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"This Article deals with the question weather, and if so how, security could be produced by technical innovations and communication about these innovations in the Early Modern period. The linkage between fire Security, by fire engines, technical knowledge and communication about this knowledge will be pointed out. With the discourse of the improvement of fire engines in journals of the Enlightenment a trigger for the change in the communication about fire engines can be found. But Further it is discussed how inventions for fire-safety can be evaluated in the transforming scientific society in the Early Modern period." (author's abstract)

Abstract
The "global IR" debate lacks systematic data on scholarship in different world regions, particularly outside the Web of Science (WoS). To close this gap, we compare 2,362 articles published in seventeen journals between 2011 and 2015. We map each article's overall approach, main theories, and substantive issue area. These content data are combined with information on the author's biographical background. Crucially, our sample also includes journals from East Asia, Africa, Latin America, Europe, and North America not indexed in the WoS. We find a bifurcated Transatlantic core of IR, with an emphasis on quantitative-rationalist research on one side compared to more constructivist and critical theorizing on the other. Journals outside the core more often feature articles with a descriptive approach, and this tendency is not limited to atheoretical works. Theoretical paradigms vary in popularity between regions. Many articles draw on multiple theories, including concepts from adjacent fields, which supports the notion of analytical eclecticism. Yet explicitly "non-Western" theorizing remains rare. To explore the influence of academic socialization, we compare subsamples within journals. The origins of doctoral degrees indeed seem linked to research preferences, suggesting that journals can become more well-rounded by publishing works by authors from diverse academic backgrounds.
El debate sobre las "relaciones internacionales globales" carece de datos sistemáticos sobre los estudios en diferentes regiones del mundo, especialmente fuera de la plataforma Web of Science (WoS). Para cubrir esta falta de datos, comparamos 2362 artículos que se publicaron en 17 revistas entre 2011 y 2015. Realizamos un esquema del enfoque general, las teorías principales y el ámbito temático sustancial de cada artículo. Estos datos del contenido se combinan con información sobre los antecedentes biográficos del autor. Crucialmente, nuestra muestra también incluye revistas de Asia oriental, África, América Latina, Europa y Norteamérica que no están indexadas en la plataforma WoS. Observamos una base transatlántica bifurcada de las relaciones internacionales, con un énfasis en la investigación cuantitativa y racionalista por un lado, en comparación con una teorización más constructivista y crítica por el otro. Con más frecuencia, las revistas que no se encuentran en la base incluyen artículos con un enfoque descriptivo, y esta tendencia no se limita a las obras no teóricas. Los paradigmas teóricos varían en materia de popularidad entre las regiones. Muchos artículos recurren a varias teorías e incluyen los conceptos de campos adyacentes, lo cual respalda la noción del eclecticismo analítico. No obstante, la teorización que es explícitamente "no occidental" continúa siendo escasa. Para analizar la influencia de la socialización académica, comparamos submuestras dentro de las revistas. En efecto, los orígenes de los doctorados parecen estar relacionados con las preferencias de investigación, lo cual sugiere que las revistas pueden tornarse más integrales publicando obras de autores de distintos antecedentes académicos.
Le débat sur les « RI mondiales » manque de données systématiques sur les recherches menées dans différentes régions du monde, tout particulièrement hors de Web of Science (WoS). Pour combler cette lacune, nous avons comparé 2 362 articles publiés dans 17 revues entre 2011 et 2015. Nous avons cartographié l'approche globale, les principales théories et le domaine de la problématique substantielle de chaque article. Ces données sont alliées à des informations sur le parcours biographique des auteurs. Mais surtout, notre échantillon inclut aussi des revues issues d'Asie de l'Est, d'Afrique, d'Amérique latine, d'Europe et d'Amérique du Nord qui ne sont pas indexées dans WoS. Nous avons d'une part décelé un noyau de RI transatlantique dichotomique, une facette mettant l'accent sur les recherches quantitatives/rationalistes alors que l'autre se concentre sur une théorisation plus constructiviste et critique. Les revues hors de ce noyau présentent plus souvent des articles adoptant une approche descriptive et cette tendance ne se limite pas aux travaux athéoriques. Les paradigmes varient en popularité entre les régions. De nombreux articles s'appuient sur plusieurs théories, notamment sur des concepts issus de domaines adjacents, ce qui contribue à la notion d'éclectisme analytique. Pourtant, la théorisation explicitement « non occidentale » reste rare. Nous avons comparé des sous-échantillons au sein des revues pour explorer l'influence de la socialisation académique. Les origines des diplômes de doctorat semblent en réalité associées à des préférences de recherche, ce qui suggère que les revues pourraient devenir plus équilibrées en publiant des travaux d'auteurs aux divers parcours académiques.

AbstractLocal governments have the authority to implement emergency management and are the primary responders in emergencies. They are strategically positioned to lead the charge in disaster response. Similar to other wicked problems, disasters require comprehensive and complicated responses. Local emergency management networks facilitate the exchange of information and resources between local entities and their collaborating partners. Successful collaboration across local governments is imperative in unexpected and urgent incidents. This paper applies the institutional collective action (ICA) framework to investigate the effects of relational risk and vulnerability on the formation of networks. The relational risk perceived by each collaborative organisation and the vulnerability of the community are crucial factors in the establishment and maintenance of collaborative networks. In addition, the need for resource exchange also affects the formation of networks. Logistic regression estimates the effect of collaboration risk and vulnerability on network formation using data from the 2015 Seoul EM survey. The findings confirm that the perceived collaboration risk negatively influences the establishment of collaborative ties in networks, while the perceived vulnerability level positively affects the arrangement of collaborative networks. In addition, the respondent's need for resource exchange increases when building networks. These results imply that relieving the relational risk levels is important for facilitating inter‐organisational collaboration. Furthermore, the actors' assessments of the vulnerability of the community influence their willingness to join networks to relieve external uncertainty and susceptibility. Lastly, organisations' give‐and‐take relationships on information sharing and physical resource transmission have the potential to stimulate the establishment of collaborative networks.Points for practitioners
Sustainable interconnectedness among functionally and horizontally fragmented organisations is crucial for dealing with disasters efficiently, but it does not come solely from emergency management planning itself. Understanding the risk mechanism embedded in an interdependent relationship should increase the potential benefits of a successful response.
The degree of vulnerability in a community affects the level of risk perception when collaborating with other organisations. Beyond the internal capacity or assessment of their organisation, how they view their community in general influences their decision‐making differently when it comes to forging inter‐relational collaboration.
Resource sharing in a timely manner is crucial during disasters. Each organisation has different negotiating powers and needs to consider building interdependent relationships.

Turkey has a deep-rooted educational tradition. Even in the days when the war of independence was intense, education was one of the issues that Atatürk cared about the most. Atatürk came from the front and convened the Education Congress in Ankara. The training programs and teacher training policy to be implemented next were discussed at the congress, and in this direction, primary and secondary school programs and the training of village teachers were focused on. Despite the fact that the expected and targeted results of the congress could not be obtained due to the war in which the country is engaged, and it was completed early, the fact that the congress was convened even in a war environment shows the importance that Atatürk attaches to education. After the proclamation of the Republic, the content of the general framework drawn by Atatürk was created by the intellectuals of the Republic, thus initiating social change. During this period, the regulations made in the field of education have been a means of protecting the new system and adopting the values of the Republic. The teaching programs implemented in schools have been shown as one of the most important reasons for the failure in education for many years during the Republican period. Educational programs have been criticized by every government and even different ministers in the same government until today, it has been complained that the subjects are given too intensively and based on memorization, these discussions have extended to the present day. The most basic problem in the planning and implementation of educational programs is that the programs are designed independently of the basic components of education. Especially at the application point, the degree to which teachers and learning-teaching environments and other basic components of education are ready and suitable for this application has been ignored. Dec. The main purpose of the programs is to make the student more active, to ensure their learning by dealing with each student separately and using appropriate methods for students whose learning levels are different. However, in order for this theoretically ideal approach to achieve the desired goals in practice, both teachers in the position of practitioners and the educational environments in which the program will be implemented must be prepared for it. Key Words: Education Management, Education Manager, Teacher, Education Plans and Programs

Introduction. The article examines the problem of organizing the provision of service people in Siberia with grain reserves, which were collected as a special tax from the lands of the south-eastern part of the Pomorye during the reign of B.F. Godunov along the road from Sol Kamskaya to Verkhoturye. Methods and materials. The source base is the official material of the Verkhoturye and Solikamsk administrative huts, individual documents of the Siberian order. The method of diachronic analysis obtained a year-by-year picture of how transportation functioned from 1596/97 to 1605. The method of comparative analysis clarified the dynamics of changes in the amounts of salary fees for each individual region of the Pomorye. Analysis. The article clarifies the idea of the administrative management of Verkhoturye at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries, gives a general description of the system for collecting and sending grain reserves, as well as the accompanying duty in the form of a ship case, clarifies the features of the organization of supplies, and systematizes and calculates their norms by year. Results. It was possible to establish that the Moscow government, first from the court of clerk I. Vakhromeev and, after 1599, from the Order of the Kazan and Meshchersky Palace, directly controlled Verkhoturye. Until 1597, supplies were carried out through Cherdyn and Lozva, and from 1598 through Sol Kamskaya in Verkhoturye. In 1596/97 and 1597/98. The largest volumes of grain reserves were supplied from the territories of Perm the Great and Vyatka. In 1600/01 and 1601/02, instead of the territory of the Pomorye, grain harvests were delivered to Sol Kamskaya from Kazan; the Pomors were engaged in transportation to Siberia. The share of transportation was higher near Vyatka and Ustyug the Great, as in 1604/05, when the collection of grain reserves resumed from the territory of the Pomorye. The scheme for public procurement of grain reserves developed by the government can be assessed as effective; however, management difficulties also arose due to the remote location of the region, abuse of the official powers of the governor, the forced need to quickly find funds to resolve issues locally, and attempts by carriers to find their own benefits and avoid losses.

The current unprecedented globalization of the social economy, with worldwide mobility of people, products and services in an increasingly connected market and society, has promoted the rapid geographic spread of the coronavirus (i.e., crisis management) outbreak, negatively affecting tourists' behavior and their well-being, whether due to restrictions imposed by governments on international travel, or due to tourists' fear of catching the disease. This manuscript aims to understand how digital communication has helped the tourism industry in general and the hotel context in particular to face the negative consequences caused by the new coronavirus pandemic. The development of the research followed a qualitative methodological approach, constituting an exploratory study, based on four semi-structured interviews with managers of hotel establishments, located in the Northern Region of Portugal and Galicia. As main conclusions, it is possible to highlight that digital communication and the use of social networks were fundamental tools for hotel establishments during the pandemic caused by COVID-19, especially during the confinement period, when establishments had to close, many of them completely. There were many changes brought about in the tourism industry in the Euroregion of Northern Portugal and Galicia (ERNPG), with an increase in domestic tourism, a decrease in the external market and a change in tourist profile and behavior, whether due to sanitary and public health issues that induced fear of travel, or by the measures imposed by the government that prevented such trips. According to the strategies implemented by the hotel establishments, the intensification of digital communication use and social networks stands out, since, for a long time, it consisted of the only connecting tool between the hotel and its customers and the initiatives of the Regional Entities and Turismo de Portugal (regional and national DMOs), through numerous training courses in the area of digital marketing and the implementation of hygiene, sustainable and safety measures in hotel establishments. Regarding the future of tourism, it is expected that it will recover in the coming years and approach the historical values of previous years, given the advance in vaccination against the disease and the tourist's desire to travel. In the short term, strategies are expected from hotel establishments that include valuing the destination on digital marketing platforms through attracting qualified human resources and a commitment towards tourism sustainability.

In France, the understanding of the constitutionality of law and the wider institution of constitutional control have interesting features, especially when compared to other countries that use the traditional, legal European (Kelsen's) model. These include the originality of the standard, against which legislative acts are checked. It is the so-called constitutional bloc, which, in addition to the 1958 Constitution itself, includes the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789, the Preamble to the 1946 Constitution, the 2004 Environmental Charter, as well as the principles to which the Constitutional Council attaches constitutional significance. A feature of French public law in accordance with the 1958 Constitution is the non-universal legislative competence of parliament and the delimitation of the areas of regulation of law and regulations (government acts). In this regard, one of the requirements for the constitutionality of the law in France is that it should not interfere with the sphere of regulatory power, that is, it should not touch upon issues that are not attributed to the subject of legislative regulation by the Constitution. However, Parliament's violation of the delimitation of legislative and regulatory regulation established by the Constitution does not include the unconstitutionality of the corresponding law (its individual provisions), instead only allowing the Government to amend them by its decrees. For a long time in France, there was only preliminary constitutional control over laws, legislative proposals submitted to a referendum, regulations of the chambers of Parliament and international treaties. As a result of the 2008 constitutional reform, a specific, subsequent constitutional review was introduced. It can be initiated in the Constitutional Council by the Court of Cassation or the Council of State upon an appeal, respectively, by a court of general jurisdiction or an administrative court, before which a statement is made that the law being applied to the dispute under consideration violates constitutionally guaranteed human rights. The institution of subsequent constitutional review has proved to be in great demand, and currently, most of the Constitutional Council's decisions are made within its framework. In modern France, the development of legislation is significantly influenced by EU law. However, neither the Constitutional Council nor the Council of State directly monitor the compliance of laws and regulations with international treaties and EU law.

All social and economic aspects of human life can be described by statistical data that claims to be objective. Still, people hold a distinctive view of the world, differing widely from the official one. Statistics is the key means to make management decisions. It helps to adopt a balanced and responsible approach to determining priorities for the social development strategy. However, those steps taken by the government that do not correspond with subjective perception and expectations might be insufficient to improve the lives of the people. Individuals act and react according to their own views. Their behavior is key to understanding crucial social issues; it is also a reference point for social policies which might be more accurate than objective criteria. Discrepancies between academic and ordinary cognition are attributed to limited objective (statistical) data as well as the specific nature of individual perception of reality. In the first part of this paper, based on the findings of international research and public opinion polls (ESS, Ipsos MORI, Perils of Perception), the authors establish that perceptions dominant in the public mind are misaligned compared to conventional statistical evaluation. They also analyze the scale of misalignment variations in several countries. The second and third parts of the article examine the reasons behind these discrepancies. Having scrutinized the statistical "objectivity" of social and economic phenomena such as inflation, unemployment, migration and their reflection in the public mind, the authors conclude that objective indicators are not the ultimate truth. Their impartiality is based on data acquisition and calculations detailed in the general theory of statistics as well as generalized conventional definitions. Although subjective variables have been introduced into this field in recent times, the vast majority of statistical indices have not taken public opinion into account. The reality, however, is more complex and multifaceted, it does not fit into levelized indicators. Conversely, subjective public views do not appear out of thin air. They are largely affected by the trust in government institutions, influenced by ideologies and systems of value and cemented by the views of a reference group and media. These findings might help to fine-tune social policies and explain voting behavior.

The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of the foreign trade component on the formation of national economic security. Transformations occurring in the world's economic development, the deterioration of the global financial environment, and increasing geopolitical tensions have intensified the main risks to the development of the global economy in today's conditions. Therefore, national governments are actively using a wide range of tools to ensure economic growth and the appropriate level of competitiveness of their respective economies while ensuring national security, which is relevant for the study of the external component of national economic security.
To achieve the aim, general scientific and specific research methods are used, such as methods of analysis, abstraction and synthesis (in the study of protectionism as a policy and practice, instruments of neo-protectionism); methods of classification and systematic generalization (to systematize the forms of protectionism and neo-protectionism); economic and statistical methods (to assess the impact of foreign trade on the development of national economic security).
It is demonstrated that the intensification of the risks to the development of the global economy has led to the transformation of trade policies, changes in the use of foreign trade regulation instruments, which affects the economic security of various countries as a major component of their national security. The modern trade and economic policy toolbox used by various countries to ensure national security is analyzed. A comparative analysis of the development of foreign trade of the EU and Ukraine has been carried out, and the features of the influence of the foreign trade component on the formation of economic security have been determined.
It is demonstrated that, in the conditions of a global economic crisis, hidden forms of protectionism implemented at various levels of economic policy (global, regional, national), have spread. A classification of specific features and forms of neo-protectionism, that distinguish it from protectionism, is proposed. It is substantiated that global processes encourage national governments to implement deregulatory measures and improve the quality of institutions, while regulated economies contribute to the spread of corruption and grey areas in national economies.

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the perception of Indian logistics managers and employees engaged on the steel sector having knowledge and exposure on the logistics network and logistics cost in Indian steel sector using descriptive analysis.


Design/methodology/approach
– To address the research questions, a survey-based empirical study was carried out in a representative sample of 226 from different levels like managers, senior managers, presidents and vice presidents and general managers at the operational levels at reputed steel industries having annual turnover of 250,000 dollars. All 226 responses received and analyzed descriptively and the results presented.


Findings
– The result showed that 83 percent of the respondents perceived the importance of network mapping and the elements of logistics cost with reference to the total overall logistics cost on the context of Indian steel industry. At the same time, poor infrastructure and port inefficiency were the main barriers for increasing the logistics cost as perceived by the respondents.


Research limitations/implications
– The sample is restricted to the logistics networking and the elements of logistics cost in Indian steel industry only. So caution needs to be exercised in generalizing the results


Practical implications
– In order to achieve the cost level at other developed and developing nations, the government of India should give focus on infrastructure development, improvising the exiting road condition and sea port development so that bigger size vessels can call to Indian ports for direct delivery of goods without any transshipment. Further, government of Indian needs to promote the multi modal logistics providers for timely evacuation of material as per the demand of industry requirements.


Social implications
– In India, it is visualized that logistics company have an advantage of cheap availability of labor but on the other side have to manage high cost of logistics. Typically, the total cost on inbound logistics taken into consideration which is around 16-18 percent of the turnover whereas, the world average is around 7-8 percent.


Originality/value
– To the best knowledge of the authors this study is the first attempt to survey the perception of logistics managers on logistics networking and cost elements on the overall logistics cost incurring on steel manufacturing companies in India.

La presse britannique, qui a soutenu sans réserve l'effort national au cours des années de guerre et a pris une part active à la campagne pour les élections de 1945, joue, au lendemain de la guerre, un rôle essentiel dans l'évolution des mentalités. C'est elle qui structure très largement les perceptions du public pendant la période de reconstruction. Au moment où le gouvernement Attlee jette les bases du système d'assurance national et tente de résoudre le problème du logement et de remédier à la pénurie alimentaire, on relève dans la presse nationale trois attitudes nettement différenciées. Le Daily Mirror voit dans les différentes mesures décidées par le gouvernement travailliste les voies d'un renouvellement des rapports sociaux, auquel la population doit être associée de façon concrète dans sa vie quotidienne. A l'inverse, le Daily Telegraph donne à contrecœur son aval au programme d'action sociale tout en refusant d'en attribuer la paternité au seul gouvernement socialiste qui, au nom de l'idéologie, risque d'en pervertir l'application. Quant au News Chronicle, organe libéral, il apporte à l'expérience un soutien raisonné. Le Welfare State est ainsi perçu par la presse nationale, tantôt comme un système global cohérent, tantôt comme un ensemble de mesures isolées, parfois légitimes, mais a priori suspectes puisqu'elles sont le produit d'une idéologie jugée pernicieuse. The British press, which unstintingly supported the national war effort and took an active part in the campaign for the 1945 general elections, played an essential role in shaping the public's perceptions in the reconstruction period. While the Attlee government was setting up the bases of the National Insurance Scheme and trying to solve both the housing and food shortage problems, three distinctly different positions emerged in the national press. The Daily Mirror saw in the Labour government's measures ways for a renewal of social relations to which the population should be associated, daily and concretely. The Daily Telegraph gave half-hearted support to the social programme but refused to credit the socialist government alone for it, for fear that its socialist ideology would pervert its implementation. The Liberal News Chronicle provided a balanced support. The Welfare State was perceived by the national press either as a consistent global system or as a package of isolated, often legitimate, measures, but viewed by their very nature with suspicion because they were the product of an ideology judged harmful.

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