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Art and architecture of the avant-guard in the beginning of 20 century supposed to be connected with the general upheaval in cultural and spiritual life. But phenomenon of creative enthusiasm cannot be fully explained in terms of political and cultural events. Moving forces of that historical moment are still unexplained. It is supposed that such creative outburst could be regarded in the context of spiritual and religious practice as a hidden resurrection of irrational attitudes of cult. ; Рассматривается проблема культурно-исторического истолкования искусства и архитектуры авангарда начала ХХ века и его связи с революционными настроениями. Движущие силы творческого энтузиазма этого исторического момента все еще остаются не до конца понятыми. Высказывается предположение, что эти феномены могут получить объяснение только при условии их анализа в контексте исторической судьбы иррациональных культовых практик.

"Terrorism's profile: nature, goals and motivations" (by Eduard Ozhiganov) delves into highly debatable issues of sociological investigations related to terrorism. After describing existing typologies of the phenomenon, mostly propagated in the USA, author offers his own definition of terrorism: an illegal preconceived use of physical or psychic violence (or threat of it) for further political goals aimed at civilians or non-combatants etc., to change current policies, their methods and structure. Arguing against some well-known views on the subject, author cites Russian experiences, especially with regard to 'Islamic extremism' in the Northern Caucasus, in particular, so called 'political Islam' exemplified by al-Quaeda activities in the region.

УДК 343The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of the legal nature and the system of other measures of criminallegal nature, specified in the Criminal legislation of the Russian Federation and the problems of application of these measures in the judicial practice. The author pays attention to the fact that these measures are quite common in the judicial practice, especially conditional sentence. The legislator establishes three of other measures of criminal-legal nature in section VI of the RF Criminal Code: compulsory measures of a medical nature, confiscation of property and judicial penalty. But the author of the article aims to prove that the system of other measures of criminal-legal nature is not exhausted by these three measures. The article substantiates the statement that the measures in question constitute independent institute of criminal law. The author analyzes in details the concept and the legal nature of other measures of criminal-legal nature, their difference from punishment. Since the other measures of criminal-legal character are varied and specific, the author considers that it is difficult to formulate a general definition of such measures. The author distinguishes three approaches in the theory of criminal law on the question about the system of measures under consideration: "wide", "narrow" and "balanced approach." The author adheres to the "balanced approach" and justifies the statement that the organization of other measures of criminal-legal nature can only be based on their legal nature. This leads to the conclusion that conditional sentence, postponement of punishment, postponement of punishment for drug addicts, compulsory measures of educational influence, compulsory measures of medical nature connected with the execution of the sentence should be referred to other measures ofcriminal law. The author substantiates the view that the legislator's decision about systematization of measures considered in Section VI of the RF Criminal Code is inconsistent and illogical. According to the author, the confiscation of property should be provided in the criminal legislation not as other measure of criminal law, but as an additional kind of punishment. Judicial fine should be excluded from the Criminal Code. Because of their specificity and diversity it is hardly expedient to allocate all the other measures of criminal-legal nature in one section of the RF Criminal Code. ; УДК 343Статья посвящена анализу понятия, юридической природы и системы иных мер уголовно-правового характера. Законодатель закрепляет три иные меры уголовно-правового характера в разделе VI УК РФ: принудительные меры медицинского характера, конфискация имущества и судебный штраф. Но автор в статье ставит цель доказать, что система иных мер уголовно-правового характера не исчерпывается этими тремя мерами. Автор обосновывает утверждение, что систематизировать рассматриваемые меры можно только опираясь на их юридическую природу. Это позволяет сделать вывод, что к иным мерам уголовно-правового характера следует относить условное осуждение, отсрочку отбывания наказания, отсрочку отбывания наказания больным наркоманией, принудительные меры воспитательного воздействия, принудительные меры медицинского характера, соединенные с исполнением наказания.

In this article the question about the influence of the natural sciences on the philosophical concepts of Arthur Schopenhauer and Vladimir Solovyov was raised. The influence of Kantian transcendental criticism on Schopenhauer's philosophy was studied. It was shown that this influence manifested itself very vividly in the Schopenhauer concept of «will to live». It was established that the ontological status of man as a «phenomenon» had an impact both on Schopenhauer's concept of death and on his ethics of compassion. It was emphasized that the natural world plays an important role in Soloviev's philosophical concept. According to Soloviev the nature of a person is determined by three needs: «animals, mental and heart», while the ontological basis of all these three needs is life, that is, the ability to «exist». It was indicated that the moral feelings of a person justified by Soloviev – shame, conscience, pity, and reverence – are a kind of human «response» of a rational being to its natural instincts and needs. The parallels between the philosophical views of Schopenhauer and Solovyov were drawn. On the basis of this parallels it was concluded that, despite the significant differences in the worldview of these two very different thinkers in nature, their approach to philosophy was largely identical and was characterized by scientific objectivity, interdisciplinarity, the skill of argumentation, the sharpness of the mind, the desire to give reasonable answers to the «last questions» of philosophy.

Due to current major changes of the geopolitical climate studying of international practices of providing nancial environment, which di ers from ordinary nancial products of banks and non-banking nancial organizations, is becoming increasingly important. There is a need to focus special attention to the nancing based on etic standards of doing business, which are common for most countries of Middle East region. The exploration of one or another etic standards as well as its re ection in the domestic legal systems of such countries allows extending the legal boarders in order to create a strong fundamental basis for cooperation between the state and the society, as well as between the legal parties, keeping consistent the essential nature of the civil law. The analysis of the main characteristics of transactional models, which are consistent with the etic principles, is advisable to make on the basis of the transactions common for the countries of the Islamic region. This article shows the main distinctive feature of the legal and religious rules, as well as it shows the main idea of the Islamic law. This article also shows the legal environments for the implementation of the legal norms consistent with ethical standards into the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The article is devoted to the study of legal resources, within the framework of information objects, the provision of Russian legislation. There are several approaches to the designation of the legal nature of detachments. The conclusion is that bloksn should not be considered as a separate information object. From the position of information law, offered primarily as a kind of information technology, on the basis of which there is a collection, processing, storage and transmission of information. From a legal point of view, the notebook can also be viewed as a decentralized distributed database ("ledger") of all confirmed transactions made with respect to certain assets, within the scope of which cryptographic algorithms lie.In the majority of cases, the block system should be considered as an information system, which is a register of information, as well as information processing technologies, including the formation and storage of accurate, specific data, confirming the totality of property and other rights and obligations of their holders, and allowing for electronic payments and other legally significant actions. ; Статья посвящена изучению правовой природы блокчейн в системе информационных объектов, предусмотренных российским законодательством. Существует несколько подходов к обозначению правовой природы блокчейн. Делается вывод, что блокчейн не следует рассматривать как отдельный информационный объект. С позиции информационного права блокчейн предложено рассматривать в первую очередь как разновидность информационных технологий, на основе которых происходит сбор, обработка, хранение и передача той или иной информации. С юридической точки зрения блокчейн также можно рассматривать как децентрализованную распределенную базу данных («учетная книга») всех подтвержденных транзакций, совершенных в отношении определенного актива, в основе функционирования которой лежат криптографические алгоритмы.В большинстве случаев блокчейн необходимо рассматривать и как информационную систему, представляющую собой реестр информации, а также информационные технологии обработки, в том числе формирования, хранения точных, конкретных данных, подтверждающих совокупность имущественных и иных прав и обязанностей их обладателей, и позволяющих осуществлять электронные расчеты и иные юридически значимые действия.

Historically, English criminal procedure is characterised by the role of private prosecution, which allowed each person to bring charges against any other person. A relic of the Middle Ages, it has nevertheless survived successfully to the present day, although it has undergone a number of significant transformations. Its remarkable resilience, despite its inability to serve as a fullfledged instrument of Crown criminal policy, is due to the fact that the ancient procedural form is constantly emerging with new uses. In the twentieth century there was a growing demand for it by commercial and noncommercial organizations who needed an instrument for the proactive prosecution (in public or private interests). Continental critics, who had earlier protested against the introduction of the English model of private prosecution into the criminal procedure of Germany or France, raised many objections against it, but the English history has shown that their fears were baseless. At the same time, the development of public prosecutions in England has greatly reduced the space for private initiative. Most of the procedural advances, among them the increased accessibility of criminal justice, were due to the expansion of the state.

This article presents the results of theoretical and empirical study of the psychological problems, which are arisen on the influence of high-intensity stressors on a personality. The post-traumatic stress, as a delayed complex response to a stress- or – a life-threatening disease, is considered as one of such consequences. On a sample of people (n = 39) diagnosed with meningioma (a benign tumor of the arachnoid mater), in the post-surgical period, a comprehensive psychological study was conducted using the interviewing and testing methods. The authors verified the hypothesis of a special configuration of personality characteristics and psychopathological symptoms at different levels of post-traumatic stress (PTS), caused by the reaction of the individual to the diagnosis of meningioma. The investigation demonstrates that at the high level of PTS such personality traits as depression, emotional lability, shyness and irritability are diagnosed, that are the most likely prerequisites for the development of psychopathological symptoms – depression, anxiety, paranoid ideation and psychoticism. It is concluded that the severe experience of post-traumatic stress, caused by the diagnosis of a life-threatening illness, systematically manifests itself at all levels of the individual functioning – organismal, psychological and social.

The goal of the present paper is to establish stages of evolution of approaches towards the understanding of nature of the economic entity. Importance of this analysis is based on the fact that both the understanding of this entity and terminology used to describe it has many contradictions. I propose and demonstrate the hypothesis that this evolution includes three stages (the first of them includes a separate substage). It is demonstrated that the economic entity represents now a more large notion than the firm, being rather an operator of non-market commercial transactions. The term «metafirm» is proposed to describe this operator. An example of metafirm is given, differences between the metafirm and the firm and the hybrid are described.

The paper discusses the endogenous nature of money supply for national economy in conditions of financial assets digitalization. The relevance of the research is justified by a changing economic environment in which money and other financial assets can act in a digital form. The objective of the study is to describe the possible changes in the money supply with adding digital financial assets to the household portfolio with the use of endoteric approach. We use the post-Keynesian postulates, in particular, horizontalizm, to describe the process of endogenous money creation by the banking system through lending. The underlying methodology is based on the use of stock-flow consistent (SFC) modeling approach. Unlike previous research, the article considers a wider range of financial instruments in portfolios of macroeconomic agents, which made it possible to specify the demand for credit more fully. It is concluded that the adding "new" digital financial assets to portfolios is likely to affect the expansion of savings diversification, rather than endogenous money supply. The importance of real output and disposable income growth for changing in savings, investments and the demand for credit is outlined.