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In an interview, Geneive Abdo discusses how the Gaza war has been tearing Western societies apart.

Ongoing fighting in the Ain al-Hilweh refugee camp may be part of a plan to weaken Fatah and undermine normalization with Israel.

Institutional analysis and analysis of documents of key educational integration
processes in Europe: Bologna process and Copenhagen process. Revelation of
mechanisms of governance of educational areas created on the basis of these
processes and comparison of this mechanisms with ones of governance of the
common space of research and education including cultural aspects that is being build
between the EU and Russia. Conclusions: no single center in Bologna process, in
spite of existence of the Bologna Follow-Up Group as formal governance body; the
governance body of Copenhagen process is definite and it is the same organization
that started the process; such model is more efficient.

The story of Reham, a young mother sheltering in Rafah, illustrates the impact of Israel's war on women and families.

As the succession of Mahmoud Abbas looms, in what ways are his countrymen speculating about the aftermath of his departure?

The Rule of Joseph Volotsky (1439-1515) was known to his first biographers of the 19th century, P.S. Kazansky, N.A. Bulgakov and I. Khrushchov. All of them worked with the Rule incorporated in the Great Menaion Reader by Metropolitan Macarius of Moscow and All Russia. Ya.S. Lur'e at 1950th discovered a different version of the Rule, the brief one, which consists of 11 Discourses, and several collections with an incomplete set of Discourses and potential Discourse 12. The brief version was published by Ya.S. Lur'e together with potential Discourse 12 in 1959. He characterized the manuscript tradition of the Rule as very stable in contrast to another work, the Enlightener. The author of the article found the manuscript in OR GIM (Manuscript Department of the State Historical Museum), Diocesan Collection, N 248. It is indicated as Discourse 12 of the Enlightener in the description, but, after having examined the manuscript, the author identified this text as fragments of Joseph Volotsky's Rule, which can be dated to the late 15th century, and thus it is a lifetime fragments of the Rule. The verification of the versions helps to establish that the first fragment is Discourse 11 of the Extended Rule. It is followed by the previously unknown Discourse 12, which is very much alike with Discourse 13 of the Menaion version. It is followed by Discourses 2 and 3 of the Brief Rule, and by a substantially shortened text of Discourse 13. The author concludes that originally the Brief Rule may have contained 13 instead of 11 Discourses. At the same time the Brief Rule consists of two "wills", and the second one contains Discourses 12-14. Ya.S. Lur'e established that much of their content duplicates the first 11 Discourses. In the Moskovskiye tserkovnyye vedomosti the auther found a note with references to the lost manuscript N 482 from the Volokolamsk Monastery, which could contain only the "second" will without the first. He concludes that the Menaion redaction could originally contain 11 Discourses instead of 14, and the merging of the two wills occurred after the death of Joseph Volotsky.

Hinevich, E. S. Multilingualism in professional self-management / E. S. Hinevich, O. A. Volkova // European Science and Technology: materials of international research and practice conference, January 31st, 2012, Wiesbaden. Scientific edition. – Publishing office "BildungszentrumRodnik e. V.". - Wiesbaden, Germany, 2012. - P. 702-705. - Refer.: p. 705. ; Factors influencing on professionalism of managers are analyzed in the article. Basic stimulus, motivation of subjects of administrative labour are distinguished in the studying of foreign languages Results over of authorial sociological research and recommendation are brought in decision of social problems in a theory and practice of multilingual formation of specialists

The first national document containing the rules for avalanche danger assessing: «Guidelines for calculating avalanche loads in the design of structures. VSN 02-73», appeared in Russia in 1973. Despite many shortcomings, it was used until recently. In 2018, new rules for avalanche danger assessing: «SP 428.1325800.2018. Set of rules. Engineering surveys for construction in avalanche-prone areas. General requirements» were worked out. Some of the shortcomings of the previous document were eliminated in it. Used terms and definitions are given. For the first time in a regulatory document, a method for identifying of avalanche starting zones is presented. The conditions under which an avalanche danger assessment is required are formulated more correctly. The method for calculating the speeds and runouts of flowing avalanches, which was in the previous document, has been excluded. The rules allow, in case of insufficient data for analysis, to calculate the maximum possible avalanche path boundaries, but not the boundaries of the specified probability. New sections have appeared on the application of aerospace, phytocenotic, dendrochronological methods, as well as methods for studying buried soils to assess avalanche danger. At the same time, there are contradictions and shortcomings in the new rules. Clearer and mono-semantic terms and definitions are needed. Method for estimating the speed of powder avalanches is insufficiently substantiated and give greatly overestimated values. There is no sufficient rationale for determining the boundary of the air wave (powder avalanche) impact. The methods for assessing snow accumulation in an avalanche starting zone do not take into account the spatial variability of the snow depth and can lead to large errors in the assessment of avalanche danger. The use of statistical modeling to assess the probabilities of avalanches and their characteristics, in the proposed form, is not correct and can lead to an underestimation of the avalanche hazard. One of the reasons for the imperfection of the new document is the lack of requirements for the accuracy of the estimates performed with its help. It is proposed to discuss the document content and its possible changes more broadly and substantively by the time the set of rules update. ; Первый общегосударственный документ, содержащий правила оценки лавинной опасности: «Указания по расчёту снеголавинных нагрузок при проектировании сооружений. ВСН 02-73» в России появился в 1973 году. Несмотря на многие недостатки, он использовался до последнего времени. В 2018 году были созданы новые правила оценки лавинной опасности «СП 428.1325800.2018. Свод правил. Инженерные изыскания для строительства в лавиноопасных районах. Общие требования». Часть недостатков предыдущего документа в нём устранены. Приведены используемые термины и определения. Впервые в нормативном документе представлен метод выделения лавинных очагов. Корректнее сформулированы условия, при которых требуется оценка лавинной опасности. Исключён бывший в предыдущем документе метод расчёта скоростей и дальностей выброса текучих лавин. Допускается, в случае недостаточности данных для анализа, рассчитывать максимально возможные границы лавиносбора, а не границы заданной обеспеченности. Появились новые разделы, касающиеся применения аэрокосмических, фитоценотических, дендрохронологических методов, а также методов исследования погребенных почв для оценки лавинной опасности. Вместе с тем, в новых правилах имеются противоречия и недостатки. Необходимы более чёткие и однозначные формулировки используемых понятий. Методы оценки скорости пылевых лавин недостаточно обоснованы и дают сильно завышенные значения. Нет достаточных обоснований для определения границы воздействия воздушной волны. Методы оценки снегонакопления в лавинном очаге не учитывают пространственной изменчивости высоты снега и могут привести к большим ошибкам в оценке лавинной опасности. Применение статистического моделирования для оценки вероятностей лавин и их характеристик в предложенном виде не является обоснованным и может привести к недооценке лавинной опасности. Одной из причин несовершенства нового документа является отсутствие в нём требований к точности выполняемых с его помощью оценок. Предлагается к моменту актуализации свода правил более широко и предметно обсудить его содержание и возможные изменения в нём. Литература: Благовещенский В.П. Определение лавинных нагрузок. Алма-Ата.: Изд-во «Гылым», 1991. 115с. Москалёв Ю.Д. Динамика снежных лавин и снеголавинные расчёты. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1977. 232 с. Рунич А.В. Обоснование метода расчёта движения лавин для инженерных целей // Снег и снежные лавины. Труды Высокогорного геофизического института. 1972. Вып. 18. С. 26–60. Селиверстов Ю.Г. Снежные лавины на равнине // Доклады и выступления VIII научно-практической конференции «Проблемы прогнозирования чрезвычайных ситуаций» (г.Санкт-Петербург, 8–10 октября 2008 г.). СПб: МЧС, 2009. С. 149–156. Черноус П.А. Снеголавинные расчёты в нормативной базе инженерных изысканий для строительства в лавиноопасных районах // Сборник докладов международной научной конференции памяти выдающегося русского ученого Ю.Б.Виноградова «Четвёртые Виноградовские чтения. Гидрология от познания к мировоззрению» (г. Санкт-Петербург, 23–31 октября 2020 г.). СПб: Изд-во ВВМ, 2020. С. 366–371. Черноус П.А. Мониторинг высоты снежного покрова при изысканиях для оценки лавинной опасности // Материалы Общероссийской научно-практической конференции «Изучение опасных природных процессов и геотехнический мониторинг при инженерных изысканиях» (г. Москва, 18 марта 2021 г.). М.:ООО «Геомаркетинг», 2021. С. 124–130. Barbolini M., Issler D., Jóhannesson T., Hákonardóttir K., Lied K., Gauer P., Naaim M., Faug T., Natale L., Cappabianca F., Pagliardi M., Rammer L., Sovilla B., Platzer K., Surinach E., Furdada G., Sabot F., Vilajosana I. Avalanche Test Sites and Research Equipment in Europe ‒ An Updated Overview. Davos, 2006. 172 p. De Quervain M. Lawinenbildung // Lawinenschutz in der Schweiz, Bd. 9 der Reihe Bündnerwald, Beiheft, 1972. Pp. 15–32. Eglit M., Yakubenko A., Zayko Y. A Review of Russian Snow Avalanche Models—From Analytical Solutions to Novel 3D Models // Geosciences. 2020. Vol. 10. Iss. 2. 77. DOI:10.3390/geosciences10020077. Issler D., Lied K., Rammer L., Revol R., Sabot F., Cornet E.S., Bellavista G.F., Sovilla B. European avalanche test sites. Overview and analysis in view of coordinated experiments. Mitteilungen des Eidg. Institutes für Schnee- und Lawinenforschung. 1999. Vol. 59. 122 p. Persistent URL: https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl:17261. Harbitz C.B., Issler D., Keylock C. Conclusions from a recent survey of avalanche computational models // Proceedings of the anniversary conference «25 Years of Snow Avalanche Research» (Voss, 12–16 May, 1998). Oslo: Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, 1998. Pp. 128–139. McClung D., Schaerer P. The Avalanche Handbook. Seattle: The Mountaineers Books, 1993. 272 p. Oechslin M. Lawinengeschwindigkeiten und Lawinenluftdruck // Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen. 1938. Vol. 89. Iss. 6. Pp. 153–160. DOI:10.5169/seals-768146.

The article discusses the essence of "rural area" notion. It is shown that geographical studies suggest different interpretations of rural areas: as a cultural landscape, as a habitat for the rural population, or as a socio-geographical space formed by rural residents in the course of their living. It is proposed to start with the idea of rural areas as a cultural landscape. According to the author, the originality of countryside is determined by the combination of its natural basis, to some extent modified by man, and the over-imposed center-peripheral structure of settlement and economy. The visual recognibility and identifiability of the rural areas are noted. The components (layers) of rural areas are named, as well as the elementary objects of which they consist. A special role of settlement network is emphasized. The author's approach to the geographical typology of rural areas is suggested, based on the combination of the zonal typology of rural settlement developed by S.A. Kovalev and the ideas about the "ideal" types ("archetypes") of rural areas associated with their functions. Geographic types of rural areas are the result of the superposition of archetypes over the zonal types of settlement. The diversity of geographic types of rural areas is shown for three principal zonal types of rural settlement in Russia.

In this debate, Sada features two Palestinian authors based in Gaza, who offer their analysis to help understand the dynamics of the current war and what to expect in the coming weeks.

While previous Israeli governments have tried to depopulate Gaza, today there is a growing momentum to carry out mass transfer-with American support.

The article examines the problems of the population of the residential areas of the city of Bishkek based on the sociological study. An expert survey carried out in four districts of Bishkek is presented. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, more than 50 new residential areas appeared in the city. Naturally, new residential areas do not have sufficient infrastructure for the population to this day. The current situation with internal migrants in Kyrgyzstan violates the regional demographic balance and the rational distribution of the population across the country. The population is moving actively at the interdistrict and interregional levels. As a result, the main influx of internal migrants moves to Bishkek and Chui Region. The problem of researching the state of the new residential areas in Bishkek is relevant for modern Kyrgyzstan. However, the official statistical base does not cover all citizens living in new buildings, since most residents do not have a residence registration in the area. 75–80 % of the population does not have education and health services. In many residential areas, social facilities, roads, and communications have not been built yet, and the infrastructure as a whole is not developed. Ignoring the issue on the part of the state can lead to a social explosion, expressed by protest actions, exacerbation of social and interregional conflicts among residents of the given area. Based on this, it was necessary to conduct an expert survey among the representatives of the municipal territorial authorities of each district. The main problems of residents of the new residential areas were studied as much as possible.