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A comparative approach for measuring political freedom in contemporary nations is presented. Historical research on the connection between freedom & development is reviewed. Potential problems in measuring political freedom are addressed (eg, the need to overcome cultural & subjective biases), with political freedom defined as individual existence in a collectivity in which individuals are guaranteed certain individual & collective freedoms. The five clusters of rights & freedoms that compose the proposed Political Freedom Index are personal security; the rule of law; political participation; freedom of expression; & nondiscrimination. Data from 101 countries indicate that those with meager human rights records & without democratic government possess the lowest composite measures of political freedom. 5 Tables, 25 References. J. W. Parker

"Freedom in Political Philosophy" published on by Oxford University Press.

Article 8b of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) extends municipal & European electoral rights to all Union citizens residing in each member state. This is clearly one of the most controversial provisions of the TEU, since municipal political rights have traditionally been extended only to the citizens of a particular state. In discussing the potential consequences of this principle of equal treatment, it is argued that Article 8b will necessarily have some effect on the overall regulation of the political participation of nonnationals in various member states & that it will ultimately require a full guarantee of the political freedoms of expression, assembly, & association. M. Maguire