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According to Alfred Nobel's original intent the Nobel Peace Prize should be awarded to the person or group who has 'done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses'. The peace prize committee has since its original distribution expanded the definition of peace to include righteous social, economic or environmental action that has brought the committee its share of criticism. Even worse the peace price has previously been distributed to controversial laureates such as Theodore Roosevelt, Elihu Root and Hendry Kissing, and the infamous dictators Adolf Hitler and Josef Stalin have received a nomination. L. Pitkaniemi

Discusses how the importance of the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) has increased over the years for anthropologist, sociologist, political scientists and economist especially in the realm of war and peace research. Many things in NUPI have changed over the years -- among them increased journal publications and a more visible international role. L. Pitkaniemi

It is well established in International Relations that the modem state & the state system originated at the Peace of Westphalia (1648). In this article, the author argues that there is little evidence to support such an understanding, neither in the texts of the treaties nor in the political situation before or in the wake of 1648. Rather, the Peace of Westphalia can in many ways be understood to be a step backwards from a modem understanding of sovereignty (cuius regio, eius religio: whose region it is, his religion it is), which to some extent was represented in the Peace of Augsburg (1555). International Relations' understanding of the Peace of Westphalia is based on a mythical understanding of historical processes. Furthermore, the author argues, International Relations should abandon the mythical watershed which 1648 represents. However, instead of searching for another myth to explain the origin of its main object of study, one should instead re-conceptualise the discipline in a new & more dynamic way, taking into account the heterogeneous character of the international system. 60 References. Adapted from the source document.

Awarding the Nobel Peace Prize to the Chinese democracy activist Liu Xiaobo was received well internationally, but also raised a fair amount of criticism. Even if giving the peace prize to a democracy activist is more in line with Alfred Nobel's original intent than giving it to an environmentalist, Mr. Xiaobo is also undermining the Chinese stability and therefore threatening the country's internal peace. Some critics have also argued that the Nobel committee went again after a popular media personality, whose selection is not going to change the direction of a large populous country. Another problem is that the Nobel peace prize committee consists of Norwegian politicians and therefore the award is often seen as an extension of Norwegian foreign policy. L. Pitkaniemi

An interview with Geir Lundestad, Director of the Norwegian Nobel Institute, Professor of History, and Author. Lundestad answers questions about his academic career and his position as Director of the Nobel Institute. The role of the individual as a catalyst for peace is addressed. There is a discussion about the candidate selection process of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, for which Lundestad compiles a list of candidates, and about the Committee's definition of peace. Lundestad discusses the inception of the concept "empire by invitation," for which he is internationally recognized. Lundestad will be releasing a new book, "Just Another Major Crisis? The United States and Europe since 2000," which focus on the war in Iraq and its impact on transatlantic relations. E. Sundby

Discusses the Nobel Peace Prize committee's motivations behind Barak Obama's laureateship and the criticism this seemingly premature decision bought the committee. It is hard to evaluate whether the peace prize has helped or hindered Obama's task, but the Whitehouse originally expressed concerns over it. Internationally the prize gave Norway the impression of being a country full of reality removed idealists. L. Pitkaniemi

Since the Cold War have peace and reconciliation policies hold an ever greater place in Norwegian foreign policy, not least in the debate on the same. This contribution argues that this debate has been going awry on the way. Instead of a thinking abstractly, focusing on whether this policy is 'realistic' or 'idealistic', we should think of concrete, and ask how it could possibly affect the scope for Norwegian foreign policy. My answer to the question is that the Norwegian peace and reconciliation policy helps to maintain the current global order by removing disruptive that can spread and lead to systemic change. Understood so is peace and reconciliation policy in the middle of the Norwegian foreign main tradition, which is a help to 'a better organized world.'. Adapted from the source document.

У докладі обговорюється можливість створення й функціонування в сучасних умовах в Україні муніципальної міліції з обмеженою компетенцією, за умови відокремлення від міліції МВС України патрульно-постової служби міліції, та передачі цих повноважень муніципальним органам охорони громадського порядок. Також досліджується поняття охорони громадського порядку та повноваження муніципальної міліції з обмеженою компетенцією. Аннотация: В докладе обговаривается возможность создания и функционирования в современных условиях в Украине муниципальной милиции с ограниченной компетенцией, при условии отделения от милиции МВД Украины патрульно-постовой службы и передачи этих полномочий муниципальным органам охраны общественного порядка. Так же исследуется понятие охрана общественного порядка и полномочия муниципальной милиции с ограниченой компетенцией. Summary: The opportunity of creation and functioning of the municipal police with limited competence in Ukraine in present-day conditions is discussed in the report, in case that the patrol service is separated from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and city governments of public law enforcement are passed plenary powers. The municipal police authorities with limited competence and the notion of public peace maintenance are also researched. Ключові слова: муніципальна міліція, компетенція, охорона громадського порядку, місцеве самоврядування, повноваження. Key words: municipal police, competence, maintenance of public peace, local government, authorities ; Збірка наукових праць// За матеріалами Міжнародної наукової конференції «Другі наукові читання, присвячені П.А.Столипіну»(06 вересня 2010 р.). – Київ: ТОВ «Компанія «Міранда», 2010. – т.1. – 47 с. – С.32-37