of the Rus. According to the author, this work appeared exclusively as a result of how the repressive policies of the Russian government impeded the rights of the Ukrainian Cossacks and the local gentry. The ideas underlying this literary composition seemingly fuelled sentiments of opposition among Ukrainian intellectuals in the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods, and became the basis for the modern ideology of the Ukrainian nation. However, in his search for opposition among Ukrainian elites, the author seems to overlook many bifurcations, discontinuities, and the 'Russian trace' that all took part in the process of Ukrainian nation-building. ; В рецензии дан анализ одной из последних работ Сергея Плохия, известного украинского историка. В «Казацком мифе» Плохий постарался провести комплексный анализ политических и интеллектуальных механизмов строительства украинской нации, послуживших главным толчком к уничтожению Российской империи в 1917 г. и Советского Союза в 1991 г. Плохий доказывает, что интеллектуальным источником, стимулировавшим эти процессы, стало анонимное сочинение начала XIX в. «История русов». По мысли автора, данное сочинение появилось исключительно в результате репрессивной политики российского правительства, направленной против прав украинского казачества и местного дворянства. Заложенные в сочинении идеи подпитывали оппозиционные настроения украинских интеллектуалов дореволюционного и советского периодов, а также стали основной для идеологии современной Украины. В поисках оппозиционности среди украинской элиты Плохий упускает имевшие место развилки и разрывы, а также «русский след» в процессе конструирования украинской нации.
Contrary to the secularist approach, civilizational values including religion still play a significant role in realizing tasks of social and political development. The analysis of such mega-countries as Brazil, India, China and Russia shows why cultural and religious values retain their public value and how they can be applied in the process of modernization and nation-building. ; Вопреки концепциям сторонников секулярной парадигмы, цивилизационные, в т.ч. религиозные ценности остаются востребованными при решении задач общественно-политического развития. Рассматриваемые казусы сверхкрупных стран (Бразилия, Индия, Китай, Россия) показывают, почему культурно-религиозные ценности сохраняют свое публичное значение и как они могут быть востребованы в ходе модернизации и национального строительства.
In Sweden, the agricultural sector uses an estimated 3.7 TWh per year as electricity or fuel. About 34% of this total is estimated to be used in the production of beef, pork, eggs and milk, including the spreading of manure. Some energy is also used for harvesting ley and cereals as feed, which is not included. Most of the energy used is in the form of electricity (approx 63%). All these estimates are based on a 1981-1984 survey by Nilsson & Påhlstorp (1985). Most of the technical equipment is still the same today on farms of comparable size and production methods. However, herds of pigs and cattle are larger now, and therefore new equipment is being used. The average Swedish dairy farm is 39% larger (49 cows) than the EU-15 average (35.5 cows) and herd size is growing rapidly. The climate in winter at the study farms is not as cold as that in central Europe or northern Sweden, although air temperature was below 0ºC for about 3 months in 2006 (average -0.1ºC, Dec-Feb.) In the period June-August, the average temperature was 17.8ºC in 2005 and 19.1ºC in 2006. It only exceeded 30ºC for a period longer than three hours on seven occasions. Because of the climate, it is necessary to have artificial heating in buildings for sows (farrowing section). In all other buildings the animals produce enough heat themselves to keep the house warm. When breeding cattle or dry sows some farmers accept a low inside temperature. Swedish animal welfare legislation requires more space per animal than most other countries. Slatted floors in lying areas are only permissible for fattening steers. Cages for laying hens have to include a sand-bath, nest and perches. Another difference is that sows can only be kept in crates occasionally and can never be tied up. The purpose of this study was to collect data on energy use on modern farms of a size and with a level of technical equipment that could be expected to be in use for the next 10-15 years. The data obtained were then added to data from Nilsson & Påhlstorp (1985).The survey was conducted on 16 farms with buildings mainly constructed during the past 10 years and with modern equipment. All these farms except one were in the south of Sweden (Skåne, Halland, Lat. 55-56ºN) and the last one 180 km south-east of Stockholm (Lat. 58ºN). The study was structured as follows: - Four complete dairy farms were studied in detail and another three were studied because they had interesting technical equipment that was not installed on the first four farms. - Three farms with pigs were studied. One had an FTS-system (Farrowing To Slaughter in the same pen), one a farrowing-growing system (Farrowing to approx. 25 kg/11 weeks in the same pen), and one had fattening pigs (approx. 25-110 kg). - Two farms with laying hens were studied. One had furnished cages and the other had laying hens on floors. - Two broiler houses were studied. - Four different types of grain dryers were studied: batch drier, circulating batch drier, continuous drier and batch-in-bin drier with multiple stirring augers. To measure electricity use, electricity meters of the type used by power companies were installed. These meters distinguishing between feeding, ventilation, light, manure handling and, for some plants, cleaning/disinfection, heating, milking and packing of eggs. When all these were measured there was still some more electricity that was impossible to measure or to distribute to the right category. This was categorised as Miscellaneous. Meters were also installed for estimating the power (W) used at one piglet farm and at two dairy farms. The data were processed and are included in the appendices in order to allow estimations to be made for other farms and evaluations to reduce the use of energy (power). In milk production, energy use was between 930 and 1540 kWh/cow per year (0.125-0.203 kWh/L milk). The functions that used most energy were milking and feeding, which together used 65-75% of total energy. On farms that used a wheel loader and tractor for mixing Total Mixed Ration (TMR), energy consumption was higher than on those farms that used electrical engines for mixing. One litre of diesel was set to 9.8 kWh. Production of piglets (approx. 25 kg) used 689 kWh/sow per year, which means about 28.7 kWh/25 kg pig (assuming 24 piglets/sow & year). During the fattening period (25-110 kg), energy use was 20 kWh per pig. The total energy requirement to produce finishing pigs from birth to 110 kg was thus 48.7 kWh/110 kg pig or 1163 kWh/sow per year, assuming a sow produces 24 piglets per year. This can be compared with the FTS-system, which uses 2431 kWh/sow per year. This difference is not completely caused by different breeding systems but is more likely to be due to difference in buildings, and therefore to a greater need for energy for lighting and ventilation, and a higher temperature in the farrowing unit. The farm that used less energy heated the breeding areas with a heat-pump, while another used diesel as fuel. Most energy was used for heating (including the use of heat lamps). If the building for dry sows needs mechanical ventilation and artificial light, then this leads to a greater use of energy. Egg production with laying hens in furnished cages used 3.1 kWh/year per hen, while a system with free hens used 5.0 kWh/year per hen. Light and ventilation fans used most energy, but were also the functions that showed the greatest differences between the systems. The difference in energy used for light is most probably due to the higher light intensity and to the two extra hours of light each day in the system with free layers. In broiler production, the largest use of energy was heating (84%), followed by light (10.7%) and ventilation (3.6%). The energy needed to produce one broiler (1.5 kg) was an estimated 0.91 kWh. This value is an average of five batches due to large variations between batches. The use of electricity differed from 6% to 20% between similar houses. All the grain driers except the batch-in-bin drier used between 4.2 and 9.1 kWh per 1000 kg of grain during 2005 and 2006. Due to bad weather conditions the use of energy was 30% higher in 2006. The batch-in-bin dryer used 12.0 kWh per 1000 kg of grain 2006. Due to different technical standards the values are not directly comparable, but the data are valid for the separate functions.
This article analyzes the socio-political discourse of the religious actors as subjects of the process of the Russian nation building. On the base of the empirical materials of the Xth International Muslim forum the uthor analyzes the variety of the communicative roles of the leaders of the Russian Muftiat in the modern period. The article is concluded by the idea, that the identity referents produced by the Russian Muftiat are important for Russian Muslims and relevant to the strategic approaches of the ruling elite of Russia. ; В статье анализируется общественно-политический дискурс религиозных акторов в качестве субъектов процесса российского нациестроительства. На основе эмпирического материала Х Международного мусульманского форума делается вывод о пересмотре репертуара коммуникативных ролей лидеров российских муфтиятов в Новейшее время. Продуцируемые ими идентификационные референты значимы для российских мусульман и релевантны стратегическим подходам властной элиты России.
The purpose of the research is to define the main features of the cultural transformation of modern Belarusian society. The research methodology is based on the interdisciplinary approach and modern sociological, cultural and anthropological concepts and consists in using of the methods of system analysis for indication of strategic objectives and basic principles of cultural and structural-functional development, which allows viewing culture in its historical, axiological and functional integrity. Scientific novelty is connected with the new understanding of cultural transformation of the modern Belarusian society. The inchoate national identity, lack of support of the Belarusian language, and spiritual crisis hinders the development of the Belarusian national culture and do not resist cultural assimilation and erosion of the nation spiritual foundations. Conclusions. The development of the Belarusian culture depends on the Belarusian identity and statehood. The cultural transformation of the modern Belarusian society is characterized by the following features: the desire of the national elite to preserve the Belarusian cultural paradigm defined by the phenomena of revival, Christian enlightenment, a unique coexistence of the multi-confessional and pagan cultural forms, tolerance, openness and liberal form of thinking; a tragic gap between the creative sphere (intellectual, cultural and creative activities of the national elite) and the sphere of cultural functioning (non Belarusian mass culture, cultural assimilation, and Russification); the crisis in the Belarusian culture, caused by the crisis of the global Christian culture and by the post-Soviet nihilism as well as by low level of the national identity, decreasing of the Belarusian language use; a split of the Belarusian society mainly on the basis of geopolitical orientation and social identity and at the same time growing understanding by authorities of the necessity to strengthen the Belarusian cultural identity as well as their attempts to build a political nation on the basis of the state ideology. ; Цель работы состоит в определении основных особенностей культурной трансформации современного белорусского общества. Методология обусловлена междисциплинарным подходом с опорой на современные социологические, культурологические и антропологические концепции и основывается на использовании научных методов системного анализа для обозначения стратегических целей и базовых принципов культурного развития, а также структурно-функционального, позволяющего рассматривать культуру в ее исторической, аксиологической и функциональной целостности. Научная новизна состоит в расширении представлений о культурной трансформации современного белорусского общества, недооформленное национальное самосознание которого наряду с отсутствием поддержки белорусского языка и духовным кризисом препятствует развитию белорусской национальной культуры, не противостоит процессам культурной ассимиляции и размыванию духовных основ нации. Выводы. Развитие белорусской культуры тесно связано с процессом становления белорусского самосознания и государственности. Культурная трансформация современного белорусского общества характеризуется следующими чертами: стремлением национальной элиты сохранить белорусскую культурную парадигму, определяемую феноменами возрождения, христианского просветительства, уникального сосуществования многоконфессиональности и языческих культурных форм, исторически определивших жанровое богатство и духовную глубину фольклора, толерантностью, открытостью и либеральной формой мышления; трагическим разрывом между сферой творчества (интеллектуальное, культурное творчество и деятельность национальной элиты) и сферой функционирования (небелорусская массовая культура, культурная ассимиляция, русификация); кризисными явлениями в белорусской культуре, вызванными духовным кризисом в глобальной христианской культуре и постсоветским нигилизмом, недостаточно высоким уровнем национальной идентичности общества, сужением сферы употребления белорусского языка и др.; усиливающимся расколом белорусского общества преимущественно по принципу геополитической ориентации и социальной идентификации, одновременно на фоне войны в Украине растущим осторожным пониманием властью необходимости укрепления белорусской культурной самобытности и попытками создания политической нации.
The subject field of this article, devoted to the manifestation of the Islamic factor in the socio- political life of the Great Britain, is localized within the borders of Scotland. The authors emphasize the special (different from other regions of the UK) nature of the interaction of the Muslim ethno- confessional minority with the indigenous population of Scotland. Most attention is paid to the identity of Scottish Muslims. The article highlights that Scotland demonstrates its winning position for Muslims through the development of an inclusive identity. The authors make a prognostic conclusion that Scotland will maintain a policy of affirming common civic values that ensure the pluralism of various socio- cultural communities. According to the authors, the future of Scotland is a post-ethnic, transcultural socio- political state- organized space in which British-wide tensions between Muslims and non- Muslims will gradually decrease, and the Scottish tradition of equality and social justice will be strengthened. ; Предметное поле данной статьи, посвященой проявлению исламского фактора в социально- политической жизни Великобритании, локализуется в границах Шотландии. Авторы подчеркивают особый (отличающийся от других регионов Великобритании) характер взаимодействия мусульманского этноконфессионального меньшинства с коренным населением Шотландии. Наибольшее внимание уделяется вопросам идентичности шотландских мусульман. В статье подчеркивается, что Шотландия демонстрирует свои выигрышные позиции для мусульман благодаря развитию инклюзивной идентичности. Авторы делают прогностический вывод о том, что Шотландия будет сохранять политику утверждения единых гражданских ценностей, обеспечивающих плюрализм различных социокультурных сообществ. По мнению авторов, будущее Шотландии — это постэтническое, транскультурное социально- политическое государственно организованное пространство, в котором общебританская напряженность между мусульманами и немусульманами постепенно будет уменьшаться, а шотландская традиция равенства и социальной справедливости укрепится.
The article considers factors of customer loyalty to Russian commercial banks. The research conducted by the author shows that interest rates on deposits, bank reliability and orientation towards raising funds from individuals are the main factors determining the choice of a bank. The article presents a comparative analysis of the significance of these factors for March 2012 and September 2017. In March 2012, an increase in deposits rates had a positive influence on a bank market share; in September 2017, the influence was negative. Trend reversal is due to the Bank of Russia policy of banking sector cleaning that started in 2013 and implied revocation of bank licenses, bank sanitations, and control over interest rates on deposits set by banks. The higher level of bank reliability and client orientation have a positive effect on the bank's share in both periods.
The scientific report presents the results of a study of various approaches to the construction of modern quality management systems in medical organizations. Trends in the development of healthcare systems in the world and in the Russian Federation are analyzed, it is shown what role, on the one hand, the development of the infrastructure of medical care for the population, the staff of medical organizations, and on the other hand, the satisfaction of patients with the quality of the services provided to them by the medical organization, plays.
This article presents the results of a sociological study aimed at examining the strategies that people living in apartment complexes choose in terms of economic behavior in a situation when funds are being collected for major renovation. Under Russian federal law № 271-FZ, home owners must participate in major renovations of community property in apartment complexes on conditions of state co-financing. As a result, citizens are involved in producing a common good in the form of major housing renovation. Given such a situation, people could opt for both pro-social, based on monthly payments for major renovations, and egotistical strategies, which involve refusal to make mandatory payments. Analyzing the economic behavior of people living in apartment complexes in the vein of J. Coleman's rational choice theory allowed for establishing three groups of factors which define the choice of either pro-social or egotistical strategies. The first group of factors acts on an individual level and defines the proportion of those gains and losses considered by an individual when deciding on whether to transfer funds for major renovations. These include subjective evaluation of the building's technical state and financial status. The second group of factors is linked to expectations regarding the actions of other residents in terms of collecting funds for major renovations. The third group of factors manifests itself during interactions between apartment owners and the corporate actors implementing the major renovation program. Trust towards these actors becomes a crucial factor. The influence of the highlighted factors on choosing economic behavior strategies when it comes to collecting funds for major renovations was researched during a sociological study conducted in Yaroslavl using questionnaire method in 2015 and 2018. 600 respondents were surveyed in each of these studies. It was determined that the economic behavior of home owners in apartment complexes is subject to the following strategies: pro-social ("cooperation", "conformal") and egotistical ("maximin", "competitive", "aggressive"). When comparing the results of both studies, an increase in the amount of proponents of pro-social strategies is apparent. The highlighted tendency corresponds to an increase in the amount of funds collected for major renovations. Pro-social strategies are preferred by residents with average or high financial status, who consider the quality of completed major renovations to be good. These people are convinced that other residents transfer monthly payments in full, and they trust the governmental institutions implementing the major renovation program.
In his recent book, the renowned expert on nationalism Aleksei Miller aims to make a comparative historical analysis of how the idea of the nation has been evolving in the Russian and European contexts, and, secondly, to introduce fundamental concepts and approaches to the problems of nationalism in world science. To examine the dynamics of the concept of nation, the author relies on the methods of conceptual history put forward by Reinhart Koselleck, the history of political discourse and thought by Quentin Skinner and J. G. A. Pocock, discourse analysis by Michel Foucault, and concepts of cultural, conceptual, and institutional transfers. The author follows the adventures of the concept of "nation" on Russian soil, which is of readily apparent interest and novelty. Miller starts from the Petrine era when, as he supposes, the concept was borrowed from Europe as a result of diplomatic contacts. As early as the eighteenth century, the word "nation" was used in two ways: on the one hand, as a counterpart to the word "narod" that had been previously used in the Russian language and, on the other hand, in its European meaning of a noble corporation and a sovereign state. An important advantage of the book is that Miller's review of the "nation" concept includes recent political events. He analyses the effectiveness of "nation-state" and "statenation" patterns, and explains the semantic difference between the frequently used notions of "Russian" and "Russia's" and between the English "national self-determination" and its Russian counterpart. Despite its undoubted relevance and usefulness, the book leaves a number of questions open. First of all, although its title is Nation or the Power of Myth, the book says nothing about myth – neither the concept nor its relation to "nation". The author does not give a clear definition of the "nationalisation of dynasty" or his "beforeafter" opposition, which are crucial for his speculation. He does not comment on his alternative name for the well-known concept of imagined communities by Benedict Anderson. Inspecting historical examples of states to illustrate the dynamics of "nation" and nationalism, Miller leaves out the Habsburg monarchy, although it provided one of the most striking cases in the history of nation-building and national movements. Finally, the principle on which footnotes have been included is unclear throughout the text. ; В своей недавно вышедшей книге известный специалист в области изучения национализма ставит цель продемонстрировать в сравнительно-историческом ключе то, как эволюционировало содержание понятия «нация» в российском и общеевропейском контекстах, и представить основные концепции и подходы к изучению национализма в мировой науке. Методологическую базу исследования динамики понятия «нация» составили «история понятий» Р. Козеллека, история политического языка и концепций Кв. Скиннера и Дж. Покока, история дискурсов М. Фуко и концепции культурных, понятийных и институциональных трансферов. Несомненный интерес и определенную новизну представляет прослеживание автором приключений понятия «нация» на российской почве, начало которых Миллер относит к Петровской эпохе, когда это понятие, по его предположению, было заимствовано из Европы в результате дипломатических контактов. Уже с XVIII в. слово «нация» использовалось двояко: с одной стороны, как аналог ранее утвердившегося в русском языке понятия «народ», с другой – в европейской его трактовке как дворянской корпорации или суверенного государства. К несомненным достоинствам книги А. Миллера относятся доведение обзора трансформаций содержания понятия «нация» до последних политических событий современности, анализ эффективности моделей «нации-государства» и «государства-нации», пояснение смысловой разницы между активно используемыми в наши дни понятиями «российскость» и «русскость», national self-determination и «национальное самоопределение». При всей актуальности и несомненной полезности книга оставляет читателю ряд вопросов. Прежде всего, несмотря на название, в ней ничего не говорится о мифе – ни как о понятии, ни как о его отношении к нации. Автор не раскрывает такие ключевые в его рассуждениях понятия, как «национализация династии» и оппозиция «раньше – позже» в динамике «нации». Без комментариев остается название известной концепции Б. Андерсона «воображенные сообщества» вместо привычного «воображаемые сообщества». В число исторических примеров государств, с которыми связана история понятий нации и национализма, Миллер не включает габсбургскую монархию, представлявшую собой один из наиболее ярких случаев в истории нациестроительства и национальных движений. Ко всему прочему, неясен принцип выборочности библиографических ссылок.
