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The research objective is the identification of the negative image of the Russian state in computer games of the western developers. The characteristics and tendencies are given in the development of virtual game space from the first person (shooters) where the image of the enemy of the Russian origin is created. Virtual game communications are considered as a special form of social interaction on the Internet where technologies of political convictions and increase in level of hostility of rather specially chosen object are approved.The research has cross-disciplinary character. When studying virtual game network space authors used structurally functional and sociocultural approach.Computer games can serve as platform for the information wars, first of all, directed against the Russian youth.Destructive communicative strategy is used in the computer games devoted to World War II where the role and value of participation of the Soviet Union in a victory over fascist Germany is leveled. It is reached in fictional images of Russia in virtual reality which do not relies on objective reality of historical process and carries a negative connotation.Computer games are time the tool which can put motives of political and ideological hatred, xenophobia or hostility concerning any social group or the country

La Ley General de Sanidad 14/1986 de 25 de Abril posibilitó el tránsito del antiguo modelo de Seguridad Social al actual modelo de Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS), financiado con impuestos y de cobertura prácticamente universal. Desde entonces se han producido profundos cambios en el sistema que culminaron en el año 2002 con la descentralización total de competencias en materia de salud en las Comunidades Autónomas. La regulación nacional de competencias en materia de salud se realiza desde el Consejo Interterritorial del Sistema Nacional de Salud, organismo que agrupa a los máximos responsables autonómicos en materia de salud de cada Comunidad Autónoma y que tiene entre otras, la responsabilidad de evitar las desigualdades en servicios sanitarios dentro del territorio nacional. La creación y competencias del Consejo Interterritorial quedan recogidas en la Ley 16/2003 de 28 de mayo de Cohesión de la calidad del Sistema Nacional de Salud. La cartera de servicios comunes del SNS se establece en el Real Decreto 1030/2006 de 15 de Septiembre, actualizando el Real Decreto 63/1995 de 20 de enero sobre Ordenación de las prestaciones sanitarias, resultando del actual marco legislativo con la descentralización de competencias y gestión de los presupuestos un horizonte de posible variabilidad en los modelos de gestión de cada CCAA, que, si bien deben garantizar la universalidad de las prestaciones, también ofrece una diversidad de modalidades de gestionar los recursos en materia de salud. En cuanto al estado de salud de los españoles, destacar que la esperanza de vida al nacer se sitúa en 79,9 años, superior a la media europea, 78,3 años, y la esperanza de vida ajustada por incapacidad fue en 2002 de 72,6 años en España respecto a los 70,8 de la UE. Según cifras del propio Ministerio de Sanidad, la percepción de la salud de los ciudadanos fue positiva para un 73% de los hombres y un 63,2 de las mujeres. Alrededor del 60% de la población tiene un peso normal y la morbilidad sitúa en los primeros lugares las enfermedades del aparato circulatorio, el cáncer y las enfermedades del aparato respiratorio (CIE-9). El gasto sanitario en España, es un capítulo presupuestario importante, al situarse en torno al 7,5 del P.I.B, y los recursos e inversiones presentan aparentes desigualdades autonómicas. Los modelos de gestión y dependencia patrimonial de los recursos, variables entre Autonomías, plantean la necesidad de monitorizar un seguimiento que permita evaluar en los próximos diez años el impacto de la descentralización de competencias del Sistema. La estructura del Sistema tiene dos niveles asistenciales mayoritarios, atención primaria y especializada, absorbiendo la atención especializada la mayor parte del presupuesto. El incremento del gasto sanitario y la universalidad de las prestaciones han condicionado en gran medida la implantación de modelos de gestión diferentes a los tradicionales. Esta situación no es exclusiva del Estado Español. En los Estados del entorno de la Unión Europea, el Consejo de Ministros de Sanidad de la UE en su sesión celebrada los días 1 y 2 de Junio de 200625 concluyeron un documento que recoge los valores y principios comunes de los sistemas sanitarios de los países de la Unión Europea, resaltando los principios y valores de los sistemas sanitarios como soporte estructural de dichos estados. Como conclusión, en este momento (2007) el Sistema Nacional de Salud Español, está inmerso en un proceso de trasformación orientado a garantizar la eficiencia de las prestaciones de manera responsable, es decir, ofertar al ciudadano la mejor calidad de servicios al mínimo coste. ; The Health General Law 14/1986 of April 25 made possible the step from the old Social Security model to the current Health National System model. Since then it has taken place deep changes of the system which culminate in 2002 in the total decentralization of the Comunidades Autonomas health competitions. The result of the current legislative frame is the competitions decentralization and budgets management whith a possible variability of the CCAA management models, which shows us the need to monitor a follow-up that make possible to evaluate the System competitions decentralization in the next ten years.

La Ley General de Sanidad 14/1986 de 25 de Abril posibilitó el tránsito del antiguo modelo de Seguridad Social al actual modelo de Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS), financiado con impuestos y de cobertura prácticamente universal. Desde entonces se han producido profundos cambios en el sistema que culminaron en el año 2002 con la descentralización total de competencias en materia de salud en las Comunidades Autónomas. La regulación nacional de competencias en materia de salud se realiza desde el Consejo Interterritorial del Sistema Nacional de Salud, organismo que agrupa a los máximos responsables autonómicos en materia de salud de cada Comunidad Autónoma y que tiene entre otras, la responsabilidad de evitar las desigualdades en servicios sanitarios dentro del territorio nacional. La creación y competencias del Consejo Interterritorial quedan recogidas en la Ley 16/2003 de 28 de mayo de Cohesión de la calidad del Sistema Nacional de Salud. La cartera de servicios comunes del SNS se establece en el Real Decreto 1030/2006 de 15 de Septiembre, actualizando el Real Decreto 63/1995 de 20 de enero sobre Ordenación de las prestaciones sanitarias, resultando del actual marco legislativo con la descentralización de competencias y gestión de los presupuestos un horizonte de posible variabilidad en los modelos de gestión de cada CCAA, que, si bien deben garantizar la universalidad de las prestaciones, también ofrece una diversidad de modalidades de gestionar los recursos en materia de salud.En cuanto al estado de salud de los españoles, destacar que la esperanza de vida al nacer se sitúa en 79,9 años, superior a la media europea, 78,3 años, y la esperanza de vida ajustada por incapacidad fue en 2002 de 72,6 años en España respecto a los 70,8 de la UE. Según cifras del propio Ministerio de Sanidad, la percepción de la salud de los ciudadanos fue positiva para un 73% de los hombres y un 63,2 de las mujeres. Alrededor del 60% de la población tiene un peso normal y la morbilidad sitúa en los primeros lugares las enfermedades del aparato circulatorio, el cáncer y las enfermedades del aparato respiratorio (CIE-9). El gasto sanitario en España, es un capítulo presupuestario importante, al situarse en torno al 7,5 del P.I.B, y los recursos e inversiones presentan aparentes desigualdades autonómicas. Los modelos de gestión y dependencia patrimonial de los recursos, variables entre Autonomías, plantean la necesidad de monitorizar un seguimiento que permita evaluar en los próximos diez años el impacto de la descentralización de competencias del Sistema. La estructura del Sistema tiene dos niveles asistenciales mayoritarios, atención primaria y especializada, absorbiendo la atención especializada la mayor parte del presupuesto. El incremento del gasto sanitario y la universalidad de las prestaciones han condicionado en gran medida la implantación de modelos de gestión diferentes a los tradicionales. Esta situación no es exclusiva del Estado Español. En los Estados del entorno de la Unión Europea, el Consejo de Ministros de Sanidad de la UE en su sesión celebrada los días 1 y 2 de Junio de 200625 concluyeron un documento que recoge los valores y principios comunes de los sistemas sanitarios de los países de la Unión Europea, resaltando los principios y valores de los sistemas sanitarios como soporte estructural de dichos estados. Como conclusión, en este momento (2007) el Sistema Nacional de Salud Español, está inmerso en un proceso de trasformación orientado a garantizar la eficiencia de las prestaciones de manera responsable, es decir, ofertar al ciudadano la mejor calidad de servicios al mínimo coste. ; ABSTRACT The Health General Law 14/1986 of April 25 made possible the step from the old Social Security model to the current Health National System model. Since then it has taken place deep changes of the system which culminate in 2002 in the total decentralization of the Comunidades Autonomas health competitions. The result of the current legislative frame is the competitions decentralization and budgets management whith a possible variability of the CCAA management models, which shows us the need to monitor a follow-up that make possible to evaluate the System competitions decentralization in the next ten years.

Way of implementing transitional justice into national contexts is the parallel implementation of four conflict de-escalation strategies consisting of truth-seeking, judicial processes, reparations programs and institutional reforms. In this sense, the objective of this editorial is twofold, on the one hand, to present volume 41, number 78 of Political Questions and, on the other, to practical aspects of the transitional justice model implementation. The author substantiates that the process of transitional justice implementing is endowed with a certain ideological component serving the purpose of transitional justice implementing. The authors concept definition of "transitional justice model implementation" was proposed. It is noted that the mixed implementation mechanism of the studied model, combining domestic and international efforts in the field of peace building is the most acceptable for Ukraine. The author draws attention to the interdependence of the national context and the relevant mechanisms for the transitional justice implementation. The author concludes that implementation mechanisms are determined depending on the exigencies of the post-conflict society.

The construction of discourse isindispensable to the construction of nationalimage to a large extent, particularly a set ofdiscourse built from various perspectives. Itmust pertain to the real fact of the country andto the needs of her future development. Moreimportantly, it must be effective. Consideringthe characteristics of the national image and itsconstruction discourse, the discourse system ofour country's national image needs, first of all,to have a good treatment of the corecharacteristics of our country's national image;meanwhile, it also needs to have a goodhandling of the basic characteristics of ourcountry's national image. Specifically speaking,it is necessary to take in account of factors likeethnicity, culture, politics, space-time andcognition of national image discourse for onething; it is also necessary to take into accountsuch factors as stability, multi-dimension,inheritance and creation, and the crisiscoordination of national image discourse foranother.

ABSTRACT The article analyzed the laws of the United States and the Russian Federation in order to determine the key points of protecting the interests of minor children in the divorce of their parents. The purpose is a comparative examination of theoretical and practical problems of the implementation of child support obligations of parents in Russia and the United States. The authors used a combination of philosophical, general and private, scientific methods of cognition of theoretical and empirical material, considering historical, political, and national characteristics. The study has allowed identifying some significant problems.RESUMEN El artículo analizó las leyes de los Estados Unidos y la Federación de Rusia con el fin de determinar los puntos clave para proteger los intereses de los menores en el divorcio de sus padres. El propósito es un examen comparativo de los problemas teóricos y prácticos de la implementación de las obligaciones de manutención infantil de los padres en Rusia y los Estados Unidos. Los autores utilizaron una combinación de métodos filosóficos, científicos generales y científicos privados de cognición de material teórico y empírico, considerando características históricas, políticas y nacionales. El estudio ha permitido identificar algunos problemas importantes.

"Venezuela: 4th & 5th republics" (Neira Fernández, Enrique) ; Presentation ; I. Conceptual frame ; Challenges and modernization ; Reforms of the state ; Governance ; Genuineness ; Decentralization ; Democracy ; Leadership ; Militarism ; Democratic caesarism ; Populism ; Violence ; Revolution ; Socialism ; II. The fourth republic (Before Chávez) ; A look back ; The economic thing ; The social thing ; The political thing ; The ethical thing ; III. The fith republic (In the times of Chávez) ; Introduction ; The strong man ; The process. Political ideology ; The process. Characteristics ; The beautiful revolution ; Gusty future ; Conclusion. The quadrature of the circle ; neira@intercable.net.ve ; Nivel analítico

Innovation policies are currently one of the main axes for improving the efficiency of national economies in developed and developing countries. The innovation policy includes a comprehensive system of activities. In Russia, increasing the specific weight of commercial entities engaged in innovative activities is among the most important objectives for the short term. The aim of our study was to evaluate the use of innovation based on taking into account the specific weight of organizations that perform innovations in the total number of organizations operating in the regions of Russia. Our study was based on official statistical information on the 82 regions of Russia for 2017-2019. Economic-mathematical models have been developed that describe the specific weight of the organizations that implement innovation. There are no significant changes in the indicators for the years indicated. It has been shown that, to date, almost one in five organizations in the Russian Federation has used innovation in their activities. In addition, they have identified the regions with maximum and minimum values of the specific weightings of innovative organizations for 2019.

Este artículo está dedicado al análisis de los procesos de migración en el Imperio ruso (XVIII - principios del siglo XX). El objeto del estudio fueron las relaciones sociales asociadas con los procesos de migración de la población (externa e interna) en el Imperio ruso en el período especificado. Se presta especial atención a las normas del derecho nacional ruso en el Imperio ruso desde principios del siglo XVIII hasta principios del siglo XX, que consagran los principios de regulación legal de las relaciones jurídicas en el campo de los procesos migratorios; posición de la doctrina jurídica rusa en el campo del derecho migratorio. ; This article is devoted to the analysis of migration processes in the Russian Empire (XVIII – early XX centuries). The object of the study was social relations associated with the processes of population migration (external and internal) in the Russian Empire in the specified period. Particular attention is paid to the norms of Russian national law in the Russian Empire from the beginning of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, enshrining the principles of legal regulation of legal relations in the field of migration processes; position of the Russian legal doctrine in the field of migration law.

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the exercise of corporate rights under the civil law of Ukraine in order to identify their specific characteristics. Through a documentary methodology, close to legal hermeneutics, it was concluded that the participant of a legal entity (company) may have not only corporate rights but also other rights over this legal entity (company). Therefore, it is not enough to say that the rights of a person whose participation is defined in the authorized capital are corporate. It is important that the content of these rights is due to the ownership share (share, number of shares) in the authorized capital of the legal person (company). It was also found that intangible corporate rights must be distinguished from the personal intangible rights of the individual. The concepts of "non-economic rights" and "non-economic personal rights" are not identical. In relation to a person, intangible rights should be divided into two types: non-economic rights that are not closely related to a person (e.g., non-economic corporate rights); intangible rights that are closely related to a person and are inseparable from a person (personal intangible rights).

This article discusses the role of the Russian court in accusatory criminal proceedings. At the legislative and practical levels, there is uncertainty about the degree of judicial activity in relation to the question of evidence. The theoretical model of the accusatory system assumes that there is minimal judicial intervention in the investigative proceedings of the parties. The latter must act and defend their position in the criminal case. The court is supposed to have a passive stance. The methodological basis of this study is composed of general scientific and legal methods such as dialectical, historical, systematic, comparative legal, formal-logical methods, etc. Most countries that practice an accusatory model of criminal justice grant the court a certain level of action that allows it to participate fully in the evidence during trials. By way of conclusion, it is suggested to improve the capabilities of the Russian court to actively investigate the evidence, as well as to offer new forms of defense to the parties.

The research exposes the introduction of the necessary changes in the regulatory and legislative framework related to armed aggression and martial law regime for holding sports events in various sports. In this context, the features of the legal regulation of relations in the field of professional sports during the war are discussed. The features of competitive and training activities of athletes from the eastern regions of Ukraine are analyzed in connection with the destruction of sports infrastructure, evacuation to other regions and out of the country. The authors emphasize the national-patriotic position of Ukrainian athletes. As stated and substantiated in the article, many famous and successful Ukrainian athletes make a significant contribution to the information struggle at the international level to completely eliminate Russian and Belarusian athletes and world sports teams and actively participate in numerous charitable fundraising projects, sacrificing their own. It is concluded that sports activities can be a mechanism of resistance to military aggression.

The present paper studies the mass and uncontrollable streams of migrants into the European Union (EU) starting from 2014. In scientific and public discourse, this phenomenon was called the "migratory crisis". The paper analyzes the causes of forced migration from Africa and the Middle East, which is characterized both by national and global problems. The authors reveal the ambiguous position of EU member states with respect to the illegal migration and identify two basic approaches, which were formed in the course of political discussions concerning this crisis in the context of EU safety. In particular, the research shows the changes in the content of threats to the EU member states, caused by the uncontrollable migration in the recent decades. The article presents a survey of the fundamental characteristics of migratory crisis, the measures developed by the EU structures for its overcoming and the results of their implementation.

The aim of the study was to examine the positions of various social groups, reflecting the controversial and contradictory aspects of the process of identity construction in post-Soviet Russia and the factor of memory politics. The article reveals the characteristics of the post-Soviet identity-building process and the related politics of memory under the century-end systemic transformation that has launched a new existential project in Russia. Collective identity is formed in a new social space: the global dichotomy of globalization and localization. Methodologically, it is a documentary research close to the analysis of discourse. The process of transition from the Soviet Union to post-Soviet space and the construction of the new state on the ruins of the socialist empire will keep the problems of a new identity and the politics of memory relevant soon. It is concluded that thirty years after the liquidation of the socialist project, the crisis of collective identity in Russia and the "battle for history" and a new Russian national unity are not over. However, persistent social atomization and conflict-triggering narratives of various socio-cultural communities and ideological groups persist.