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The main purpose of the article is to present the evolution of legal regulations regarding national minorities in Ukraine, the structure of these minorities and the dynamics of demographic change. The authors analyzed the geographical distribution as well as the political, cultural and educational activity of the most numerous national minorities. They presented the main reasons for the increase or decrease in the size of the largest national groups. The political and legal foundations of minority activities, the specificity of the organization of their educational institutions, national-cultural associations and ethnic parties were analyzed. Particular attention was paid to the problematic provisions of the new Education Act (2017), which reduced the status of languages of national minorities in education and led to the deterioration of relations with individual countries with which minorities are associated. The authors discussed the most severe problems in bilateral relations arising from Ukraine's policy towards minorities and some ideas on how to solve them. The main methods of improving nationality policy in contemporary Ukraine were also presented.

Na przestrzeni dwóch dekad funkcjonowania samorządności w Polsce nastąpiły przeobrażenia w katalogu podstawowych wartości samorządu terytorialnego. W pierwszych dziesięciu latach, gdy budowano fundamenty samorządności w Polsce, najważniejsze były podstawowe, ustrojowe wartości, tj. wolność, równość czy powszechność. W drugim natomiast ustąpiły one miejsca wartościom fundamentalnym dla rozwoju samorządu terytorialnego takim, jak: więzi lokalne, poczucie wspólnoty, kapitał społeczny, inkluzja polityczna, czy wreszcie społeczeństwo obywatelskie. Równolegle następowały zmiany w wymaganiach stawianych pracownikom samorządowym. Pojawiły się i ulegały uściśleniu, akty prawne rangi ustawowej określające wymagania wobec nich, obowiązujące ich, jako realizatorów służby publicznej, zasady. Celem artykułu jest próba skatalogowania zbioru wartości kojarzonych z samorządem terytorialnym w Polsce. Ów katalog będzie subiektywny w charakterze. Jednocześnie autor jako wartości traktuje także i zasady, które poprzez uznanie ich przez daną społeczność za cenne, zyskują przymiot wartości. ; Over the two decades of local governance in Poland, the catalogue ofthe fundamental values of local self-government has transformed. In the first decade, when the foundations of local governance in Poland were laid, the most important aspect was the basic values of the political system: liberty, equality and universality. In the second decade, they were replaced by the values that are fundamental for the development of local governance, such as local bonds, a sense of community, social capital, political inclusion and, last but not least, civic society. These changes were accompanied by different requirements being made of local government officials. There emerged increasingly detailed legal acts of statutory status that defined such requirements and the principles the officials are supposed to abide by as public servants. The paper attempts to catalogue the set of values associated with local government in Poland. This catalogue is subjective. The author also includes among those values the principles that are recognized as valuable by a given community, thus becoming values in themselves.

Na przestrzeni dwóch dekad funkcjonowania samorządności w Polsce nastąpiły przeobrażenia w katalogu podstawowych wartości samorządu terytorialnego. W pierwszych dziesięciu latach, gdy budowano fundamenty samorządności w Polsce, najważniejsze były podstawowe, ustrojowe wartości, tj. wolność, równość czy powszechność. W drugim natomiast ustąpiły one miejsca wartościom fundamentalnym dla rozwoju samorządu terytorialnego takim, jak: więzi lokalne, poczucie wspólnoty, kapitał społeczny, inkluzja polityczna, czy wreszcie społeczeństwo obywatelskie. Równolegle następowały zmiany w wymaganiach stawianych pracownikom samorządowym. Pojawiły się i ulegały uściśleniu, akty prawne rangi ustawowej określające wymagania wobec nich, obowiązujące ich, jako realizatorów służby publicznej, zasady. Celem artykułu jest próba skatalogowania zbioru wartości kojarzonych z samorządem terytorialnym w Polsce. Ów katalog będzie subiektywny w charakterze. Jednocześnie autor jako wartości traktuje także i zasady, które poprzez uznanie ich przez daną społeczność za cenne, zyskują przymiot wartości. ; Over the two decades of local governance in Poland, the catalogue of the fundamental values of local self-government has transformed. In the first decade, when the foundations of local governance in Poland were laid, the most important aspect was the basic values of the political system: liberty, equality and universality. In the second decade, they were replaced by the values that are fundamental for the development of local governance, such as local bonds, a sense of community, social capital, political inclusion and, last but not least, civic society. These changes were accompanied by different requirements being made of local government officials. There emerged increasingly detailed legal acts of statutory status that defined such requirements and the principles the officials are supposed to abide by as public servants. The paper attempts to catalogue the set of values associated with local government in Poland. This catalogue is subjective. The author also includes among those values the principles that are recognized as valuable by a given community, thus becoming values in themselves. ; 2 ; Przegląd Politologiczny

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie działalności Polskiego Towarzystwa Nauk Politycznych z zaznaczeniem ukierunkowania na sprawy internacjonalizacji. Od początku swojej działalności PTNP współpracowało z IPSA. W Polsce powstało wiele cennych publikacji przestawiających historię i stan obecny politologii w Polsce. Szczególnie ważnym dla polskiej politologii wydarzeniem była organizacja światowego kongresu politologii w lipcu 2016 r. Ważne miejsce zajmują także polskie czasopisma naukowe, które w ostatnich latach podlegają silnej internacjonalizacji. Przed PTNP stoi wiele wyzwań i możliwości podejmowania kolejnych działań, które sprzyjają dalszemu rozwojowi i promocji nauki w kraju i zagranicą. ; The aim of the article is to present the activities of the Polish Political Science Association, underlining the issues of internationalization. Since the beginning the organization, PPSA has been cooperating with IPSA. Many valuable publications regarding history and contemporary situation of Political Science have been published in Poland. Particularly important for Polish political science was the organization of the World Congress of Political Science in July 2016. The Polish scientific journals, that have been strongly internalized in recent years, take an important place nowadays. Polish Political Science Association has to face many challenges and take new possibilities in further activities that encourage further development and promotion. ; Publikacja sfinansowana przez Wydział Studiów Międzynarodowych i Politologicznych UŁ.

The local governments of settlements fulfi ll not only their basic duties but also a great deal of other tasks as well that infl uence the communities' living conditions and quality of life, and through the way inhabitants feel also have an impact on the retention capacity of the settlements. The social policy of local governments is fulfi lled by the governments. Financing the tasks and their risks have a great effect on the realization of sustainable local governing. The aim of this study is to review the Hungarian local governmental system assessing some anomalies of the fi nancing of local governments and to draw attention to the risk of local governments, to the possibilities of how to reduce their operational risks highly considering the social political goals of the local governments, the role it has in developing and improving the people's quality of life.

La tesi analizza le modalità di applicazione del diritto internazionale a livello interno, con particolare riguardo al ruolo svolto dalle autorità politiche nazionali.

This study of the struggle between the government of the Polish People's Republic and Solidarity in the years 1981-1984 discerns three key actors in Polish politics: the Communist party leadership and security apparatus, the arrested leaders of Solidarity, and the bishops and advisers of the Catholic Church. The PRL government made strategic decisions in this period regarding repression and liberalization. Following initial advanced preparation for the trial of eleven arrested leaders of Solidarity and KSS KOR, the government attempted to coerce the arrestees into leaving Poland, thus weakening the movement's legitimacy. The article demonstrates how the interaction between the leaders of the two sides – mediated by bishops and advisers – produced a new dynamic and a shift in the existing political mechanism. What was once a mass movement transformed into a more regular, staffed organization with a greater role played by leaders, who symbolized the continuity of the movement and enabled Solidarity to weather the period of repression. The article shows the changes and tensions in the Solidarity movement, along with the changes that were occurring in parallel on the side of the government and the mediating third actor, i.e., the Catholic Church. This case study of the strategic clash that occurred at the beginning of the 1980s illustrates the transformations that took place within the government and Solidarity – transformations that would prove crucial to the transition process in 1988-1989.

Since the beginning of the political transition in Poland an unproductive discussion has been continued concerning the role of economic self-government in the system of local government. The current legal regulations do not provide business chambers with the status of public legal unions. They tend to be based on the facultative nature of the ties between entrepreneurs, which is the main cause of the weakness of the Polish economic self-government, or rather the economic quasi-self-government. The consequential structural and programmatic weakness of entrepreneurs' organisation seems to be the major obstacle in creating an effective system of local governance that could equalise the excessively asymmetric relations between the local government and the representation of entrepreneurs. It is beyond doubt that the lack of such structures in the area of public institutions is the main reason for marginalising them by the government and local authorities, which do not see the need to make any concessions for the diffused economic environment. Given this context, the most rational solution seems to be the creation of a common economic self-government, which will be incorporated into the system of public authorities.