L'elaborato intende analizzare il tema della rigenerazione urbana con un approccio che rivolge lo sguardo ai bisogni dei cittadini, seguendo percorsi di capability-building (Sen, 1992) degli abitanti, secondo una governance orientata alla territorializzazione delle politiche sociali. Per individuare sinergie e intrecci tra la rigenerazione e l'approccio delle capacità, il paper illustra alcuni punti di forza del Programma Microaree, nato a Trieste nel 2005 all'interno di un framework di politiche socio-sanitarie, grazie all'intesa tra Azienda Sanitaria, Comune e Azienda per l'edilizia pubblica (Ater). La governance inter-istituzionale si prefigge gli obiettivi dello sviluppo di comunità e della produzione di salute in quartieri con forte prevalenza di edifici ERP, contraddistinti da una forte esclusione sociale e da differenti problematiche connesse alla salute degli abitanti. In quest'ottica, il Programma sviluppa approcci integrati che agiscono sia sui luoghi sia sulle persone, costruendo percorsi di rigenerazione dei contesti locali attraverso un policy- making di tipo socio-sanitario. L'elaborato sonda il terreno per un intreccio fra questa prospettiva e le politiche di rigenerazione urbana, proponendo una riflessione sui dispositivi in grado di calibrare l'attenzione delle politiche urbane sui percorsi di promozione delle capabilities degli abitanti.
This research intends to know if it is possible for Ukraine, Moldova and Pridnestrovia to build a sovereign state in the current global context, while in the middle of a geopolitical struggle. For the theoretical part, it considers Schmitt notions of sovereignty and portrays some of the main geopolitical schools of thought in the US and Russia to understand each of the dominant geopolitical projects in the area. It analyses the state of the relation between Russia and the West (including the US, the EU and its members) from a geopolitical perspective and the way it has influenced the political events in the area. Afterwards, it examines the historical and political developments mostly from the fall of the Soviet Union until the first quarter of 2016. This investigation also took into account the complex multi-ethnic and multilingual tissue in the area and the development of diverse electoral processes in the region. It underlined the role played by the Ukrainian oligarchs in the local political life and the effects it has brought in the same state-building process. It gives special attention to the events surrounding the Ukrainian crisis in 2013-14. To conclude, it intends to glimpse, in which direction are evolving each of the studied polities and if they could eventually develop into sovereign states or instead they risk of becoming failed states.
La tesi analizza il contemporaneo declino elettorale del Partito Laburista israeliano in relazione agli eventi storici, ai cambiamenti sociali e demografici che hanno portato ad un effettivo cambiamento del sistema politico. In particolar modo la ricerca si sofferma sulla lettura dei risultati elettorali, cercando di sottolineare come le dinamiche sopra indicate abbiano influenzato i trend elettorali e l'offerta politica del partito stesso. Fino a giungere agli anni Novanta, passaggio fondamentale in cui cogliere le ragioni per le quali il Partito Laburista sembra tutt'ora non riuscire invertire il trend negativo degli ultimi quindici anni. ; This thesis analyzes the contemporary electoral decline of the Israeli Labor Party in relation to historical events, social and demographic changes that have led to an effective change in the Israeli political system. In particular, the research focuses on the electoral results, trying to underline how the dynamics indicated above have influenced the electoral trends and the political offer of the party itself. The Nineties represent a fundamental passage in which it is possibleto understand the reasons why the Labor Party seems unable, still today, to reverse the negative trend of the last fifteen years.
The Italian municipalities have taken only the first steps on the road to smart cities. By 2020 thanks to the European Community and the Mayors agreement in 2008, cities aiming to be smart (for energy management,transport, digital technologies, social policy) will focus on sustainable development, by innovations and adequate partners. The general goal of resource saving and use of renewable energy has become a strategic necessity, fully involving architecture, whose environmental load in industrialized countries has become unsustainable. The national regulatory framework is constantly evolving, because the new European Directive 31/2010/CE, repealing the E.D. 91/2002/CE, obliges from January 2021 energy consumption close to zero for all new buildings. Objectives can only be achieved with the contribution of all actors of the building process and the use of effective tools for management and control of environmental quality, associated with the construction activity. Within this framework planning and building tools are essential, whose regulatory strategies are also activated at the regional scale. In Italy, many regions have begun to address the problem, for which there is a wide range of regional regulations and building regulation (R.E.) where sustainability criteria were introduced, assigning volume premiums or economic incentives, aimed at promoting the reduction of energy consumption. The paper presents the first results of the research, aimed to produce guidelines, useful for eco-building regulations, for the Sicilian regional context, such as basic regulation instruments of constructive activity, oriented towards sustainability, with the support of environmental assessment criteria. After a survey on the state of the more virtuous municipal building regulations, the energy and environmental legislation, the good practices such as eco-districts, it was possible to define the framework of parameters characterizing on which elaborating the building intervention, with high energy and environmental significance, the sustainable and interested thematic areas, aims, actions and possible interventions.
The theme of sustainable development is an extremely interdisciplinary field of research where biological, engineering, political, economic and social studies are reconnected in a future-oriented cognitive proposal. The aim of this intellectual effort is to give proper attention to the link between peace economics and sustainable development. Although neglected for a long time, the link we highlight here represents such a central point that, if we want to investigate sustainable development from a sociological point of view, we cannot ignore its epistemological nexuses between sociology and peace economics. This means that the perspective from which to address the problem of the implementation of sustainable also changes.
"Quality of life and governance are more and more related. The Consensus Building method is the "other" democracy, the one which works in complex societies. This approach has old roots, but its current success born in the last years due to two phenomenon's; the great crisis in traditional governance in particular in western societies from 70's until nowadays, and the inadequate local answers to this problems. On one hand some governments try to solve it with more restrict places of power, that take decisions on their own, on the other hand or they try to solve it with naïve participation, open new moments of decision without specific methods, thinking that differences could be solve with "good will" and voting. (From the introduction"Confronto Creativo; dal diritto alla parola al diritto di essere ascoltati" Lawrence Susskind- Marianella Sclavi 2011)On September 2011 Lawrence Susskind came to Italy in order to presents his book "Confronto Creativo, dal diritto di parola al diritto di essere ascoltati", wrote with Marianella Sclavi. This book has been published in more than 20 countries, from China, to Japan. The authors underline the idea that globalization is, in certain way, helping the born of a different governance, which makes democracy and new ways of participation been closer than in the past. This interview tries to answer some questions of participatory urban planning in Italy nowadays. As for example; can consensus building help to deal with complex cities nowadays? Who should promote consensus building approach: governments, citizens, private entrepreneurships? Which are the obstacles, and the methodologies to solve them? Once urban planners finish their work, who implement the projects? What are the new languages that urban planning should find in order to create local processes? ; "Qualità della convivenza e governance sono sempre più strettamente intrecciate. Il Confronto Creativo è l'altra democrazia, quella che funziona nelle società complesse. Questo approccio ha radici lontane, ma la sua fortuna crescente negli ultimi decenni nasce da due tipi di constatazioni: la crisi di governabilità che colpisce le società occidentali dalla fine degli anni'70 in poi e l'inadeguatezza dei due rimedi opposti ai quali si ricorre: il decisionismo, il prendere decisioni in sedi sempre più ristrette ed esclusive, e l'afflato verso la partecipazione ingenua, l'allargare gli spazi decisionali con spirito assembleare, pensando che il supplemento di esigenze e punti di vista divergenti ai quali si riconosce così cittadinanza sia risolvibile con la "buona volontà" e il voto a maggioranza. (Dell'introduzione "Confronto Creativo; dal diritto alla parola al diritto di essere ascoltati" Lawrence Susskind- Marianella Sclavi)Nel settembre 2011 Lawrence Susskind arriva a Roma per presentare il libro "Confronto Creativo; dal diritto alla parola al diritto di essere ascoltati", scritto insieme a Marianella Sclavi. Questo libro è stato pubblicato in più di 20 paesi dalla Cina, al Giappone, l'autore sostiene che la globalizzazione sta aiutando a contaminare l'idea di una forma di governance diversa, che avvicina la democrazia a nuove forme partecipative di prendere delle decisioni. L'intervista cerca di rispondere alle grandi domande che l'urbanistica partecipativa si pone in questo momento in Italia; può il confronto creativo affrontare gli scenari complessi delle città contemporanee? Chi sono gli attori che devono promuovere questo approccio: i governi, i gruppi della società civile, le imprese?Quagli sono gli ostacoli e le metodologie per superarli? Quando i gruppi di urbanisti lasciano i territori, chi deve implementare i progetti? Quale sono le nuove modalità e linguaggi che deve trovare l'urbanistica per tradurre questo approccio in narrazione locale?
"Quality of life and governance are more and more related. The Consensus Building method is the "other" democracy, the one which works in complex societies. This approach has old roots, but its current success born in the last years due to two phenomenon's; the great crisis in traditional governance in particular in western societies from 70's until nowadays, and the inadequate local answers to this problems. On one hand some governments try to solve it with more restrict places of power, that take decisions on their own, on the other hand or they try to solve it with naïve participation, open new moments of decision without specific methods, thinking that differences could be solve with "good will" and voting. (From the introduction"Confronto Creativo; dal diritto alla parola al diritto di essere ascoltati" Lawrence Susskind- Marianella Sclavi 2011)On September 2011 Lawrence Susskind came to Italy in order to presents his book "Confronto Creativo, dal diritto di parola al diritto di essere ascoltati", wrote with Marianella Sclavi. This book has been published in more than 20 countries, from China, to Japan. The authors underline the idea that globalization is, in certain way, helping the born of a different governance, which makes democracy and new ways of participation been closer than in the past. This interview tries to answer some questions of participatory urban planning in Italy nowadays. As for example; can consensus building help to deal with complex cities nowadays? Who should promote consensus building approach: governments, citizens, private entrepreneurships? Which are the obstacles, and the methodologies to solve them? Once urban planners finish their work, who implement the projects? What are the new languages that urban planning should find in order to create local processes? ; "Qualità della convivenza e governance sono sempre più strettamente intrecciate. Il Confronto Creativo è l'altra democrazia, quella che funziona nelle società complesse. Questo approccio ha radici lontane, ma la sua fortuna crescente negli ultimi decenni nasce da due tipi di constatazioni: la crisi di governabilità che colpisce le società occidentali dalla fine degli anni'70 in poi e l'inadeguatezza dei due rimedi opposti ai quali si ricorre: il decisionismo, il prendere decisioni in sedi sempre più ristrette ed esclusive, e l'afflato verso la partecipazione ingenua, l'allargare gli spazi decisionali con spirito assembleare, pensando che il supplemento di esigenze e punti di vista divergenti ai quali si riconosce così cittadinanza sia risolvibile con la "buona volontà" e il voto a maggioranza. (Dell'introduzione "Confronto Creativo; dal diritto alla parola al diritto di essere ascoltati" Lawrence Susskind- Marianella Sclavi)Nel settembre 2011 Lawrence Susskind arriva a Roma per presentare il libro "Confronto Creativo; dal diritto alla parola al diritto di essere ascoltati", scritto insieme a Marianella Sclavi. Questo libro è stato pubblicato in più di 20 paesi dalla Cina, al Giappone, l'autore sostiene che la globalizzazione sta aiutando a contaminare l'idea di una forma di governance diversa, che avvicina la democrazia a nuove forme partecipative di prendere delle decisioni. L'intervista cerca di rispondere alle grandi domande che l'urbanistica partecipativa si pone in questo momento in Italia; può il confronto creativo affrontare gli scenari complessi delle città contemporanee? Chi sono gli attori che devono promuovere questo approccio: i governi, i gruppi della società civile, le imprese?Quagli sono gli ostacoli e le metodologie per superarli? Quando i gruppi di urbanisti lasciano i territori, chi deve implementare i progetti? Quale sono le nuove modalità e linguaggi che deve trovare l'urbanistica per tradurre questo approccio in narrazione locale?
The twentieth century (characterized by the gruesome and haze of horror of two World Wars, the Cold Wars-CW, dictatorships, civil wars, genocides, etc.) has seen a great transformation in warfare but to the expense of the innocent civilians and yet in the full view of regulatory internationally recognized war-laws. So, if at one point in history, civilian populations hardly suffered war directly, the order of the state of affairs has now changed. Many civilians perish simply because warlords so desire; extremes of violence, killings and destruction of property is predominantly preferred. As if that is not enough, the indifference of the majority of the public in tranquil zones of the world towards the fate of the civilians in zones under by fire kind of provide implicit licenses to violence planners to do whatever it takes to "win". Consequently, great numbers of survivors are seen trying to escape from situations of assured death to that of probable death. It is against this background that we feel moved to take on this dissertation. Bearing in mind the generally complex and challenging contemporary conflicts that acutely breeds volatile security environments (for civilians), our thesis is that there needed to be an increased, noteworthy and continued applicable innovation of approaches to civilian protection. To be precise, as a strategy to sustainable peace, we have aspired after a world where the United Nations Peacekeeping Department (UNPKD) is not singly considered the sole custodian of the concept of civilian protection but (based on contexts and cases) as one but a leader among other stakeholders (local and foreign) able and ready to contribute to the common-pool of operational arenas. Thinking about these other stake holders, we have in this work stood by those that: firstly, move towards more civilian-centered operations that are; secondly, carried out by (a mixture of grassroots and international) unarmed civilians by means of; thirdly, engages nonviolent approaches and practices that in themselves anticipate the basic constituents of successive bottom-up Peacemaking (PK) and Peacebuilding (PB) in the hic et nunc of their Peacekeeping (PK) initiatives and applications. All these basics, in our view, do not just add up to drawing a continuous line that intersects the just mentioned Three Approaches to Peace (PK, PM, PB) coined by Johan Galtung way back in 1975; they also open avenues to sustainability. The thesis is taken on through three different parts; each subdivided into two chapters. With due attention to intrastate contemporary violent conflicts, the first part tries to demonstrate the reason why in PK there has been indeed need for rethinking the protection of civilians (PoC) and/or for enriching the methods until now employed in bringing it about. In the first chapter of the part, we kind of gave a sketchy attention to the historical journey that the patterns of violent conflicts in relation to the fate of non-combatants have made. It emerges that, unlike in the past, the pattern of contemporary violent conflict, especially with reference to the CW (especially in third-world countries) and post-CW periods, have become severely complex to handle. Wars have continued and proved to be very hot especially on the populations on the periphery; on those who are minimally directly concerned with and honestly ignorant of its objectives. In the period in question, these innocent men, women and children are more than ever struck hard not just by its direct consequences but also the indirect ones and their hopes are constantly put at the brink of mere survival and of the grave. Mores so the lucky ones who manage to escape these snares, continue to unwaveringly hope for bread, freedom, justice and peace, instead of iron that kills and destroys. In chapter II of the same part, looking at the commitments borne by the UN right from its early years in keeping, initially, the interstate and successively also the intrastate peace (of those tormented by reign of violence and terror), we acknowledge the strides gradually taken along the years. These strides has better late than never embraced a multidimensional point in time where civilian protection counts as a primacy. Accordingly, we recognize that the UN military PK is certainly capable of reducing the level of tension in conflicts but we also negated that, by so doing, it is able to guarantee a durable peace not only because of the application of the non-peaceful means which is limited to separating the conflicting parties but also because it lacks the strategic concern of fostering an active citizenship which is a basic ingredient to democratic populace. In Part Two, we have concentrated on the vision and the peculiar picture of the practitioners of the alternative way, particularly; the Nonviolent Peaceforce (NP) which operates on a benchmark of bottom-up strategic empowerment of local civilian unarmed and nonviolent efforts by international unarmed and nonviolent civilians to protect civilians, prevent, reduce and stop violent conflicts. The first chapter of this second part begins by singling out some of the nuts and bolts (Like: The centrality of sustainability; strategic, local and multilevel capacity and relational empowerment and mediation for peace; conflict transformation as the adequate language; nonviolence and nonpartisanship as a philosophy) that make Unarmed Civilian Protection (UCP) stands out faithfully to the above stated aspirations. Without giving importance to the chronological specifics and with a particular reference to the assessment of the practicality of the project that, on a later date, would organizationally become the NP, an extensive attention is paid to the vicissitudes that surrounded the founding of this UCP protection agency and especially to the foundations of the formative elements entailed. Chapter II does not only build on the findings and stimuli of Chapter I, it supersedes it and makes real a new and distinct reality. Herein, a unique place is devoted to the formative components reserved to the practitioners as a strategy for guaranteeing the competencies and high professionalism needed for the successful execution of field strategies attached to the NP UCP objectives, principles, key methods and practices. Through the analysis of the UCP Training Course entitled "Strengthening Civilian Capacities to Protect Civilians; A joint UNITAR- Nonviolent Peaceforce online Course" the chapter tries to show how the activities of the organization intrinsically flow from its very being; from elements which define it. And this is illustrated in how the very life of the NP UCP is blended with its formative spirit and content; a sort of transformative training that seeks to promote transformative operational frameworks that applicable to situations and contexts. The third part of the work is an applied one. It is dedicated to our chosen case study, namely, NP's intervention in the longtime violence-stricken Republic of South Sudan; in a country which (Thomas Hobbes would say) has once again reverted to its natural state; a harsh reality of hand to mouth living and a never ending search for sustenance in an ambiance virtually challenging to change. In chapter I, the pragmatic implementation of NP UCP in strengthening the local civilians' capacity, security and sense of safety in situation of violent conflict is marked out. Here, some concrete instances of this intervention are presented to exemplify the claim that a multiple base of actors (UCPs, the inviting civil society and/or local NGOs of an UCP presence and local partners) can sustainably and strategically provide the PoC work that for a long time was and is still largely entrusted to the military. And at the end of the day PK, PM, PB resources are considered to consist in not only financial and material supports, but also, and (in the same way) importantly, the socio-cultural resources of the affected people. And in this way people in conflict settings are seen as resources rather than recipients. Even though we evidently confirmed that the alternative way counts exceptionally big in strategically promoting, developing, and implementing sustainable unarmed civilian PK as a tool for preventing, reducing and stopping violence and protecting civilians in situations of violent conflict, we also acknowledge that it is not without challenges. These are actually what chapter two of the part extensively dwells on. The second chapter is instead dedicated (at length) to looking at the challenges that NP faces not only with regard to its missions lands but also in general. We have gone about this in the form of a comprehensive assessment and in some humble recommendations are advanced. Among these challenges we have particularly paid attention to issues like: The meager UCP funding and the dominant top-down mentality; the violent bully character of some major world power wielders; the need for more practitioners to carry out UCP; the dynamicity and complexity of conflict nature as a challenge; conflict prevention challenges like delays in capturing the signs of time so as to effectively intervene; the presence of spoilers as a challenge; the challenge of effective sustainable credibility. Recommendations proposed include among others: Investing in systematic reflections on the extent of the progress and failures so far registered in efforts to involve the UN, regional bodies and other donor agencies or individuals in the cause of NP (UCP) and reflecting on the philosophy that underpins the reasons why financial assistance to UCP and NP in particular is founded; more emphasis on the already existing engagement with political leaders and other influential people and embarking on popular campaigns to propagate a concretely evidenced knowledge of the feasibility of the alternative way, instituting and investing in "School Project" (dedicated to preferably to high schools) within the NP Advocacy and Outreach office and insisting on the positives of volunteers' contribution; enriching a little more the content of the just elaborated online UCP training course; etc. Hereafter, the general conclusion of our dissertation will be drawn. A profound acknowledgement of the UNPK pivotal role with its actual multidimensional fronts in PK basically intended as PoC specifically in the contemporary intrastate violent conflicts. It is also observed that, thanks to the appropriate blending of local and international capacities giving priority to the former, UCP's strategic approach to PK (which is not limited to the PoCs but is also anchored to preventing, reducing and ending not just those that are already on but also lays for standing up to the future possible ones) could be counted on. Thus far, it is on one hand, admissible that, despite all the challenges that there may be, NP (UCP) mechanisms is already proffering a great deal to this end, and on the other, it is evident that it can and should still do more. The ability of its interventions to stand the test of time and to stand up to the future conflicts (i.e. its sustainability) resides in a time which is not yet at hand and in the continuous involvement and inventiveness of many. As per now, if the Italian proverb "Il buongiorno si vede dal mattino" (Meaning: You can tell how something will go by how it begins) holds, then it is, up till now, realistic to count on NP as one of the most outstanding Bottom-up UCP organizations in the PoC in (selected) contemporary violent conflict situations. All that is needed is the building and the consolidation of international interest and support for UCP that presents the hope and reality of alternatives to over dependence on armed intervention; alternatives that chances the revitalization of local communities and the restoration of the social fabrics and capital of the affected people.
