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Intro -- Dedication -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Part I: Approach -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 The Persian Gulf Region Encounters the Iraq War -- 1.2 Research Design -- 1.3 Persian Gulf Security Studies -- 1.3.1 Security Changes Following the Iraq War -- 1.3.2 The Persian Gulf Security Complex -- 1.3.3 A Synthetic Theoretical Framework -- 1.3.4 In Search of Causes -- Notes -- Chapter 2: Theoretical Perspectives on the Persian Gulf Security Complex -- 2.1 Security and Identity -- 2.2 Regional Security Complex Theory and the Copenhagen School -- 2.2.1 The Regionalist Approach -- 2.2.2 Regional Security Complex Theory -- 2.2.3 Boundary -- 2.2.4 Polarity -- 2.2.5 Social Construction -- 2.2.6 Internal and External Transformations -- 2.2.7 Securitization, Politicization and Ontological Security -- 2.2.8 Sectors of Security -- 2.3 Towards a More Sociological Perspective on Societal Security -- 2.3.1 The Societal Sector of Security -- 2.3.2 Identity, the Self and the Other -- 2.4 Theoretical Framework and Implications for Empirical Research -- 2.5 Summary -- Notes -- Chapter 3: Scrutinizing Causes: The Process-Tracing Method -- 3.1 Observing the Persian Gulf Security Complex Through Causes and Processes -- 3.2 Case Study Research -- 3.2.1 Strengths of the Case Study Approach -- 3.2.2 Weaknesses of the Case Study Approach -- 3.3 The Process-Tracing Method -- 3.4 Andrew Bennett's Process Tracing -- 3.5 Time Period -- 3.6 Data Collection -- 3.6.1 Primary Data -- 3.6.2 Secondary Data -- 3.7 Validity and Reliability -- 3.8 Ethical Concerns -- 3.9 Summary -- Notes -- Part II: Analyses -- Chapter 4: Regional Anti-American Sentiment Between 1980 and 2003 -- 4.1 Anti-Americanism from Different Perspectives -- 4.2 Actor Constellation in the Regional Rise of Anti-Americanism in the Persian Gulf.

This is the first book ever to examine the architecture and urbanism of the Persian Gulf as a complete entity, dealing equally with conditions on the eastern Iranian shoreline as in Arabic countries on the western side. By inviting a range of architects and scholars to write about historical and contemporary influences on 14 cities along both Gulf coastlines, the book traces the changes in architecture and human settlement in relation to environmental factors and particularity of place. It provides an innovative contribution to the study of architecture and globalisation through a detailed investigation of this particular region, investigating how buildings and cities are being shaped as a result. A set of thematic essays at the end offer important insights into issues of globalisation, urbanism and environmental design, drawing from the experience of the Persian Gulf. The outcome is a unique record of the Gulf in the early-21st century at a point when global capitalism is making major inroads and yet questions of architectural design, climate change, ecological sustainability, cultural identity and so-called 'Facebook Democracy' are likewise shaking up the Middle Eastern region. The book thus offers a fresh reading of the architecture and urbanism of a fascinating and often contradictory region, while also showing how globalisation can be analysed in a more engaged and integrated manner.

Recently it was discovered that over the Middle East during summer ozone mixing ratios can reach a pronounced maximum in the middle troposphere. Here we extend the analysis to the surface and show that especially in the Persian Gulf region conditions are highly favorable for ozone air pollution. We apply the EMAC atmospheric chemistry-climate model to investigate long-distance transport and the regional formation of ozone. Further, we make use of available in situ and satellite measurements and compare these with model output. The results indicate that the region is a hot spot of photochemical smog where European Union air quality standards are violated throughout the year. Long-distance transports of air pollution from Europe and the Middle East, natural emissions and stratospheric ozone conspire to bring about relatively high background ozone mixing ratios. This provides a hotbed to strong and growing indigenous air pollution in the dry local climate, and these conditions are likely to get worse in the future.

International audience ; Recently it was discovered that over the Middle East during summer ozone mixing ratios can reach a pronounced maximum in the middle troposphere. Here we extend the analysis to the surface and show that especially in the Persian Gulf region conditions are highly favorable for ozone air pollution. We apply the EMAC atmospheric chemistry-climate model to investigate long-distance transport and the regional formation of ozone. Further, we make use of available in situ and satellite measurements and compare these with model output. The results indicate that the region is a hot spot of photochemical smog where European Union air quality standards are violated throughout the year. Long-distance transports of air pollution from Europe and the Middle East, natural emissions and stratospheric ozone conspire to bring about relatively high background ozone mixing ratios. This provides a hotbed to strong and growing indigenous air pollution in the dry local climate, and these conditions are likely to get worse in the future.

International audience ; Recently it was discovered that over the Middle East during summer ozone mixing ratios can reach a pronounced maximum in the middle troposphere. Here we extend the analysis to the surface and show that especially in the Persian Gulf region conditions are highly favorable for ozone air pollution. We apply the EMAC atmospheric chemistry-climate model to investigate long-distance transport and the regional formation of ozone. Further, we make use of available in situ and satellite measurements and compare these with model output. The results indicate that the region is a hot spot of photochemical smog where European Union air quality standards are violated throughout the year. Long-distance transports of air pollution from Europe and the Middle East, natural emissions and stratospheric ozone conspire to bring about relatively high background ozone mixing ratios. This provides a hotbed to strong and growing indigenous air pollution in the dry local climate, and these conditions are likely to get worse in the future.

International audience ; Recently it was discovered that over the Middle East during summer ozone mixing ratios can reach a pronounced maximum in the middle troposphere. Here we extend the analysis to the surface and show that especially in the Persian Gulf region conditions are highly favorable for ozone air pollution. We apply the EMAC atmospheric chemistry-climate model to investigate long-distance transport and the regional formation of ozone. Further, we make use of available in situ and satellite measurements and compare these with model output. The results indicate that the region is a hot spot of photochemical smog where European Union air quality standards are violated throughout the year. Long-distance transports of air pollution from Europe and the Middle East, natural emissions and stratospheric ozone conspire to bring about relatively high background ozone mixing ratios. This provides a hotbed to strong and growing indigenous air pollution in the dry local climate, and these conditions are likely to get worse in the future.

International audience ; Recently it was discovered that over the Middle East during summer ozone mixing ratios can reach a pronounced maximum in the middle troposphere. Here we extend the analysis to the surface and show that especially in the Persian Gulf region conditions are highly favorable for ozone air pollution. We apply the EMAC atmospheric chemistry-climate model to investigate long-distance transport and the regional formation of ozone. Further, we make use of available in situ and satellite measurements and compare these with model output. The results indicate that the region is a hot spot of photochemical smog where European Union air quality standards are violated throughout the year. Long-distance transports of air pollution from Europe and the Middle East, natural emissions and stratospheric ozone conspire to bring about relatively high background ozone mixing ratios. This provides a hotbed to strong and growing indigenous air pollution in the dry local climate, and these conditions are likely to get worse in the future.