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A new character disturbance classification much in evidence in the recent literature is the "borderline personality." New definitions of the classification are reviewed in this article, and implications for social work practice using various methods and modalities in working with these clients are discussed.

SummaryIn a wide-ranging survey, ways are examined in which human personalities can be categorized and the relevance of these categories to sporting performance is examined. The profiles produced by studies of the Eysenck and Cattell type, the significance of the 'trait' and the 'interactional' approaches and the correlation of personalities with physical performance are considered. The importance of such factors as achievement motivation, causal attribution, selfefficacy, mental rehearsal and concentration is examined. Consideration is given to the role of sport in the fulfilment of the personality.

Purpose
The relationship between brand personality and consumer personality has become a researched issue in recent years. It is viewed that marketers start the dialogue with consumers through personality route by building brand personality in line with consumers' own personality traits. Moreover, in the midst of stiff competition, role of corporate personality, as a component of corporate identity, has been considered instrumental behind the success of the organization. As a result, there might be a possibility that other than his/her own personality traits, a consumer's brand preference may be influenced by both brand personality and corporate personality of the said brand marketer. So, the predictive roles of individual personality, brand personality and corporate personality on consumer brand preference formation need to be empirically investigated so that the same may be addressed strategically. However, as per knowledge of the researcher, no empirical study has been made to investigate the predictive role of consumer personality, brand personality and corporate personality on brand preference. In this back drop, to the best of our knowledge, this study is the first attempt to fill this research gap by investigating firstly, the direct effects of individual personality of consumer, brand personality and corporate personality on consumer brand preference and secondly the impact of interaction effects of those variables on brand preference in the context of the emerging economies.


Design/methodology/approach
This study includes Indian four-wheeler passenger car market as the focal point of the study. As the product category is predominantly linked with symbolic benefits to the consumers, this target segment may be motivated to express their personality through the brands they prefer. As a result it may be an appropriate sector to study the influence of individual, brand and corporate personality behind brand preference. In this study, we have used an anonymous self-administered structured questionnaire. Part A captured respondent's brand preference. Part B used The Big Five Model personality scale. Part C used the 'Brand Personality Scale' proposed by Aaker (1997) as a measure of brand personality. Part D comprised 'Corporate Personality Scale' developed by Davies et al. (2001). Part E recorded demographic data, including age, income, educational qualification and occupation. For Part B, C and D, Respondents were asked to rate each of the dimensions, using a five-point Likert scale, ranging from 5=Most descriptive to 1=Least Descriptive. The validity of the theoretical model is tested through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). In the first stage, main effects of the proposed model are tested. In the next stage, we have tested interaction effects of constructs on band preference. To test the hypotheses multiple regression method has been used.


Findings
The result of main effects shows that individual and brand personality has significant impact on brand preference for the considered brand by the consumers. This implies that at the time of brand preference, consumers give due importance to individual personality and personality of the considered brand of SUV. A strong and clear brand personality indicates a favorable view about the brand. Further, the result shows at the time of buying decision, personalities of both product and corporate brand are influencing their preferences. Here, consumers might be making strong association between corporate and brand personalities. In addition, interaction effects among individual, brand and corporate personality are also significant. One may view from the result that consumers do not encourage compartmentalize thinking at the time of brand choice. In place of considering his/her own personality and brand and corporate personality as a standalone entity, they think in totality and interaction effects have significant influence on their brand preference.


Research limitations/implications
The paper has mentioned limitations: the restriction on selecting industry, company and brand, the restraint of sampling coverage and lack of generalization of the study findings. The implications should be interpreted with care. In this study we have not compared different brands from same industry or brands from different industries; there is a scope to do so. Moreover, this study considers results from one national context and, consequently, cross-national study may be conducted to extend the validity of the findings.


Practical implications
The findings from this study may enlighten brand marketers about the degree of influence of brand personality, corporate personality, and consumer personality on brand preference. This study advocates interaction effects of individual, brand and corporate on consumer brand preference. From this study perspective, we may say, brand personality and corporate personality provide significant opportunity for creation of uniqueness and have the potential to significantly influence brand preference.


Originality/value
This paper makes two contributions to the brand management literature. First, it provides new empirical evidence of the positive main effect of individual and brand personality on brand preference. Second, this paper first investigates interaction effects of individual personality, brand personality and corporate personality on brand preference. This is a very unique contribution of the paper. The results provide new insights for academic and practitioners into the relationship among individual personality, brand personality and corporate personality. This study is the first attempt to fill this research gap by investigating the impact of consumer personality, brand personality and corporate personality on brand preference.

Cover Page -- Halftitle Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Tables and Figures -- Introduction to the Authoritarian Personality -- Remarks on the Authoritarian Personality -- Foreword to Studies in Prejudice -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter I: Introduction -- A. The Problem -- B. Methodology -- 1. General Characteristics of the Method -- 2. The Techniques -- C. Procedures in the Collection of Data -- 1. The Groups Studied -- 2. The Distribution and Collection of Questionnaires -- 3. The Selection of Subjects for Intensive Clinical Study -- Part I: The Measurement of Ideological Trends -- Chapter II: The Contrasting Ideologies of Two College Men: A Preliminary View -- A. Introduction -- B. Mack: A Man High on Ethnocentrism -- C. Larry: A Man Low on Ethnocentrism -- D. Analysis of the Two Cases -- 1. Ideology Concerning the Jews -- 2. General Ethnocentrism -- 3. Politics -- 4. Religion -- 5. Vocation and Income -- Chapter III: The Study of Anti-Semitic Ideology -- A. Introduction -- B. Construction of the Anti-Semitism (A-S) Scale -- 1. General Rules in Item Formulation -- 2. Major Subdivisions or Areas: The Subscales -- 3. The Total Anti-Semitism (A-S) Scale -- C. Results: Statistical Analysis of the Scale -- 1. Reliability -- 2. Intercorrelations of the Subscales -- 3. Internal Consistency: Statistical Analysis of the Individual Items -- D. The Short Form of the A-S Scale -- E. Validation by Case Studies: The Responses of Mack and Larry on the A-S Scale -- F. Discussion: The Structure of Anti-Semitic Ideology -- Chapter IV: The Study of Ethnocentric Ideology -- A. Introduction -- B. Construction of the Ethnocentrism (E) Scale -- 1. Major Subdivisions or Areas: The Subscales -- 2. The Total Ethnocentrism (E) Scale -- C. Results: Statistical Analysis of the Scale -- 1. Reliability -- 2. Intercorrelations Among the Subscales.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Original Title -- Original Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1. ON PERSONALITY VARIABLES, SITUATIONS, AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR -- Epistemological Status of Personality Descriptions and Definition of the Situation -- Personality Measures and Operational Definitions -- Transsituational Consistency -- The Person X Situation Interaction -- The Contents of This Book -- Conclusions -- References -- 2. MOTIVATION FOR ACHIEVEMENT -- Experimental Validation of Thematic Apperceptive Measurement of Motivation -- Preliminary Evidence of Interaction of Personality and Situational Determinants of Motivation -- A Theory of Achievement Motivation -- Motivation and Efficiency of Performance -- The Dynamics of Action Applied to Achievement-Related Action -- Motivation and Achievement -- Personality and Behavioral Processes -- References -- 3. AUTHORITARIANISM -- The Search for a Reliable Measure of Authoritarianism -- The Search for the Correlates and the Antecedents of Authoritarianism -- Background: Personality and Situational Determinants of Authoritarian Behavior -- The Interaction of Personality and Situation: Three Examples -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4. PSYCHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION -- History -- Measures of Field Dependence-Independence -- Field Dependence-Independence and Social Behavior -- Overview -- References -- 5. INTROVERSION/EXTRAVERSION -- Historical Background to the Concept -- Measurement of Extraversion Today -- The Extraversiori Dimension in Context -- Two Major Components of Extraversion -- Extraversion and Abnormal Behavior -- The Genetic Basis of Extraversion -- Eysenck's Arousal Theory -- Sensitivity to Reward and Punishment: Gray's Theory -- Intelligence -- Education -- Occupational Psychology -- Risk Taking and Accident Proneness -- Criminality and Antisocial Behavior.

Differences between people are a fascinating and long-standing area of psychological inquiry. However, previous research has largely been confined to studies at the descriptive level. This book tries to explain individual difference, rather than merely describe them. Explanations are derived from two major competing frameworks: the biological and social approaches to individuality. The book is based on the contributions of specialists from Europe and North America invited to represent the biological and social points of view. Thus, a direct confrontation is obtained of two approaches that, hitherto, have proceeded with virtually no reference to each other. Attention is paid to behavior genetics, psychophysiology and temperament, as well as to social learning, behavioral strategies and person-environment interactions. Differences and commonalities between the biological and social approaches are scrutinized and a common framework is outlined to stimulate future research. Due to its innovative character, the book is particularly relevant for investigators in the field. In addition, it may be fruitfully used in advanced graduate level courses in personality psychology

The evolution of mankind is based on the expansion of the capabilities of Homo sapiens based on the development and mastery of technology as cultural tools for development. A letter and a book are prime examples. Today the human personality has been expanded not only with a pen, a watch, a spyglass and an encyclopedia but also with a calculator, an automatic translator, a digital navigator, access to the World Wide Web and other digital means of expanding the mind which tremendously increase the power of the human brain. We evaluate graduates in terms of their ability to engage in cognitive, labor, and other activities as an extended personality who masters digital means and is able to make a moral choice in a digital society. The system of educational goals, planned results, standards, programs should be addressed specifically to the extended personality of the student and teacher.

To limit the transmission of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it is important to understand the sources of social behavior for members of the general public. However, there is limited research on how basic psychological dispositions interact with social contexts to shape behaviors that help mitigate contagion risk, such as social distancing. Using a sample of 89,305 individuals from 39 countries, we show that Big Five personality traits and the social context jointly shape citizens' social distancing during the pandemic. Specifically, we observed that the association between personality traits and social distancing behaviors were attenuated as the perceived societal consensus for social distancing increased. This held even after controlling for objective features of the environment such as the level of government restrictions in place, demonstrating the importance of subjective perceptions of local norms.

Personality traits are considered efficient predictors of offline political participation. However, the effects of personality traits on online political engagement have been largely understudied. The main goal of this cross-sectional research (N = 1134, sample of young adults) was to investigate the relationships between personality traits, as measured by the Big Five Inventory, and online political engagement. As dependent variables, we took three dimensions of online political engagement: e-targeted, e-expressive, and e-news. A latent variables structural equation model showed that personality traits directly and indirectly predict modes of online political engagement via the mediation of political attitudes and the proneness to use Internet. On the whole, we found that people open to experience and extraverts take part in online political actions, whereas agreeable and conscientious tend to avoid them. The findings provide insights on the differences between traditional form (i.e. offline) and the new online modes of political engagement by showing that, to some extent, the latter appeal to different personality profiles. In sum online engagement seems to be marked by a personality divide.