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In Brazil, the federal government is responsible for disseminating every four years updated versions of three defense guidance documents: the National Defense Policy, the National Defense Strategy, and the White Paper on National Defense. The authorities guide the Brazilian armed forces on these documents among various regulations. This descriptive work contributes to existing studies on Brazilian defense policy from the search and reading of official documents published by the Brazilian government between 1996 and 2020, focused on the conceptions of security and defense. Beyond documentary research, the review of the current literature on the subject helps us understand the impacts of regulations and their updates on the use of armed forces. It is argued that, despite the difficulties in updating, successive governments maintained certain inertia in modernizing the country's defense policy. Although updated, the documents preserve old concepts that allow the intensive use of the armed forces in internal missions. The paper concludes that, since the first National Defense Policy, successive concessions to the military were recorded in the documents to enable interventions in internal affairs, including military missions related to public security. In brief, it highlights the maintenance of the obsolete concept of national security, the reference to military documents (e.g., the Glossary of the Armed Forces and the Guarantee of Law and Order), and a careless expansion of the scope of security to any threats. ; En Brasil, cabe al gobierno federal divulgar, a cada cuatro años, versiones actualizadas de tres documentos orientadores de defensa: la Política Nacional de Defensa, la Estrategia Nacional de Defensa y el Libro Blanco de Defensa Nacional. Entre diversas normativas, las autoridades orientan las fuerzas armadas brasileñas sobre su empleo en estos documentos. En tal sentido, el propósito de este trabajo descriptivo es aportar a los estudios existentes sobre la política de defensa brasileña desde la búsqueda y lectura de los documentos oficiales, publicados por el gobierno brasileño de 1996 a 2020, con enfoque en las concepciones de seguridad y defensa. Para allá de la investigación documental, la revisión de la literatura actual sobre el tema nos auxilia a comprender los impactos de las normas y sus actualizaciones en el uso de las fuerzas armadas. Se argumenta que, pese a las dificultades em las actualizaciones, los sucesivos gobiernos mantuvieron cierta inercia en el esfuerzo de modernizar la política de defensa en el país. Sin embargo, aunque actualizados, los documentos conservan antiguos conceptos que posibilitan el empleo intensivo de las fuerzas armadas en misiones internas. El trabajo desarrollado nos llevó a concluir que, desde la primera Política de Defensa Nacional, sucesivas concesiones a los militares se registraron en los documentos de modo a posibilitar intervenciones en asuntos internos, entre ellos misiones militares relacionadas con la seguridad pública. En resumen, destacamos en el artículo el mantenimiento del obsoleto concepto de seguridad nacional, la referencia a documentos militares, como el Glosario de Las Fuerzas Armadas y la Garantía de la Ley y el Orden, y una descuidada ampliación del alcance de la seguridad para amenazas de cualquier naturaleza. ; No Brasil, cabe ao governo federal divulgar, a cada quatro anos, versões atualizadas de três documentos orientadores da defesa: a Política Nacional de Defesa, a Estratégia Nacional de Defesa e o Livro Branco de Defesa Nacional. Entre diversas normativas, as autoridades orientam as forças armadas brasileiras sobre seu emprego nesses documentos. Nesse sentido, o propósito do presente trabalho descritivo é contribuir com os estudos existentes sobre a política de defesa brasileira a partir do levantamento e da leitura dos documentos oficiais, publicados pelo governo brasileiro de 1996 a 2020, com foco nas concepções de segurança e defesa. Para além da pesquisa documental, a revisão da literatura corrente sobre o tema nos auxilia a compreender os impactos das normas e de suas atualizações no emprego das forças armadas. Nosso argumento central é que, apesar dos percalços nas atualizações, os sucessivos governos mantiveram certa inércia no esforço de modernizar a política de defesa do país. No entanto, ainda que atualizados, os documentos conservaram antigos conceitos que possibilitam o emprego intensivo das forças armadas em missões internas. O trabalho desenvolvido nos levou a concluir que, desde a primeira Política de Defesa Nacional, sucessivas concessões aos militares foram registradas nos documentos de modo a possibilitar intervenções em assuntos internos, entre eles missões militares relacionadas à segurança pública. Em suma, destacamos, neste artigo, a manutenção do obsoleto conceito da segurança nacional, a referência a documentos militares, como o Glossário das Forças Armadas e a Garantia da Lei e da Ordem, e uma descuidada ampliação do escopo da segurança para ameaças de qualquer natureza.

This article argues that there is a confluence between the US National Security Strategy & the "Report Albright." Both documents converge in what concern the US sought to have a lesser active role in the international system, & in the idea that if the Alliance's member states accept the proposals of the "Report Albright," NATO will be a fundamental stage to redefine the international order rules, as well as will acquire a pivotal entity role regarding the relations with international organizations & emerging powers. Adapted from the source document.

The article discusses Strategic Studies from its beginnings in support of the plea of its central role in National Defense affairs. It discusses why such an 'interdiscipline' came into being, the cyclical character of its application in civilian & military education & research & the capital role of Clausewitzs Theory of War in its development. It shares, as conclusions, some concerns about the current state of Strategic Studies. Adapted from the source document.

This article analyses a series of legal and illegal state policies and ruling-party strategies, of a repressive nature or involving political perse-cution, which were implemented by Peronist governments between 1973 and 1976, in the period prior to the military dictatorship that imposed State terrorism in Argentina. The observation of these practices is combined with the study of the discourses of diverse members of the political system from the period.The study reveals the gradual establishment of a discourse about "national security", that is to say, based on the idea of a subversive enemy of a domestic nature and alien to the "national spirit". The Argentinian case study shows that this type of discourse, which is generally associated with the military regimes of the Southern Cone, also existed and was put into practice in constitutional regimes. ; In the 60s and 70s in Brazil, the Armed Forces were involved in the political repression under the inspiration of the National Security doctrine and the French military thought about Revolutionary War. According to these theories, this new kind of war, which combined military operations and political propaganda, required a strong intervention of the armed forces and the police, as well as the full knowledge of the techniques and tactics of the enemy, which was done by means of a strict information control. Much of this information was obtained through interrogation under torture of political prisoners. This article is about the themes of these interrogations, and the likely use of the collected information. Broadly, they were used in three fronts: Finding the enemy, knowing the structure and procedures of their organizations, and evaluating the militants' degree of involvement in political activities.

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the National Defense Strategies of the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) in order to verify how the four countries evaluate the strategic landscape of this century, especially regarding the balance of power between the Great Powers, their immediate geographical surroundings and their relationship with the US. This work addresses specifically the similarities and differences among them and how these differences reflect in their respective defense policies. Among the four cases, the Brazilian one will be in especial focus. Adapted from the source document.

Computing, electronics and internet provides the free and fast flow of information across the globe. In a way, modern society depends on these autonomous control systems. However, this technological innovation requires a price to be paid: investment in cyber security of people, data, information and infrastructure. Some countries have already absorbed the issue as a matter of state and institutionalized government structures to take care exclusively of it. This paper presents some relevant points of the International Strategy for Cyberspace of the United States, besides the positioning of Russia and India on the subject. It then presents an overview of the Brazilian situation, from the the National Defense Strategy, a document that introduces the responsibility of protecting Brazilian cyberspace. It shows the arrangement, in the federal government hierarchy, of the various national agencies and organizations responsible for conducting intelligence activities necessary for the national security of Brazil. Finally, it provides an overview of the IT infrastructure existing in Brazil, especially in the federal public administration.

In this paper, the author describes briefly the basic characteristics of Brazil, analyzing, in the light of the present political and economic advances, issues such as democratization, economic stability, changes in land occupation and exploration, science and technology and the social question. The insertion of Brazil into the South-American, Latin American and hemispheric context is then examined. The author concludes that it is vital to carry out strategic studies with a view to setting guidelines and gathering proposals for the future insertion of Brazil abroad, especially in regard to its national defense policies and the establishment of long-term development planning. (Polit Externa/DÜI)

O momento de ataques à democracia e ruptura com políticas desenvolvidas pelos governos populares (2003-2016), no Brasil hoje, vem produzindo reverberações na política educacional e tem encontrado diversas resistências. Propomos neste texto, tratar das especificidades dessa forma de resistência que foi a realização da CONAPE, em maio de 2018, em Belo Horizonte. No desenvolvimento de nossa argumentação, primeiramente situamos o golpe e suas consequências no contexto do que chamamos de tsunami conservador transnacional que opera em diferentes dimensões e aspectos da vida social, em que vamos tratar das resistências em geral, e da CONAPE, em particular, apontando que a luta por um mundo justo e solidário não se deixa paralisar. ; The current scenario of attack on democracy and rupture with policies developed by popular governments (2003-2016) in Brazil has been producing reverberations in educational policies not without resistance. This article proposes to address the specific form of resistance that CONAPE (National Conference on Popular Education) held in May 2018. In the development of our argument, we first situate the coup and its consequences in the context of what we call a transnational conservative tsunami that operates in different dimensions and aspects of social life, in which we will deal with resistances in general, and CONAPE in particular, pointing that the struggle for a fair and solidarity world that does not allow itself to be paralyzed.

The aim of the paper is to delimit the definition of both concepts & levels of coverage of each policy in the Defense area & civil & military participation. Adapted from the source document.