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1947, Louis-Philippe Gagné's first political address delivered by radio. ; https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/fac-lpg-speeches-1947/1000/thumbnail.jpg

1947, response to opposing candidate's critique on the radio regarding political relations in a public setting. ; https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/fac-lpg-speeches-1947/1004/thumbnail.jpg

The strategy of international conflicts is the result of decisions made by nations whereby they decide the stakes & the extent of risks that they will run to win such stakes. The stakes are determined by 3 types of motivations: pol'al (a wish to increase the power of the State, or secondarily its prestige); econ (a wish to raise the living standards of the pop of the country); &/or ideological (a wish to promote the ideology of the state). The most frequent instances of this last motivation is where the ideology is one of nationalism (where there is a demand to rejoin separate segments of a nation). The risks are determined by the importance of the stake, the chances of resistance by the opponent, the chances of winning & the chances of losing, whether the opponent will give up without resistance, whether the opponent will be the conquered or the conqueror. 3 levels of risk may be recognized: minor (loss of money, prestige, or human life), major (loss of independence or territorial integrity), & total (physical annihilation). Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.

The philosophy of the Englightenment left its mark, directly or indirectly, on all of the ideologies that originated or developed in the 19th cent: liberal democracy with its English, American & French exponents; socialism, whether it consisted of the socialism prior to 1848, of the sci'ific socialism of Marx or the socialism of Proudhon: & nationalism in both its French & German sources, can be traced back to the 18th cent. Tr by J. A.Broussard from IPSA.

The adaptation of pol'al sci to the existing African pol'al situation is not easy since that situation is extremely complex. It is best to analyze this situation in depth & to view it in 3 diff forms: (1) under its traditional aspect which appears in a singular diversification of forms (societies whose pol'al aspects are joined to kinship groupings, those whose clan systems & lineages are the framework for pol'al life, those where other systems are the basis of pol'al action, & finally, those which exist as pol'al entities); (2) under its colonial aspect with its own peculiarities (the change in pol'al structure, the joining together of 2 admin'tions, the destruction of the traditional authorities, econ & cultural intervention); & (3) under its post-colonial aspect with its problems (the difficulties of integrating the pre-colonial past with the colonial past, the difficulty of adapting to modern pol'al & admin'tive life). In making use of ethnological & sociol'al studies, pol'al sci can effectively study 2 aspects of present day African politics: the pol'al parties & the pol'al doctrines or ideoloeies. Tr from IPSA by J. A. Broussard.